Communication delay in distributed teams is salient problem, especially in operational setting where communication is critical to team safety and success. The present study investigated the impact of communication delays affect distributed team performance and processes, and if being able to see one's team member would lessen the effects of delays. In addition, team gender composition was investigated, to see how delays affected the interactions of same and mixed-gender teams, as well as teams with familiar and unfamiliar members. Lastly, a supplemental was performed on a subset of the experimental data to determine if teams with familiar members' communicated more efficiently than unfamiliar teams when coordination complexity was high. Thirty distributed dyads, were assigned the role of intelligence analysts, and performed a collaborative problem solving task, using audioconferencing and videoconferencing technologies. During the task, participants verbally shared and discussed information in order to solve a fictitious terror plot. Communication between team members was delayed by 0 ms, 800, or 1600 ms. Linear mixed models showed that participants took longer to solve the task at the 800 ms delay. Task accuracy was not affected by delays. At the 1600 ms delay, participants shared less information with each other, and rated their frustration higher compared to the 0 ms delay. Audiovisual technology affected overall workload scores, with lower scores at the 0 ms delay compared to the 800 ms delay. Although delays did not have the anticipated effect on familiar and same-gender teams, there were some interactive effects of interest. Specifically, in gender-diverse teams task accuracy was higher with audiovisual technology than audio-alone, but this effect was independent of delays. Also, familiar teams exhibited higher levels of cognitive trust across all levels of delay and technology. Results of the supplemental analysis showed no differences in communication efficiency between familiar and unfamiliar teams when coordination complexity was high. Based on the results of this work, recommendations were proposed for strategies to lessen the effects of communication delays and future research directions were outlined. / Doctor of Philosophy / Communication delay in distributed teams is salient problem, especially in operational settings where communication is critical to team safety and success. In previous work, communication delays have been shown to disrupt turn-taking in conversations and create instances of overlaps or interruptions. The present study was conducted to further investigate the effects of communication delays on various aspects of distributed team performance and to determine if being able to see one’s team member via video technology may potentially lessen the effects of delays. In addition, team gender composition was investigated, to see how delays affected the interactions of same and mixed-gender teams, as well as teams with familiar and unfamiliar members. Lastly, a supplemental analysis was performed using a subset of the experimental data to determine if teams with familiar members’ communicated more efficiently than unfamiliar teams when coordination complexity was high. Thirty distributed teams of two members or dyads, performed a collaborative problem solving task, using audio conferencing and videoconferencing technologies. During the task, participants verbally shared and discussed information in order to identify the solution to a fictitious terror plot. Communication between team members was delayed by 0 ms, 800, or 1600 ms. Overall, results showed that participants took longer to solve the task at the 800 ms delay, with no effects on task accuracy. At the 1600 ms delay, participants shared less information with each other, and rated their frustration higher compared to the 0 ms delay. When teams used audiovisual technology, workload scores were lower at 0 ms compared to the 800 ms delay. Although delays did not have the anticipated effects on familiar and same-gender teams, there were some other interesting effects that emerged. Namely, gender-diverse teams scored higher accuracy with audiovisual technology than audio-alone, but this effect was independent of delays. Also, teams with familiar members exhibited higher levels of cognitive trust across all levels of delay and technology. Results of the supplemental analysis showed that unfamiliar teams communicated more efficiently with audiovisual technology, but only when coordination complexity was low.

La collaboration est de plus en plus distribuée et influencée par les technologies impliquées dans l'espace de travail. Les mondes virtuels 3D (VWs) sont des outils de collaboration riches, interactifs et prometteurs offrant une dimension visuelle plus réaliste dans la représentation de l'environnement de travail et ayant une capacité grandissante de simulation. Grâce aux avatars (représentation des utilisateurs), ils peuvent réinventer la notion de co-présence (le "being together") et de fournir des riches interactions sociales. Plusieurs chercheurs et praticiens sont particulièrement intéressés par le potentiel de ces nouveaux média pour soutenir les pratiques collaboratives. Cependant, la littérature ne fournit pas de réponses satisfaisantes et précises pour les entreprises sur l'impact de l'utilisation de ces technologies sur la performance de l'équipe. Les chercheurs ont étudié quelques facteurs spécifiques qui influent sur la collaboration. Un modèle de recherche contenant des déterminants de trois catégories différentes (technologique, individuelle et collective) influençant la performance de l'équipe n'a jamais été proposé. Cette recherche tente de combler cette lacune et regarde cet effet de plus près. D'un point de vue méthodologique, notre méthodologie est basée sur Framework de la recherche en système d'information de Hevner et ses collègues (2004) combinant la science du comportement et la science de conception. Du côté de la science du comportement, des études qualitatives et quantitatives ont été réalisées. Une étude qualitative vise à explorer la collaboration en équipe dans les mondes virtuels, nous a permis d'identifier une liste de facteurs pertinents qui seront utiles pour réussir les études empiriques. Nous avons conçu deux modèles de recherche contenant des déterminants influençant collaboration de l'équipe. Le premier vise à comparer l'impact de l'utilisation de Skype et de Second Life sur la co-présence, l'absorption cognitive virtuelle et, finalement, la performance d'équipe. La seconde étude est spécifique aux environnements virtuels 3D, elle permet d'étudier l'impact de l'utilisation des VW et la paresse sociale. Ces scénarios sont intégrés dans un jeu sérieux collaboratif. Ce dernier vise à varier différentes situations collaboratives pour apporter une expérience d'apprentissage par la pratique aux utilisateurs. Ce jeu permet d'explorer les spécificités de la collaboration en équipe dans les mondes virtuels 3D. / Collaboration is increasingly distributed and influenced by the technologies involved in the workspace. 3D Virtual worlds (VWs) are rich, highly interactive and promising collaboration tools providing a more realistic visual dimension in representing work environment and a growing capacity of simulation. Thanks to avatars (representation of their users), they may reinvent the notion of co-presence (the being together) and provide rich social interactions. Several researchers and practitioners are particularly interested in the potential of these new media to support collaborative practices. However, the literature does not provide yet satisfactory and accurate response to companies about impacts of these technologies’ use on team performance. Existent researchers studied specific factors influencing collaboration. A research model gathering determinants of three different categories (technological, individual and collective) impacting team performance has never been proposed. This research attempts to address this gap and looks at this effect more closely. From a methodological point of view, our methodology is based on the Hevner’s and colleagues (2004) IS research framework combining behavioral science and design science. From the behavioral science side, qualitative and quantitative studies have been conducted. We report on the impacts of a set of important determinants that influence team performance. This research describes inner IT dynamics distinguishing these new media. It research highlighted determinants that are fostering collaboration such knowledge sharing, knowledge application, cognitive absorption, virtual co-presence, VW technology usage, customization, and object manipulation. Others determinants are found to inhibit collaboration in 3D VWs such as social loafing and density. From a design science side, we designed a serious game focusing on the determinants mentioned above and could be useful to vary collaborative scenarios in the aim to deepen the study of collaboration in 3D VWs and enhance team performance. This game aims at bringing a learning-by-doing experience to explore the specificities of team collaboration in VWs. This research argues that successful collaboration is possible in VWs with the respect of a set of best practices.

Bakgrund: Andelen vårdtagare som är i behov av palliativ vård i hemmet ökar och därmed också andelen närståendevårdare som utgör en viktig del av vården. Det är en svår övergång att gå från närstående till närståendevårdare och därför är det viktigt för vårdpersonalen att främja närståendevårdarens roll som en god resurs i vårdteamet. Syfte: Att beskriva närståendevårdares erfarenheter av palliativ vård i hemmet. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med en sammanställning och analys av totalt tolv vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom i resultatet; interaktion med vårdpersonalen, utsatthet samt teamarbete och delaktighet. Närståendevårdarna hade ett stort behov av en god vårdrelation och kommunikation med vårdpersonalen och de ville ha en tydlig roll i vårdteamet. De ville även bli bekräftade och sedda som en individ med egna behov samtidigt som de tyckte det var problematiskt att sätta sina egna behov i främsta rummet. Slutsatser: Närståendevårdares erfarenheter av palliativ omvårdnad i hemmet har visat sig vara mångtydigt på grund av individuella behov. Det är en balansgång att som vårdpersonal se till de aktuella behoven och kunna bemöta närståendevårdare på bästa sätt. Vårdpersonal ska, för att optimera den palliativa hemsjukvården, individ- och situation anpassa med hjälp närståendevårdarna som en stor del av teamsamverkan. / Background: The proportion of patients who are in need of palliative care in the home increases and therefor the proportion of informal carers’ increase. It is a difficult transition to go from next of kin to informal carer and therefore it is important for the professional care team to promote informal caretaking role as a good resource in the care team. Objective: To describe informal carers’ experience of palliative home care. Method: A literature review with summary and analysis of twelve qualitative articles. Results: Three main categories emerged in the results; interaction with caregivers, exposure and teamwork and participation. Informal carers had a great need of a good care relationship and communication with the medical staff and they wanted a clear role in the care team. They wanted to be confirmed and seen as individuals with individual needs while they thought it was problematic to put their own needs first. Conclusions: Carers experiences of palliative care in the home has proved to be ambiguous due to individual needs. There is a balancing act to how healthcare professionals have to meet the current needs and to respond to informal carers in the best way. It is therefore important for the healthcare professionals to individualize and adapt the care regarding different situations in palliative home care with help from the informal carers as a big part of the teamwork to optimize the care.

With the quick development of multinational enterprise, the concept of “global team” has interiorized in people’s mind. Global collaboration keeps business ongoing around the clock. This thesis through theoretical and empirical survey archives original goal of finding global collaboration improvement. Three sub-level research questions all get fulfill answers from integrating theoretical and empirical research result. Good fundamental work environment with equal attitude, attention on individual behavior bases on different culture understanding, frequently communication with rich information construct the most important fact of effective collaboration. Correct choosing and renewing of collaboration tools can push work faster and safer. Modern Informatics as the main power of current society, also improve the development of remote collaboration work. Empirical survey conclusion as a kind of supplement completes current theory. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

[ES] Las Startups de Base Tecnológica (SBT) son nuevas empresas emprendedoras lanzadas típicamente por un equipo con el propósito de llevar productos o servicios innovadores al mercado y lograr la escalabilidad de sus modelos de negocios. Hoy en día, se reconoce ampliamente que las SBT desempeñan un papel muy importante en la economía como fuente de innovaciones disruptivas y radicales y en la creación de nuevos empleos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las TBS se enfrentan a retos significativos asociados con conflictos que surgen entre los miembros del equipo y con cambios en el entorno, aspectos que afectan a su rendimiento de innovación y supervivencia. De hecho, a pesar de la potencial novedad de sus productos y servicios, muchas SBT fracasan e incluso desaparecen y con ellas también sus innovaciones. En esta tesis proponemos el concepto de "Capacidades de Colaboración en Equipo" (CCE) referido a la interacción entre los miembros del equipo de una SBT como una condición organizativa esencial que permite la construcción de nuevas capacidades dinámicas estratégicas. En concreto, la tesis se centra en la relación entre CCE, capacidades operativas y resultados en innovación. Consideramos cuatro elementos como las dimensiones principales de las CCE, que comprenden: la confianza, la comunicación, la resolución de problemas y la eficacia del equipo. En primer lugar, la confianza del equipo, que les permite estar abiertos a compartir sus ideas, tener confianza y expresar sus sentimientos y comentarios constructivos. En segundo lugar, la comunicación, que consiste en fomentar el intercambio abierto de ideas e información que beneficien a los proyectos y a la organización. En tercer lugar, la resolución de problemas, que fomenta el establecimiento de protocolos para dar solución a los desacuerdos que puedan surgir a diario. En cuarto lugar, la eficacia del equipo para lograr los objetivos, resolver tareas difíciles a través del esfuerzo conjunto, gestionar problemas inesperados, ser competente y aumentar la autoeficacia para realizar las tareas y la gestión eficiente de los recursos. El estudio empírico se basa en una encuesta con el objetivo de identificar las CCE y sus relaciones con las capacidades operativas y los resultados en innovación de las SBT. Se obtuvieron 45 respuestas válidas de SBT, en su mayoría empresas que han participado en programas de aceleradoras como STARTUPV, EIT Climate KIC Valencia Accelerator Program y Fundación Repsol Entrepreneurs Fund, Social NEST y el Parque Científico de Madrid. La muestra incluye SBT con actividades centradas en el desarrollo de productos y servicios en una amplia gama de sectores, incluyendo medio ambiente, energías renovables, tecnologías limpias, transporte, consultoría, servicios de gestión industrial, arte, ocio y entretenimiento. Dadas las condiciones particulares de nuestra muestra y el tipo de datos recopilados a través de la encuesta, utilizamos la técnica de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Este método permite una estimación basada en componentes para el modelado de causa-efecto con variables latentes. El modelo ha sido estimado utilizando el software Smart PLS 3. Los hallazgos sugieren que el desarrollo de CCE en las SBT contribuye a la creación de nuevas capacidades operativas que resultan en mayores resultados en innovación. Asimismo, proponemos futuras líneas de investigación sobre el papel de las CCE en las colaboraciones externas. Por ejemplo, se podría estudiar la existencia de iniciativas públicas que tengan en cuenta las fases críticas del desarrollo de las SBT, como por ejemplo la promoción de la atracción de talento y el fomento de esquemas de compensación que lo retengan. Finalmente, se plantea estudiar la colaboración entre las SBT y otros agentes externos en proyectos de innovación abierta. Consideramos que estas colaboraciones favorecerían su supervivencia y competitividad. / [CAT] Les Startups de Base Tecnològica (SBT) són noves empreses emprenedores llançades típicament per un equip amb el propòsit de portar productes o serveis innovadors al mercat i aconseguir l'escalabilitat dels seus models de negocis. Hui dia, es reconeix àmpliament que les *SBT exerceixen un paper molt important en l'economia com a font d'innovacions disruptivas i radicals i en la creació de noves ocupacions. No obstant això, la majoria de les *TBS s'enfronten a reptes significatius associats amb conflictes que sorgeixen entre els membres de l'equip i amb canvis en l'entorn, aspectes que afecten el seu rendiment d'innovació i supervivència. De fet, malgrat la potencial novetat dels seus productes i serveis, moltes SBT fracassen i fins i tot desapareixen i amb elles també les seues innovacions. En aquesta tesi proposem el concepte de "Capacitats de Col·laboració en Equip" (CCE) referit a la interacció entre els membres de l'equip d'una SBT com una condició organitzativa essencial que permet la construcció de noves capacitats dinàmiques estratègiques. En concret, la tesi se centra en la relació entre CCE, capacitats operatives i resultats en innovació. Considerem quatre elements com les dimensions principals de les CCE, que comprenen: la confiança, la comunicació, la resolució de problemes i l'eficàcia de l'equip. En primer lloc, la confiança de l'equip, que els permet estar oberts a compartir les seues idees, tindre confiança i expressar els seus sentiments i comentaris constructius. En segon lloc, la comunicació, que consisteix a fomentar l'intercanvi obert d'idees i informació que beneficien als projectes i a l'organització. En tercer lloc, la resolució de problemes, que fomenta l'establiment de protocols per a donar solució als desacords que puguen sorgir diàriament. En quart lloc, l'eficàcia de l'equip per a aconseguir els objectius, resoldre tasques difícils a través de l'esforç conjunt, gestionar problemes inesperats, ser competent i augmentar la autoeficacia per a fer les tasques i la gestió eficient dels recursos. L'estudi empíric es basa en una enquesta amb l'objectiu d'identificar les CCE i les seues relacions amb les capacitats operatives i els resultats en innovació de les SBT. Es van obtindre 45 respostes vàlides de SBT, en la seua majoria empreses que han participat en programes d'acceleradores com STARTUPV, EIT Climate KIC València Accelerator Program i Fundació Repsol Entrepreneurs Fund, Social NEST i el Parc Científic de Madrid. La mostra inclou SBT amb activitats centrades en el desenvolupament de productes i serveis en una àmplia gamma de sectors, incloent medi ambient, energies renovables, tecnologies netes, transport, consultoria, serveis de gestió industrial, art, oci i entreteniment. Donades les condicions particulars de la nostra mostra i el tipus de dades recopilades a través de l'enquesta, utilitzem la tècnica de models d'equacions estructurals (SEM). Aquest mètode permet una estimació basada en components per al modelatge de causa-efecte amb variables latents. El model ha sigut estimat utilitzant el programari Smart PLS 3. Les troballes suggereixen que el desenvolupament de CCE en les SBT contribueix a la creació de noves capacitats operatives que resulten en majors resultats en innovació. Així mateix, proposem futures línies d'investigació sobre el paper de les CCE en les col·laboracions externes. Per exemple, es podria estudiar l'existència d'iniciatives públiques que tinguen en compte les fases crítiques del desenvolupament de les SBT, com per exemple la promoció de l'atracció de talent i el foment d'esquemes de compensació que el retinguen. Finalment, es planteja estudiar la col·laboració entre les SBT i altres agents externs en projectes d'innovació oberta. Considerem que aquestes col·laboracions afavoririen la seua supervivència i competitivitat. / [EN] Technology-Based Startups (TBSs) are newly emerged entrepreneurial ventures typically launched by a team with the purpose of bringing innovative products or services to market and achieving the scalability of their business models. Today, it is widely recognized that TBSs play a very important role in the economy as a source of disruptive and radical innovations and creation of new jobs. However, most TBSs face significant challenges associated with conflicts among team members and with changes in the environment, which affect their innovation performance and survival. In fact, despite the potential novelty of their products and services, many TBSs fail and even disappear together with their innovations. In this thesis we propose the concept "Team Collaboration Capabilities" (TCCs) referred to the interaction among TBS team members as an essential organizational condition to allow the construction of new strategic dynamic capabilities. In particular, the thesis focuses on the relationships between TCCs, operational capabilities and innovation performance. We consider four elements as the main dimensions of TCCs: trust, communication, problem solving and team efficacy. Firstly, team trust, which allow team members to be open to sharing their ideas, be confident and expressing their feelings and constructive feed-back. Secondly, team communication that encourages open sharing of ideas about information that favors the commitment between members and benefit the projects and the organization. Thirdly, team problem-solving encouraging the establishment of protocols that give solutions to the disagreements that may arise in the daily basis. Fourthly, team efficacy in achieving teams' goals, solving difficult tasks through joint efforts, manage together unexpected problems, be competent and increase the self-efficacy to perform the tasks and the efficient management of resources. The empirical study is based on a survey of TBSs based in Spain, aimed to the analysis of TCCs and their relationships with the operational capabilities and the TBS innovation performance. We draw on 45 valid responses of TBSs. Most of the companies in our sample were participants in accelerator programs such as STARTUPV, EIT Climate KIC Valencia Accelerator Program, Fundación Repsol Entrepreneurs Fund, Social NEST and Scientific Park of Madrid. The sample covers TBSs with activities focused on the development of products and services in a wide range of sectors, including environment, renewable energies, clean technologies, transport, consulting, industrial management services, art, leisure and entertainment. Given the particular conditions of our sample and the type of data collected through the survey, we use structural equation modeling (SEM). This method allows a component-based estimation for cause-effect modeling with latent variables. The model has been estimated using Smart PLS 3 software. The findings suggest that the development of TCCs in TBSs contribute to building new operational capabilities that result in greater innovation performance. We also propose future lines of research for the role of TCCs in external collaborations. For example, to assess public initiatives that take into account the critical phases of TBSs development, the promotion of talent attraction and the furtherance of compensation schemes that retain it. Finally, it would be interesting to study the collaboration between the TBSs and other external agents in open innovation projects. We believe that these collaborations would favor their survival and competitiveness. / La investigación que condujo a los resultados de esta tesis doctoral fue financiada en su totalidad por mi beca para estudios en el extranjero otorgada en México por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). / Lopez Hernandez, AK. (2019). Team collaboration capabilities as drivers for innovation performance: The case of Spanish technology-based startups [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/121143 / TESIS

Bakgrund: Personcentrerad vård definieras som ett partnerskap mellan sjuksköterskorna och patienterna där fokus i vården ligger på patienten som en unik person och inte på sjukdomen. Tidigare forskning visar att patienter och närstående upplever välbefinnande och tillfredsställelse då sjuksköterskorna ger vård baserad på medkänsla. Vid avsaknad av detta kan oro upplevas. Syfte: att beskriva sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av personcentrerad vård. Metod: För arbetet valdes metoden systematisk litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes och resultatet baserades på tio kvalitativa artiklar inom valt område. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två teman och fem subteman. Helhetssyn på människan är första temat och det består av tre subteman: att utgå från patienternas berättelser, att göra patienterna delaktiga och att skapa relationer som är betydelsefulla för personcentrerad vård. Vårdmiljöns betydelse är det andra temat som innehåller två subteman: att inte ha förutsättningar och att uppleva teamsamverkan som beskriver medverkande eller hindrande omständigheter som påverkar den personcentrerade vården. Slutsats: Utövning av personcentrerad vård upplevdes både underlättande för patientmedverkan men var även påfrestande för sjuksköterskorna. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde tidsbrist, avsaknad av kunskap och den hierarkiska strukturen som hindrande faktorer med negativ inverkan på utövning av personcentrerad vård.

Bakgrund: Vid brist på vårdpersonal så kan teamsamverkan motverka de negativa konsekvenserna som bristen medför. Team inom sjukvården inkluderar flertalet professioner för att kunna ge patienter optimal och säker vård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av samverkan i team inom akut- och primärvård. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ metod med induktivt förhållningssätt. Artikelsökningar har genomförts i databaserna Cinahl och Psycinfo där 12 artiklar valdes ut till resultatet med publiceringsår 2014-2023. Dataanalysen genomfördes enligt Fribergs fem steg. Resultat: Säker vård har varit den teoretiska referensramen som väglett litteraturöversikten. Översikten resulterade i två huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier; Samhörighet i teamet (Insikt och hänsyn, Samverkan i team och Förtroende för varandra) och Yrkets värde för samverkan (Funktioner i teamet, Säkerhet i förhållande till tidsbegränsningar och kompetens och Kommunikation i samverkan). Resultatet indikerade att effektiv kommunikation bland sjuksköterskorna i teamet främjade god patientvård. Förtroende för teammedlemmarna och tydlig rollkännedom skapade också gynnsamma förutsättningar för samverkan. Slutsatser: Litteraturöversikten visar att samarbete i team har stor betydelse för patientsäkerheten. Sjuksköterskor upplever inte alltid inkludering i teamet och då känner de sig exkluderade kring beslutsfattande och att de inte respekteras. En central betydelse är att alla i teamet hörs, ses och känner att de får respekt och är delaktiga i vården av patienterna. / Background: In the event of a shortage of healthcare personnel, teamwork can counteract the negative consequences that the shortage entails. Teams within healthcare include several professions in order to provide patients with optimal and safe care. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of collaboration in teams within emergency- and primary care. Method:  A literature review using a qualitative method with an inductive approach. Searches for articles have been done in the databases Cinahl and Psycinfo where 12 articles were selected as the result with publication years between 2014-2023. The data analysis was carried out according to Friberg's five steps. Results: Safe care has been the theoretical framework that has guided the literature overview. The overview resulted in two main categories and six subcategories; Togetherness in the team (Insight and consideration, Collaboration in teams and Mutual trust) and The value of the profession for collaboration (Functions in the team, Safety in relation to time limits and competence and Communication in collaboration). The results indicated that effective communication among the nurses in the team promoted good patient care. Trust in the team members and clear role awareness also created favourable conditions for collaboration. Conclusions: The literature review shows that cooperation in teams is of great importance for patient safety. Nurses do not always feel included in the team and then they feel excluded from decision-making and that they are not respected. A central importance is that everyone in the team is beeing seen and feels that they are respected and are involved in the care of the patients.

This diploma thesis deals with social work and its relative position among other helping professions. Social work is described from the perspective of social workers at OSPOD (Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children). Social work is an interdisciplinary field, which means that social workers often cooperate with other professionals. Cooperation is executed in the form of an interdisciplinary team where it may happen that one of the professions dominates. The domination of one profession over another hegemony. The essence of hegemony is the desire for power while the oppressed group is able to follow the ideology of its own discipline only to a certain extent. Although social work keeps evolving, and so does the approach from the side of professionals, there are cases when social workers experience negative attitude. This is the reason why this thesis is focused on the standing of social work within other helping professions.The objective of the diploma thesis was to map the position of social work in other helping professions from the perspective of social workers at OSPOD. Was set one research question HVO1: What is the status of social work with other helping professions? To secure the integrity and completeness of information, two partial research questions were set and divided into individual categories. DVO1: How does the social workers OSPOD cooperation with the helping professions? DVO2: What factors affect the status of social work? The investigation found out that social work, particularly in the area of social-legal protection of children, is valued equally and social workers have an important role. Most informants had a positive experience with cooperation with other professionals. In case of occurrence of negative attitude, we cannot talk about hegemony but rather about the level of willingness to cooperate. It turned out that the personality of a specific professional affects the position of social work significantly, and equal standing is supported by the role of coordinator held by the respective social worker. The questioned social workers were aware of the changing attitude to social work from the side of professionals who realize the demands of social work and perceive this discipline as an equal profession. However, this fact does not apply to the public because, as the interviewed social workers confirmed, the public's opinion about social workers has not changed yet and it has retained the concept of "evil aunts" who take away children. The thesis can be used as an information material for social workers about their relative position among other helping professionals. It can also be a source of motivation in need to communicate the necessity and importance of social work to the public, but also to other professionals.

Bakgrund: Ett barn som drabbas av ett hjärtstopp är något av det mest traumatiska en barnsjuksköterska kan ställas inför på barnakutmottagningen. Brist på teamsamarbete är en starkt bidragande faktor till ökad stress hos akutpersonalen. Vid ett hjärtstopp krävs effektivt teamsamarbete mellan olika professioner och att teamets kompetenser kompletterar varandra. Det är barnsjuksköterskans ansvar att tillgodose omvårdnadsbehovet hos barnet och dess familj.   Syfte: var att utforska barnsjuksköterskans upplevelser av teamsamarbete vid hjärtstopp hos barn på barnakutmottagning.  Metodbeskrivning: En kvalitativ metod valdes för att utföra denna studie. Genom ett strategiskt urval intervjuades tio sjuksköterskor som arbetar på barnakutmottagning. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats.  Resultat: Barnsjuksköterskans upplevelse av teamsamarbete identifierades som att involvera föräldrarna, uppleva trygghet genom erfarenhet, hantera utmanande situationer, föra en dialog genom ord och handlingar samt att finnas där för varandra. För att uppnå en väl fungerande teamsamverkan menade barnsjuksköterskorna att övning, förberedelse, samarbete, tydligt ledarskap och rollfördelning var viktiga aspekter.  Slutsatser: För att få samskapande omvårdnad och genom interaktioner skapa teamsamarbete utmärkte sig två begrepp genom hela studien vilka var trygghet och kommunikation. / Background: A child suffering from a cardiac arrest is one of the most traumatic things a paediatric nurse can face at the paediatric emergency department. Lack of teamwork is a strong contributing factor to increased stress among emergency personnel. In the event of a cardiac arrest, effective team collaboration between different professions is required and the team´s competencies complement each other. It is the paediatric nurse´s responsibility to meet the child´s and their family´s need for care.  Aim: Was to explore paediatric nurse´s experiences of teamwork in cardiac arrest on children in paediatric emergency departments.  Method: A qualitative method was chosen for this study. Through a strategic selection, ten nurses working at the paediatric emergency department were interviewed. The analysis was made with the help of qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach.  Result: The paediatric nurse´s experience of teamwork was identified as involving the parents, feeling safety through experience, managing challenging situations, conducting a dialogue through words and actions and being there for each other. In order to achieve a well-functioning team collaboration, the paediatric nurses believed that training, preparation, cooperation, leadership, and division of roles were important aspects.  Conclusion: In order to receive co-creative nursing and through interactions create team collaboration, two concepts stood out throughout the study, which were safety and communication.

Team collaboration is a fundamental part of Quality Management (QM), and working together successfully is an important part of improving an organization. Team collaboration is also essential for achieving quality of care, patient safety and care continuity, especially when handling critically ill patients. Transferring a patient from an intensive care unit (ICU) to a general ward demands planning, communication, competence, a system view, and a quality culture. This patient transfer process, called ICU transitional care, extends across hospital boundaries, which have different organizational cultures, technologies, and knowledge. It is a challenge to manage these differences in order for team collaboration to meet the needs of patients, relatives and co-workers. To achieve this, further research is required to understand how care teams, both within hospital units and between organizational boundaries, can collaborate more successfully and efficiently to achieve quality of care in the ICU transitional care process. The overall purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of how to improve team collaboration within ICU transitional care aiming to increase quality of care. To achieve this, four research questions were formulated and three case studies conducted. In the first case, a systematic literature review was performed to explore the extent to which Quality Management and Nursing Science can offer complementary perspectives to provide better quality of care by looking at Quality Management core concepts and tools. Findings from this study revealed, among other things, a need for further research on team collaboration in ICU transitional care. The purpose of the second study was to develop and test a questionnaire aiming to measure the perception of team collaboration in the patient transfer process from the ICU to the general ward. This study also aimed to analyze the results to see how the questionnaire could help improve team collaboration within ICU transitional care. Empirical data were collected from two ICUs at two hospitals. Participants at the ICUs answered the developed questionnaire, and the results showed that it could be used for measuring perceived team collaboration in this patient transfer process. The results from the questionnaire also gave insights that might be useful for improving team collaboration in this ICU transitional care process. The purposes of the third study were, first, to describe how co-workers’, within a team, perceived team collaboration in patient transfers from ICU to general wards and, second, to describe co-workers’ suggestions for an improved future state of team collaboration. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted at two hospitals to answer the two questions. There were several findings from the study, and the results indicated that team collaboration has an important role when creating prerequisites for a holistic view of the process, and that there was a perceived need among the co-workers to improve team collaboration over organizational boundaries. Co-workers also expressed a need for more involving patients and relatives when improving team collaboration.   Four overarching conclusions can be drawn from this research. Firstly, Quality Management is used in ICU transitional care to improve the quality of care. Secondly, multi-professional team collaboration is perceived to be easier and better developed within hospital units than between them. Collaborating in teams between hospital units is challenging for several reasons. Some reasons are unclarity in routines for communication and decision-making, for example who decides what.  A third conclusion is the importance of how teams and team collaboration are defined and structured in ICU transitional care. This involves roles and responsibilities of teams. Teams have specific characteristics that are important for their performance. A fourth conclusion is an expressed need to involve patients and relatives more when it comes to improve team collaboration in ICU transitional care. The main findings from the three studies presented in this thesis have given insight and deeper understanding of how co-workers perceive team collaboration within ICU transitional care at two hospitals located in Sweden, and co-workers’ suggestions for how team collaboration can be improved aiming to increase quality of care. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 3 (inskickat).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 3 (submitted).</p>