No / There is a marked increase in the number of General Practitioner (GP) organisations across Europe providing out of hours (OOH) emergency primary care services whereby GPs and/or Nurse Practitioners (NPs), provide telephone consultations to patients (Giesen et al., 2007a, McKinstry et al., 2009, Derkx et al., 2009). This has been an important development to manage the rising demand for health care with increasingly scarce resources (Blank et al., 2012, Purc-Stephenson and Thrasher, 2010) and also reduces unnecessary attendance at accident and emergency departments or home visits by GPs (Bunn et al., 2005, Roberts et al., 2008)... In this study we describe the characteristics of telephone consultation calls made by pregnant women to an OOH service run by a GP co-operative and also to compare and contrast the differences between the way the calls were handled by GPs and Nurse Practitioners (NPs). The NPs were qualified and registered nurses experienced in primary care or emergency care settings and none were practicing.

M.S.

Telephone nursing (TpN) care is delivered in a wide range of settings and provides a variety of services to individuals and populations across the age span. Although a viable specialty practice, there is little evidence regarding how the process of care delivery contributes to successful outcomes. To study the effects of TpN care, and to develop appropriate clinical and education interventions, a solid understanding of the process is needed. This study utilized grounded theory method to identify and describe the core concepts of the TpN process, the relationships among these concepts, and the factors influencing the process. Study findings were validated through peer and participant review. Based on interviews with ten telephone nurses from four sites, the following components were identified and organized into a conceptual model of the TpN process. The process generally proceeds through three phases, gathering information to cognitive processing to output. Throughout these phases, the nurse engages in a goal oriented parallel process focusing on both explicit (e.g., verbal, physical) and implicit (non-verbal, contextual) dimensions. Inherent to this parallel process is a two-way interpreting process in which information from the caller is translated into health care language for processing and then health care information is translated back into the language of the caller to identify and meet their needs. Factors influencing the process include prioritization and the level of complexity of the call, resources of the nurse and the organization, and the nurse's desire for validation of the service and the appropriateness of the output. The model highlights the need for research further delineating how implicit information is gathered and processed and how it influences output. Research is also needed on the value of implicit output and on the effects of feedback regarding output on nurse performance and satisfaction. The model suggests that more nursing education should be focused on the sub-processes within the three phases, the interpreting process, and implicit aspects of the process. Finally, the model suggests that formal feedback regarding the quality of call output should be provided and the value of implicit nursing output should be recognized.

Omvårdnad på distans är ett växande område i västvärlden. Sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon sysselsätter allt fler sjuksköterskor. Arbetet innebär att bedöma, hänvisa och ge råd i till inringare i hälso- och sjukvårdsfrågor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av att arbeta med sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon. Metoden var en litteraturstudie. Med inspiration av innehållsanalys bearbetades två kvantitativa och nio kvalitativa studier. Resultatet utmynnade i tre kategorier: Samtal och inringare, Omvårdnad och yrkesroll, Organisation och teknik. Kategorierna representerar olika delar av arbetsmiljön och arbetsvillkoren som en telefonsjuksköterska verkar inom. Telefonsjuksköterskorna upplevde att de trots distansen till inringaren arbetade med omvårdnad, detta genom sin röst och kommunikation. Avsaknad av synintryck försvårade samtalen, både i bedömningen och etiskt då telefonsjuksköterskan aldrig kunde vara säker på inringarens identitet. Resultatet visar på behov av ytterligare utbildning inför arbetet som telefonsjuksköterska. Forskning behövs kring användandet av det datoriserade beslutstödet samt innehållet, för att telefonsjuksköterskan ska kunna göra adekvata bedömningar och rätt hänvisningar. Kommunikation är det främsta verktyget i arbetet med sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon, fortlöpande utbildning som fokuserar på detta bör erbjudas till telefonsjuksköterskor. / Telenursing is a growing concept within the western society. More nurses are employed by medical care hotlines. It involves estimating medical situations, referring, and giving counseling advice. The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses experiences with executing their profession over the phone. The method was a literature study, with inspiration drawn from content analysis. Two quantitative and nine qualitative studies were discussed and resulted in three categories: Calls and callers, Nursing and profession, Organizational structure and technique. These categories represent the various parts of the working environment and conditions that a telenurse operates within. Despite the physical distance to the caller, the telenurses still felt they were nursing, using their voices and communication. Lack of visual impressions can be a cause of obstruction for telenurses in judging the callers condition, but also in an ethical sense since the nurse could never be confident in the callers identity. The result of this study identifies a need for further education as a preparation to becoming a telenurse.Research is needed regarding the usage of computerized decision aid, to make adequatejudgements and thus giving the correct referrals. Communications is the key tool fortelenursing, and further education that focuses on improving this should be given to employees within the field.

This study presents a detailed analysis of the public relations organization, objectives, and practices of Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Dallas, Texas. Information sources included interviews with telephone company public relations personnel, company publications, and other publications. The five chapters deal with the history and development of the company and its public relations program, and the organization, functions, and operations of the public relations department. With a long and varied history of public relations activities, the company executes numerous activities for employees, customers, educational institutions, the community, stockholders, and the media. The study recommends that the department establish a committee to formulate long-range public relations goals, initiate a management orientation program, and advertise in area high school and college publications.

by Lo kwok Wing, Luk Siu Bun, Ben. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [34]-[36]). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Consumer Market of Telecommunication Services --- p.1 / Advent of Competition --- p.3 / Scope of Report --- p.4 / Organisation of this Paper --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.6 / Chapter III. --- BUSINESS DEFINITION --- p.9 / Business Definition --- p.9 / Corporate Goals --- p.10 / Chapter IV. --- SITUATION ANALYSIS --- p.11 / Macroenvironment --- p.11 / Industry Environment --- p.20 / Market size & Market Growth --- p.25 / Product Profile --- p.26 / Customer Profile --- p.31 / Competitor Analysis --- p.38 / Company Situation Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter V. --- STRATEGIC ISSUES ANALYSIS --- p.62 / Key Success Factors --- p.62 / Strategic Issues --- p.63 / Strategy Options --- p.70 / Chapter VI. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.72 / Grand Strategy --- p.73 / Functional Strategy --- p.78 / Chapter VII. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.92 / APPENDIX / Chapter 1. --- The Trend of Average Family Size per Household / Chapter 2. --- Growth of Residential Telephone Lines / Chapter 3. --- Growth of Business Direct Telephone lines / Chapter 4. --- Growth of Total Starline (1989-1993) / Chapter 5. --- Growth of Citinet (1991-1993) / Chapter 6. --- Growth of International Traffic / Chapter 7. --- Questionnaire of Customer Surveys / Chapter 8. --- Summary of Results of Customer Surveys / Chapter 9. --- Gross Sales Revenue Distribution / Chapter 10. --- Breakdown of the Major Gross Sales Revenues For CS Inbound / Chapter 11. --- Breakdown of the Major Gross Sales Revenues For CS Outbound / Chapter 12. --- Breakdown of the Major Gross Sales Revenues For CS Retailing / BIBLIOGRAPHY

A systematic framework has been developed to assess what it is that is at risk in any given telephone exchange. This critical area procedure is designed to identify high risk areas, both in terms of potential property damage and business interruption. This procedure utilizes a functionally based approach that is pictorial in presentation n and well suited to management decision making processes.

Based on the consideration of variation in diet habits and food sources among respondents, two different FFQs- FFQ-BS and FFQ-HK---were developed for use in the two mainland cities and in Hong Kong. / Developing and validating new dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) is necessary for the Chinese population. China has conducted 4 nation-wide nutrition and health surveys since 1959. However, a brief semi-quantitative FFQ was not used until in the 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey. Meanwhile, the telephone interview is a very practical and respected tool, making surveys more rapid and cost-effective and adopted in many health surveys in other countries, but yet not in China. Under these circumstances the author chose the development of these dietary assessment methods for the Chinese population as the research interest. / For the FFQ-BS, paired t-tests showed that the mean daily calcium intake was 591.7 mg measured by the FFQ-BS and 582.9 mg by 24-hour recall (P=0.6), with no significant difference found. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Paired-sample t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients and Bland-Altman measure of Agreement were used in the agreement assessments. / The overall goal of this study was to identify, test, and evaluate valid, reliable food frequency and telephone methods of collecting and processing Chinese dietary intake information, and analyze and disseminate survey results. / The subjects were 334 healthy women aged 20--49, recruited from Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong during June--July 2002. Three dietary intake survey waves one month apart were conducted by trained interviewers using a calcium-specific FFQ. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with each receiving either a telephone or in-person interview during the first wave interview. The randomization allowed a cross-over design through the three interview waves. The 50% of subjects (n=171) receiving the in-person interview first additionally was administered a 24-hour dietary recall interview following each FFQ. / The validity of the FFQs was assessed by comparing results with those of 3-day dietary recalls as a reference method, and the reliability assessment was performed by comparing two administrations of FFQs. / We attempted to reach the above goal by carrying out a comprehensive dietary survey comparing two administration modes (telephone and in-person) and two dietary intake assessment tools (FFQ and 24-hour recall). / by Li Ying. / "May 2005." / Adviser: Georgia S. Guldan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0186. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-158). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Leung Kwok-Yiu. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-57). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATION --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / What is a Cordless Telephone ？ --- p.1 / Cordless Telephone in Local Industry --- p.2 / Manufacturers Pushed Towards Digital With Little Success --- p.3 / Study on Latest Scenario --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- RESEARCH METHOD --- p.5 / Data Collection --- p.5 / Analysis --- p.6 / The Subject Company --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE FEASIBILITY PLAN --- p.9 / Chapter IV. --- BUSINESS CONCEPT --- p.11 / Chapter V. --- PROPOSED PRODUCT --- p.13 / Target Users --- p.13 / User Centred Features --- p.14 / Communication Range --- p.16 / Secure Communication --- p.17 / Less Interference --- p.17 / Chapter VI. --- MARKET SIZE --- p.19 / Chapter VII. --- COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS --- p.22 / Legal and Regulatory Environment --- p.23 / Social-Cultural Environment --- p.23 / Technological Environment --- p.24 / Competitors --- p.26 / Strength and Weakness --- p.28 / Chapter VIII. --- PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING STRATEGIES … --- p.30 / Technology Licensing --- p.30 / Capability Building --- p.33 / Regulatory Requirements --- p.34 / Patent Issues --- p.34 / Manufacturing Strategy --- p.35 / Chapter IX. --- MARKETING STRATEGIES --- p.37 / Product Strategy --- p.37 / Pricing Strategy --- p.37 / Distribution Strategy --- p.39 / Promotion Strategy --- p.40 / Chapter X. --- FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS --- p.42 / Development Expenses --- p.42 / Material Costs --- p.43 / Gross Margin --- p.44 / Breakeven Quantity --- p.44 / Chapter XI. --- RISKS AND CONTINGENCY --- p.46 / Market Risk --- p.46 / Technical Risk --- p.46 / Other Risks --- p.47 / Contingency and Exit --- p.48 / Chapter XII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.49 / APPENDIXES / Chapter A. --- DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORDLESS TELEPHONES --- p.50 / CT0 --- p.50 / CT1 --- p.50 / CT2 --- p.51 / DCT --- p.51 / DSSS --- p.52 / DECT --- p.52 / PHS --- p.52 / Chapter B. --- VOICE QUALITY IN DIGITAL CORDLESS --- p.53 / Echo Problem --- p.53 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.55 / Books --- p.55 / Reports and Periodicals --- p.56 / Internet Websites --- p.56 / Interviews --- p.57

M. Tech. Business Administration / Fixed-line operators in South Africa as well as globally have had a difficult battle, facing external pressures such as deregulation, a severe industry and economic downturn and declining prices. Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) is dropping as operators delay or cut back on spending. With the internet economy, digital media and other telecommunications activities still trying to establish, there is a need for modern and efficient infrastructure that is becoming more critical and therefore, collaboration in infrastructure sharing between organisations is becoming a growing subject of interest to the telecommunication industry, as it is seen as an opportunity to reduce the costs of deploying infrastructure and of gearing investment towards under-serviced areas. In this study, an effort is made to assess how collaboration in terms of a joint venture between Neotel, Vodacom and MTN can have an effect in terms of infrastructure sharing by establishing how the approach can reduce costs (infrastructure building and operating) in Neotel and to assess the risks associated with it.