Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine de Lourdes Civalsci.pdf: 1268538 bytes, checksum: bd0e17a1dea1b225bbe3b3a1cd595d1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / This study belongs to the research area teacher development of the Education and Curriculum Post-graduate Studies of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP). In the last years, we have been watching the accelerated growth in the offering of Techonology Graduate Courses by private Universities. This type of course belongs to Technology and Professional Education which was regulated only in 2004, through Decree 5154/04, although the course has started in the 60's at the the Federal Education System. The delay in the legislation consolidation led to students‟ mistrust on the course credibility, giving rise to this research. Thus, this study aims at investigating the discriminatory stigma on Techonology Graduate Courses in the following aspects: curriculum, legislation and labor market. In order to achieve the aim of this study, we have carried out a documental research on the legislation and curriculum of a Techonology Graduate Course and of a Bachelor‟s Degree Course at a private University in São Paulo, Brazil. We have also carried out a field research in organizations. The key findings of this study were the following: there is no evidence of discrimination in the legislation documentary analysis; the students have the right to both getting a Graduate Degree and carrying on their studies in Post-graduate courses. The curricula document analysis presented no evidence of discrimination, since the differences which exist in these forms of Graduation are inherent to the objectives of each Graduation course. Nevertheless, the field research that was conducted in eighteen organizations of the labor market and by means of a questionnaire with open and closed questions showed that the majority of the surveyed companies had restrictions on the quality of the course and on the students‟ education. Most of the surveyed companies stated that the technologists were hired for operational positions, whereas the National Catalog of Technology Graduate Courses of the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), in Management and Business, enables Graduate students to perform both operational and managerial functions. The research was relevant to the academic community and to society, indicating the need for further studies on the quality and on the identity of this type of course as it serves a significant portion of the population: the working class that invests in its education at private institutions of higher education / Este estudo está vinculado à linha de pesquisa Formação de Educadores, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação: Currículo, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, PUC-SP. Nos últimos anos, assistimos ao crescimento acelerado da oferta dos cursos superiores de graduação tecnológica nas universidades privadas particulares. Esta modalidade de curso pertence à Educação Profissional e Tecnológica e, embora tenha iniciado na década de 60, na Rede Federal de Ensino, somente em 2004, por meio do Decreto 5154/04, foi regulamentado. A demora na consolidação da legislação gerou insegurança nos discentes sobre a credibilidade desta modalidade de curso, o que deu origem à realização desta pesquisa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o estigma discriminatório sobre os cursos superiores de graduação tecnológica nos seguintes aspectos: o currículo, a legislação e o mercado de trabalho. Para atingir o objetivo deste estudo, realizamos uma pesquisa documental sobre a legislação e o currículo de um curso de graduação tecnológica e bacharelado de uma universidade particular de São Paulo, como também uma pesquisa de campo junto a organizações. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa. Os resultados deste estudo comprovaram que não há indícios de discriminação nos documentos da legislação, que garante ao egresso o direito à diplomação e continuidade dos estudos em cursos de pós-graduação. A análise documental nos currículos não apresentou evidências de discriminação, uma vez que as diferenças apresentadas nestas modalidades de graduação são inerentes aos objetivos de cada curso. Entretanto, a pesquisa de campo junto às empresas, realizada em dezoito organizações, no mercado de trabalho e por meio de um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas, revelou que a maioria das empresas pesquisadas apresentou restrições sobre a qualidade do curso e a formação do egresso. A maioria das empresas pesquisadas afirmou que os tecnólogos haviam sido contratados para cargos operacionais, enquanto que o Catálogo Nacional de Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia do MEC, no eixo Gestão e Negócios, habilita os egressos tanto para cargos operacionais como gerenciais. A pesquisa mostrou-se relevante para a comunidade acadêmica e a sociedade, indicando haver necessidade de aprofundar os estudos sobre a qualidade e a identidade desta modalidade de curso, uma vez que atende uma parcela significativa da população: a classe trabalhadora, que investe em sua formação nas instituições de ensino superior privadas

China has been the second largest trading partner of EU in goods and the forth largest in services since it joined the WTO in 2001. For its part, the European Union has been China’s largest trading partner since 2004. Despite this, there are a range of issues at stake between the EU and China who are not only involved into economical disputes, but are also at odds on political matters. In this paper the authors conduct the study based on trade hindrances instead of trade achievements with the approaches of IPE based on the assumption: the tenser of trade-ties, the deeper the political dimension involved and the more delicate the relationship between Economy and Politics projected to be. Considering the limitation of time and space, the paper focuses primarily on the trade issues regarded from three different angles: the internal issues related to trade (e.g. trade deficit, IPR infringement); the external issues related to trade (e.g. human rights); the ultimate issues related to trade (e.g. technology). Instead of putting forth feasible resolution to these issues, the main feature of this paper lies in the analysis of trade issues in combination with the approaches of International political economy. It’s interesting and far-reaching to research EU (trade) from the perspective of IPE because as Michael Smith argued “The EU’s place in the IPE is challenging not only in the empirical sense, but also in the conceptual sense, for simple reason that (on the one hand) it is not a state and that (on the other hand) it performs a number of vital state functions in the IPE” (Michael Smith 2006, p.527).

Dans ma thèse, je me sers de modèles de recherche solides pour répondre à des questions importantes de politique publique. Mon premier chapitre évalue l’impact causal de l’allégeance partisane (républicain ou démocrate) des gouverneurs américains sur le marché du travail. Dans ce chapitre, je combine les élections des gouverneurs avec les données du March CPS pour les années fiscales 1977 à 2008. En utilisant un modèle de régression par discontinuité, je trouve que les gouverneurs démocrates sont associés à de plus faibles revenus individuels moyens. Je mets en évidence que cela est entrainée par un changement dans la composition de la main-d’oeuvre à la suite d’une augmentation de l’emploi des travailleurs à revenus faibles et moyens. Je trouve que les gouverneurs démocrates provoquent une augmentation de l’emploi des noirs et de leurs heures travaillées. Ces résultats conduisent à une réduction de l’écart salarial entre les travailleurs noir et blanc. Mon deuxième chapitre étudie l’impact causal des fusillades qui se produisent dans les écoles secondaires américaines sur les performances des éléves et les résultats des écoles tels que les effectifs et le nombre d’enseignants recruté, a l’aide d’une stratégie de différence-en-différence. Le chapitre est coécrit avec Dongwoo Kim. Nous constatons que les fusillades dans les écoles réduisent significativement l’effectif des élèves de 9e année, la proportion d’élèves ayant un niveau adéquat en anglais et en mathématiques. Nous examinons aussi l’effet hétérogene des tueries dans les écoles secondaires entre les crimes et les suicides. Nous trouvons que les fusillades de natures criminelles provoquent la diminution du nombre d’inscriptions et de la proportion d’élèves adéquats en anglais et mathématiques. En utilisant des données sur les élèves en Californie, nous confirmons qu’une partie de l’effet sur la performance des élèves provient des étudiants inscrits et ce n’est pas uniquement un effet de composition. Mon troisième chapitre étudie l’impact des cellulaires sur la performance scolaire des élèves. Le chapitre est coécrit avec Richard Murphy. Dans ce chapitre, nous combinons une base de données unique contenant les politiques de téléphonie mobile des écoles obtenues à partir d’une enquète auprès des écoles dans quatre villes en Angleterre avec des données administratives sur la performance scolaire des éleves. Nous étudions ainsi l’impact de l’introduction d’une interdiction de téléphonie mobile sur le rendement des éleves. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y a une augmentation du rendement des éleves après l’instauration de l’interdiction des cellulaires à l’école, ce qui suggère que les téléphones mobiles sont sources de distraction pour l’apprentissage et l’introduction d’une interdiction à l’école limite ce problème. / In my thesis, I use compelling research designs to address important public policy issues. My first chapter estimates the causal impact of the party allegiance (Republican or Democratic) of U.S. governors on labor market outcomes. I match gubernatorial elections with March CPS data for income years 1977 to 2008. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that Democratic governors are associated with lower average individual earnings. I provide evidence that this is driven by a change in workforce composition following an expansion in employment of workers with low and medium earnings. I also find that Democratic governors cause a reduction in the racial earnings gap between black and white workers through an increase in the annual hours worked by blacks relative to whites. My second chapter analyze how shootings in high schools affect schools and students using data from shooting databases, school report cards, and the Common Core of Data. The chapter is co-written with Dongwoo Kim. We examine schools’ test scores, enrollment, and number of teachers, as well as graduation, attendance, and suspension rates at schools that experienced a shooting, employing a difference-in-differences strategy that uses other high schools in the same district as the comparison group. Our findings suggest that homicidal shootings significantly decrease the enrollment of students in Grade 9, and reduce test scores in math and English. We find no statistically significant effect for suicidal shootings on any outcome variables of interest. Using student-level data from California, we confirm that some of the effects on student performance occur as a result of students remaining enrolled and not only due to changes in student body composition. My third chapter investigates the impact of school mobile phone policy on student performance. The chapter is co-written with Richard Murphy. Combining a unique dataset on autonomous mobile phone policies from a survey of schools in four cities in England with administrative data, we investigate the impact of imposing a mobile phone ban on student performance. Our results indicate an improvement in student results after a school bans the use of mobile phones; this suggests that mobile phones distract learning and imposing a ban limits this problem.

RODRIGUES, Francisco Sueudo . O uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) por alunos cegos em escola pública municipal de Fortaleza. 2010. 204f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-10T15:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_FSRODRIGUES.pdf: 12972655 bytes, checksum: 0d183f80191bcb0f263a19bf15862544 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-11T16:28:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_FSRODRIGUES.pdf: 12972655 bytes, checksum: 0d183f80191bcb0f263a19bf15862544 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-11T16:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_FSRODRIGUES.pdf: 12972655 bytes, checksum: 0d183f80191bcb0f263a19bf15862544 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The present study deals with the theme "ICT use in education of blind students enrolled in municipal schools in Fortaleza. The overall objective was to determine whether and under what conditions the Edivox text editor can facilitate the implementation of school activities that involve writing for students blind registered in municipal institutions Fortaleza. In the theory are presented people with visual impairments, under the following aspects: inclusion in regular school, the importance of ICT and the use of commands interface and files control - Dosvox and text editors - Edivox. In the methodology, we use as a field of research, the school EMEIF Prof. Belarmina Fields, located in the neighborhood Praia do Futuro, the Regional Executive Secretary II / PMF. We conducted our research with two blind students: Pedro / 7ª series and Aline / 3ª series. We present in this chapter, the methods and techniques, local subjects, stages and periods of research, duration and frequency of encounters with the subjects, activities undertaken and preparation of the environment. We describe the field work, type of care, registration of students with disabilities in the school studied, the technical, pedagogical materials and the difficulties and progress. The results included the performance of blind students and teachers perceptions on inclusive education. We conclude that, the goals checked, were confirmed from results obtained with the performance of students in writing activities using the application Edivox and perception of teachers on inclusive education. / O presente estudo trata da temática “o uso das TIC na educação de alunos cegos matriculados em escolas municipais de Fortaleza”. O objetivo geral foi de verificar se, e em que condições, o aplicativo Edivox pode facilitar a realização de atividades escolares que envolvam a escrita por alunos(as) cegos(as), matriculados(as) em instituições públicas municipais de Fortaleza. Na fundamentação teórica apresentamos as pessoas com deficiência visual sob os aspectos: inclusão na escola regular, importância das TIC e uso de interface de comandos e de controle de arquivos – Dosvox e uso de editores de texto – Edivox. Na metodologia tivemos como campo de investigação a EMEIF Profa. Belarmina Campos, bairro Praia do Futuro, da Secretaria Executiva Regional II/PMF. Realizamos nossa pesquisa com dois alunos cegos, a saber: Pedro/7º série e Aline/3º série. Apresentamos nesse capítulo os métodos e técnicas, local, sujeitos, etapas e períodos de realização da pesquisa, duração e frequência dos encontros com os sujeitos, atividades realizadas e preparação do ambiente. Descrevemos o trabalho de campo, tipo de atendimento, matrícula dos alunos com deficiência na escola pesquisada, condições técnicas, pedagógicas, materiais e as dificuldades e avanços. Os resultados constam do desempenho dos alunos cegos e da percepção dos professores sobre educação inclusiva. Chegamos à conclusão de que os objetivos verificados foram comprovados a partir dos resultados obtidos com o desempenho dos alunos em atividades de escrita usando o aplicativo Edivox e a percepção dos professores sobre educação inclusiva.

A Tomografia Computadorizada Dual-Source (TCDS) é uma tecnologia de imagem que permite a visualização da estenose coronária de uma maneira não-invasiva. Estudos recentes demonstraram uma alta acuracia deste teste diagnóstico, quando comparado ao padrão de referência, a angiografia coronária invasiva (ACI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar as evidências de acurácia desta tecnologia por meio de uma revisão sistemática e uma síntese quantitativa (meta-análise) e avaliar possíveis diferenciais de acurácia relacionados aos seguintes subgrupos de pacientes: com frequência cardíaca elevada, arritmias cardíacas, escore de cálcio elevado e índice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado. Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS no período de janeiro de 2000 a outubro de 2009. Foram selecionados estudos em inglês, espanhol e português que comparassem a TCDS com a ACI em pacientes com suspeita ou doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e que permitissem a extração de dados suficientes para a construção de uma tabela 2X2. Três avaliadores independentes extraíram as características dos estudos e resultados, com as divergências resolvidas por consenso. Foram incluídos 20 estudos na revisão sistemática, que utilizaram três unidades de análise: paciente, vaso e segmento arterial. Nas unidades de análises paciente, vaso e segmento arterial, os valores das sensibilidades sumárias foram respectivamente de 98% (IC de 95%, 96% a 99%), 94% (IC de 95%, 89-% a 97%) e 93% (IC de 95%, 89% a 95%) e das especificidades sumárias foram respectivamente 84% (IC de 95%, 76% a 89%), 92% (IC de 95%, 87% a 95%) e 96% (IC de 95%, 91% a 98%). Também foi avaliada a acurácia nos subgrupos de pacientes com frequência cardíaca elevada e escore de cálcio aumentado. Na análise por subgrupos de pacientes, a sensibilidade e especificidade se mantiveram altas em pacientes com frequência cardíaca elevada 93% (IC de 95%, 90% a 95%) e 98% (IC de 95%, 95% a 99%), respectivamente. Já em pacientes com elevada calcificação (> 400 unidades de agatston) a especificidade diminuiu bastante, caindo para 79% (IC de 95%, 25% a 98%). A evidência disponível aponta para uma elevada acurácia da TCDS para a detecção da estenose coronária. Entretanto, a população que mais se beneficiaria desta tecnologia população com dor torácica e risco intermediário de DAC geralmente não esteve incluída nos estudos. Foram incluídos pacientes com alta probabilidade pré-teste da doença, já que os estudos foram realizados usualmente em centros de referência, com indivíduos com indicação prévia de angiografia coronária invasiva / Dualsource computed tomography (DSCT) is an imaging technology that enables the visualization of coronary artery stenosis in a non-invasive way. Earlier studies showed high accuracy compared to conventional coronary angiography. The aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of this technology using a meta-analytic process and its accuracy in different subgroups such as patients with high heart rates, arrhythmia, increased calcium score and high body mass index. A search of the literature in MEDLINE and LILACS was performed and articles published between January 2000 and October 2009. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese that compared DSCT with conventional coronary angiography performed for all patients and included sufficient data for compilation of 2 X 2 tables were included. Three investigators independently extracted the characteristics of the studies and differences were settled by consensus. Twenty studies were included in the systematic review, using three units of analysis: patient, vessels and segment. Analysis of patients, vessels and segments yielded a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI, 96% to 99%), 94% (95% CI, 89% to 97%) and 93% (95% CI, 89% to 95%) and a specificity of 84% (95% CI, 76% to 89%), 92% (95% CI, 87% to 95%) and 96% (95% CI, 91% to 98%), respectively. We also analyzed the accuracy of DSCT in subgroups of patients with high heart rate and increased calcium score. The analyses of patients subgroups demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity remained high in patients with high heart rate 93% (CI 95%, 90% to 95%) and 98% (CI 95%, 95% to 99%), respectively. In patients with increased calcium score (> 400 Agatston units) the specificity declined significantly, falling to 79% (95%, 25% to 98%). The available evidence points to a high accuracy of DSCT for the detection of coronary artery stenosis. However, the population who might benefit from this technology - individuals with chest pain and intermediate risk of coronary artery disease, CAD have not generally been included in the retrieved studies since the studies were usually conducted in reference centers where patients usually have an indication for invasive coronary angiography, and consequently a high pretest probability of CAD

Le travail de thèse a consisté, en priorité, à s’approprier les technologies d’intégration verticale en usage dans l’industrie pour réaliser des mémoires à plusieurs étages, et à en évaluer l’apport pour les capteurs à pixel CMOS (CPS). Cette approche s’appuie sur la capacité de l’industrie à interconnecter des puces amincies empilées les unes sur les autres. Elle ouvre la perspective d’associer plusieurs microcircuits superposés à un même pixel, en dépits de sa taille réduite. L’interconnexion est donc réalisée au niveau du pixel. Ce saut technologique permet de lever la majorité des obstacles à l’obtention de performances optimales des CPS. On peut en particulier combiner des puces réalisées dans des technologies CMOS très différentes, chacune optimale pour une fonctionnalité précise. La collection des charges du signal peut ainsi être réalisée dans une couche dédiée, les microcircuits de conditionnement analogique des signaux peuvent être concentrés dans une autre couche, une troisième couche pouvant héberger les parties numériques assurant la compression puis la transmission des signaux, etc. Ce progrès se traduit notamment par la possibilité de combiner haute résolution spatiale et lecture rapide, avec une amélioration probable de la tolérance aux rayonnements intenses.On s’affranchit de cette manière des limitations provenant des paramètres de fabrication des fondeurs, qui ne permettent pas à l’heure actuelle, de pleinement exploiter le potentiel des CPS à l’aide d’une technologie CMOS unique. / The thesis has been a priority as taking ownership of vertical integration technologies used in the industry to realize a multistage development, and to evaluate the contributions on CMOS pixel sensors (CPS). 3D integration technologies (3DIT) provide a way to mitigate this hampering correlation between speed and resolution, since they allow to staple layers of readout circuitry on top of the sensing layer, which results in a drastic increase of the functionalities located in (the shadow of) each pixel. A multi-layer structure allows for a higher spatial resolution because more and more transistors may be integrated vertically in a relatively small pixel. Moreover, bringing the components of the sensor closer to each other translates in a faster readout, owing to the reduction in the average length of the inner connecting wires. Vertical integration also opens up the possibility of combining different technologies best suited to each of the sensor main functionalities (signal sensing, analog and digital signal processing and transmission). It overcomes the limitations in this way from the foundry manufacturing parameters, which do not allow to fully exploit the potential ofCPS with a single CMOS technology. 3D-CPS are thus expected to overcome most of the limitations of standard 2DCPS, and are therefore suspected to over new perspectives for the innermost layer of the ILC vertex detector.

A Tomografia Computadorizada Dual-Source (TCDS) é uma tecnologia de imagem que permite a visualização da estenose coronária de uma maneira não-invasiva. Estudos recentes demonstraram uma alta acuracia deste teste diagnóstico, quando comparado ao padrão de referência, a angiografia coronária invasiva (ACI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar as evidências de acurácia desta tecnologia por meio de uma revisão sistemática e uma síntese quantitativa (meta-análise) e avaliar possíveis diferenciais de acurácia relacionados aos seguintes subgrupos de pacientes: com frequência cardíaca elevada, arritmias cardíacas, escore de cálcio elevado e índice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado. Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS no período de janeiro de 2000 a outubro de 2009. Foram selecionados estudos em inglês, espanhol e português que comparassem a TCDS com a ACI em pacientes com suspeita ou doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e que permitissem a extração de dados suficientes para a construção de uma tabela 2X2. Três avaliadores independentes extraíram as características dos estudos e resultados, com as divergências resolvidas por consenso. Foram incluídos 20 estudos na revisão sistemática, que utilizaram três unidades de análise: paciente, vaso e segmento arterial. Nas unidades de análises paciente, vaso e segmento arterial, os valores das sensibilidades sumárias foram respectivamente de 98% (IC de 95%, 96% a 99%), 94% (IC de 95%, 89-% a 97%) e 93% (IC de 95%, 89% a 95%) e das especificidades sumárias foram respectivamente 84% (IC de 95%, 76% a 89%), 92% (IC de 95%, 87% a 95%) e 96% (IC de 95%, 91% a 98%). Também foi avaliada a acurácia nos subgrupos de pacientes com frequência cardíaca elevada e escore de cálcio aumentado. Na análise por subgrupos de pacientes, a sensibilidade e especificidade se mantiveram altas em pacientes com frequência cardíaca elevada 93% (IC de 95%, 90% a 95%) e 98% (IC de 95%, 95% a 99%), respectivamente. Já em pacientes com elevada calcificação (> 400 unidades de agatston) a especificidade diminuiu bastante, caindo para 79% (IC de 95%, 25% a 98%). A evidência disponível aponta para uma elevada acurácia da TCDS para a detecção da estenose coronária. Entretanto, a população que mais se beneficiaria desta tecnologia população com dor torácica e risco intermediário de DAC geralmente não esteve incluída nos estudos. Foram incluídos pacientes com alta probabilidade pré-teste da doença, já que os estudos foram realizados usualmente em centros de referência, com indivíduos com indicação prévia de angiografia coronária invasiva / Dualsource computed tomography (DSCT) is an imaging technology that enables the visualization of coronary artery stenosis in a non-invasive way. Earlier studies showed high accuracy compared to conventional coronary angiography. The aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of this technology using a meta-analytic process and its accuracy in different subgroups such as patients with high heart rates, arrhythmia, increased calcium score and high body mass index. A search of the literature in MEDLINE and LILACS was performed and articles published between January 2000 and October 2009. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese that compared DSCT with conventional coronary angiography performed for all patients and included sufficient data for compilation of 2 X 2 tables were included. Three investigators independently extracted the characteristics of the studies and differences were settled by consensus. Twenty studies were included in the systematic review, using three units of analysis: patient, vessels and segment. Analysis of patients, vessels and segments yielded a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI, 96% to 99%), 94% (95% CI, 89% to 97%) and 93% (95% CI, 89% to 95%) and a specificity of 84% (95% CI, 76% to 89%), 92% (95% CI, 87% to 95%) and 96% (95% CI, 91% to 98%), respectively. We also analyzed the accuracy of DSCT in subgroups of patients with high heart rate and increased calcium score. The analyses of patients subgroups demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity remained high in patients with high heart rate 93% (CI 95%, 90% to 95%) and 98% (CI 95%, 95% to 99%), respectively. In patients with increased calcium score (> 400 Agatston units) the specificity declined significantly, falling to 79% (95%, 25% to 98%). The available evidence points to a high accuracy of DSCT for the detection of coronary artery stenosis. However, the population who might benefit from this technology - individuals with chest pain and intermediate risk of coronary artery disease, CAD have not generally been included in the retrieved studies since the studies were usually conducted in reference centers where patients usually have an indication for invasive coronary angiography, and consequently a high pretest probability of CAD