This thesis takes its starting point from one of the most essential parts of organization theory, namely coordination. It joins a new and emerging approach within which coordination is not only treated as a function but as a dynamic process. The thesis reflects everyday practice during a major construction project and focuses on how coordination is undertaken, and how it develops over time. The aim is to create an understanding of the dynamics of coordination. This refers both to the interaction between different types of coordination that continuously take place in the process of carrying out collective performances, and to how the coordination changes over time. The case study, that is the basis of this thesis, was carried out from 2006-2010 in a large construction project with Skanska and Jämtkraft as contractual partners. The project – called Destination 2011 – corresponds to an investment of € 100-110 million and aims at securing Jämtkraft’s power distribution from severe weather conditions in order to minimize the risk of power blackouts. The theory chapter of the thesis has an integrative approach and is based on theories of coordination. On the basis of this a conceptual framework was developed that focuses on how coordination takes place and how it can change in relation to its context. This was done in three steps. First, coordination was defined, positioned and set in relation to the organizational context in terms of uncertainty and complexity. Second, five broad categories were derived which indicate how different organizational arrangements create coordination. Third, the integrating conditions which evolve from the organizational arrangements were presented. These integrating conditions are essential for the individuals to coordinate their activities. Based on the case study, and supported by the theoretical framework, a process-oriented analysis was conducted in four steps. The first step was a narrative case description which focuses on the development of the project and the activities that make up the project process. The second step consisted of a thematic theory driven analysis that explains how the project members use a combination of different organizational arrangements to create the integrating conditions required for the coordination to occur. The third step of the analysis was based on a process analysis combined with temporal bracketing. This step focuses on how the coordination is structured and enables the understanding of how the coordination changes over time. In this step two temporal brackets (or micro-processes) were created, the first of which represents a sub-project under the first half of the project, and the second a sub-project during the second half. For each micro-process an analysis was carried out which identified a number of coordination processes. These coordination processes link the implementation phase together and explain how, and why, the coordination is built up as it is during a sub-project. In the fourth and final step a comparative analysis was conducted with illustrative narrative sequences. This analysis puts the two micro-processes in relation to each other, illustrates how the coordination changes over time, and exposes the underlying forces that explain the identified change. These analyses, brought together, show the interaction between different types of coordination, how the coordination is built-up, and how it changes over time, thereby providing an understanding of the dynamics of coordination.

This study is about organizing major sporting events. Sporting events’ numerous positive outcomes for the hosting region has resulted in a growing number and size of sporting events globally. The aim of this study was therefore to provide further knowledge about how organizations in major sport events practically and strategically operate and how processes related to organization and leadership can contribute to the success of the event. The study focuses the context of a Swedish national multi-sport event hosted and held by three different cities, three different years. Questions about networking, cooperation with different stakeholders, project strategy and Knowledge Management were examined. The data was collected through means of qualitative interviews of different project leaders and archival materials. The results show the complexity of the event organization mostly related to its temporariness and complicated stakeholder network. The results also show that Knowledge Management is a crucial factor in this kind of organization. This indicates overall that it is of great importance that the leader of the organization is able to coordinate and balance the many needs and desires of each stakeholder.

Problem och syften När projekt befinner sig i extrema miljöer är betydelsen av ett fördelaktigt beslutsfattande avgörande. Om projektdeltagarna inte lyckas ta genomtänkta beslut finns det risk för att projektet misslyckas vilket involverar allvarliga konsekvenser. Med hjälp av denna studie vill vi studera beslutsfattandet i projekt i extrema miljöer: Hur påverkas beslutsfattandet av extrema miljöer? Vi har funnit att ett antal parametrar påverkar projekts förmåga att ta beslut. Vårt syfte, som är uppdelat i ett huvudsyfte och ett praktiskt syfte, handlar således om att analysera hur beslutsfattandet påverkas i extrema miljöer utifrån de tre parametrarna Grupptänk, Riskhantering och Eskalerande engagemang. I huvudsyftet ingår även att vi ämnar utveckla en modell. Vårt delsyfte innebär att vi önskar förstå beslutsfattande för att ge ett bidrag till projekt i extrema miljöer. Metod Vi har skrivit på uppdrag av forskningsgruppen TripleED som har gett oss en stor mängd kvalitativ data rörande en bergsklättringsexpedition på K2 som är att likställas med ett projekt i en extrem miljö. Vi har antagit ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv i vår studie, eftersom vi med hjälp av det sekundära materialet vill tolka och förstå (Olsson & Sörensen, 2011, s. 162) beslutsfattandet inom projekt i extrema miljöer. Trots att vi har genomfört en studie baserad på kvalitativ data strävar vi efter ett deduktivt angreppssätt eftersom vi är intresserade av att undersöka vår sociala verklighet utifrån teorier, (Bryman & Bell, 2011, s. 11,13) samtidigt som vår studie har inslag av induktion. Teorier Vi har utgått från teorier som berör Beslutsprocessen där vi har skapat vår egen modell utifrån tre olika beslutsmodeller. I kombination har vi använt oss av teorier som berör de tre parametrarna Grupptänk, Riskhantering och Eskalerande engagemang för att vidare förstå hur de påverkar beslutsfattande i extrema miljöer. Vi sammanfattar det teoretiska kapitlet med hjälp av en modell som presenterar att parametrarna påverkar beslutsfattande. Med utgångspunkt i modellen genomförde vi sedan vår empiriska undersökning för att se hur beslutsfattandet påverkas. Slutsats Vi har funnit att Beslutsprocessen är kortare än vad teorin föreslår i projekt som befinner sig i extrema situationer. När det inte finns tillräckligt med tid att ta överlagda beslut kan projektdeltagare istället behöva förbereda Beslutsprocessen vilket reducerar risken att ogenomtänkta beslut tas vid kritiska situationer. Vi har kommit fram till att de tre parametrarna har olika påverkan på beslutsfattandet i extrema miljöer och sambandet mellan dem och Beslutsprocessen har vi synliggjort i en slutgiltig modell. Vidare kunde vi även konstatera att vår slutsats uppfyller kraven för trovärdighet vilket medför att vår studie är användbar för framtida projekt.

The purpose of this research is to find evidence on how temporary projects change in connection to both internal organizational changes, in terms of change in management, as well as the external force of change of COVID-19. In addition, the thesis will also go into depth on how these changes have affected collaboration and work-satisfaction. The research is a case study of qualitative nature and ten semi-structured interviews, with five project leaders and five employees in a collaborative project, were conducted to enable interactions between theories and empirical findings. It was decided to obtain a case project in order to investigate how the external force of COVID-19 and the internal force of change in head management has affected the project's work settings, collaboration and the well-being/work satisfaction of the employees. Along with the interviews, the theoretical structure made it possible to perform a thematic analysis. The changes connected to the working processes and the structure given the forces of internal and external change have altered the way the employees perform and operate in the project. It is concluded that collaboration is of utmost importance and that building trust and relationships have clearly become harder in a virtual work setting, it has affected how the project participants work together towards common objectives. These major changes have also affected the work satisfaction of the project members to different extents.

Forskning inom temporära organisationer har tidigare fokuserat på förtroende från projektledarens perspektiv, därmed fann vi det intressant att undersöka vikten av förtroende utifrån medarbetarnas perspektiv. Syftet med studien har varit att, med utgångspunkt från medarbetare i temporära organisationer, undersöka om projektledare behöver besitta vissa specifika egenskaper för att skapa förtroende. Vidare att undersöka om dessa egenskaper har en lika stor påverkan av skapandet av förtroende eller om det enbart är vissa egenskaper som anses vara grundläggande.Med en kvalitativ forskningsansats har vi genomfört elva semi-strukturerade intervjuer där insamlad data sedan har transkriberats, analyserats och diskuterats och jämförts med studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Vi kunde därefter urskilja vissa specifika egenskaper som en projektledare bör besitta vid skapandet av förtroende. Av insamlad empiri fann vi olika benämningar för egenskaper hos en projektledare som kunde kategoriseras. Till följd av detta identifierade vi istället egenskaperna som faktorer vilka medarbetarna hävdade vara av vikt vid skapandet av ett förtroende. Dessa kategorier var; konsekvent beteende, integritet, delegering, kommunikation, visande av intresse och kunskap och kompetens.Resultatet pekar på att förtroende för en projektledare skapas utifrån individuella behov och värderingar. Samtidigt kunde vissa faktorer urskiljas som mer primära än andra, vilket bidrog till att dessa delades upp i två kategorier, hårda faktorer (primära) och mjuka faktorer (sekundära). Ytterligare slutsats blev att förtroende skapar både möjligheter och hinder i en temporär organisation vilket är en intressant aspekt att forska vidare kring. För vidare forskning är det även intressant att studera mer ingående kring hur man skapar ett initialt förtroende i temporära organisationer men även att man fördjupar sin kunskap kring temporära organisationer och dess speciella utformning och krav.

Interagerande osäkerhet är ett viktigt ämne, men ytterst lite forskning har gjorts om dess påverkan på samarbete i interorganisatoriska projekt. Studien fokuserar på frågeställningen på vilka sätt hanteras interagerande osäkerhet i interorganisatoriska projekt. För att kunna besvara på vilka sätt interagerande osäkerhet påverkar samarbete i interorganisatoriska projekt, använde studien ett organisationsperspektiv. Denna studie använder ett deduktivt perspektiv genom att granska litteratur om interagerande osäkerhet, interorganisatoriska projekt och förankring. En fallstudie beträffande hur interagerande osäkerhet kan förebyggas gjordes genom kvalitativ metod. Insamlingen av data bestod av grundliga intervjuer angående teman samarbete, osäkerhet, krishantering och förtroende. Studien drar slutsatsen att interagerande osäkerhet har en påverkan på samarbete och att förebyggande redskap kan reducera den interagerande osäkerheten. Studien bidrar med utveckling och redskap för att hantera interagerande osäkerhet. / Interactional uncertainty is a relevant subject, but very little research has been done about the impacts on cooperation in interorganizational projects. The study focuses on the main question in which ways are interactional uncertainty handled in interorganizational projects. To answer the question an organizational perspective was used to explore in what ways interactional uncertainty affects cooperation within interorganizational projects. This study uses a deductive perspective by examining literature concerning interactional uncertainty, interorganizational project and embeddedness. A case study regarding how interactional uncertainty can be prevented was implemented through a qualitative method. The collection of data consisted of in-depth interviews concerning the themes cooperation, uncertainty, crisis management and trust. This study concludes that interactional uncertainty has an impact on cooperation and that preventative gear can reduce the interactional uncertainty. The study contributes with development and tools for managing interactional uncertainty.

Submitted by Luiz Gustavo Mauro de Queiroz (gus1971@gmail.com) on 2013-11-06T13:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EBAPE - MEX2012] - Dissertação - Diversidade de Gestores de Projeto Versao Final Biblioteca.pdf: 1683584 bytes, checksum: 04d5f06a46cb660008399f4f2fdd93be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-11-07T18:06:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EBAPE - MEX2012] - Dissertação - Diversidade de Gestores de Projeto Versao Final Biblioteca.pdf: 1683584 bytes, checksum: 04d5f06a46cb660008399f4f2fdd93be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-11-13T15:57:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EBAPE - MEX2012] - Dissertação - Diversidade de Gestores de Projeto Versao Final Biblioteca.pdf: 1683584 bytes, checksum: 04d5f06a46cb660008399f4f2fdd93be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-13T15:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EBAPE - MEX2012] - Dissertação - Diversidade de Gestores de Projeto Versao Final Biblioteca.pdf: 1683584 bytes, checksum: 04d5f06a46cb660008399f4f2fdd93be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Given the increasing structuring of permanent organizations in temporary organizations, here represented as projects, there is a proportional demand for qualified professionals to act as conductors of these contracts – the project managers (GP’s). This master s course dissertation research aims to study how different psycho - demographic traits , to wit: gender, ethnicity , sexual orie ntation and physical appearance , impact on life and professional development of the GP who holds them , under the prospect of t hese professionals . In the search for po ssible answers to this question , we went through the theory looking for the subsidies needed by the GP to satisfactorily perform his/her professional ac tivity and go up on the career ladder . We have seen that the har d skills of these professionals are designed and enriched by the methodologies and best practices brought by several international ass ociations of project management . However , the prescriptive actions of these methodologies only outline the broad contours of the soft s kills . This skill set has prove d crucial to the GP in his/her work , being apprehended empirically and enriched by the experience. Moreover , the career progression of a GP has been perceived by the growing complexity of the projects subordinated to him/her , as also by taking a strategic and less operational path . We have based the research on Brazilian culture , used as a framework to understand how these professionals perform such relations of leadership , communication, collaboration a nd respect with his/her stakeholders , i . e ., their soft skills , and orchestrate the necessary activities for the satisfactory completion of a project . On such a basis , we seek to understand potential biases and barriers for the different psycho - demographic and, in sequence , observe which impacts have been perceived by the GP ’ s in t he exercise of their activities , as well as in t he progression of their careers . We have b rought from t he f ield interviews with various GP 's holding different psycho - demographic t raits . Discourse analysis lent us the tools to analyze field data , embracing conclusions supported by the theoretical framework . As a result , we realized that Brazilian culture still features domination mechanisms embodied by a n androcentric , ethnically white and heterosexual group , with regulations and s tandards on overall physical appearance . We have also seen that the soft skills are influenced by the local culture , especially when exercised by minorities rejected by the dominant group . We perceive the existence of glass doors and ceilings in the life of a GP that embodies certain psycho - demographic traits , as well as an internalization of the androcentric logic. These professionals carry out their functions with a cost gre ater than that performed by ma le, white , heterosexuals and good - looking professionals, as well as need to prove resilient to such domination. The barriers for females also rise when the woman GP , even in the context of a temporary organization leadership , has exercised her motherhood . / Dada a crescente estruturação das organizações permanentes em organizações temporárias, aqui representadas como projetos, há uma demanda proporcional por profissionais qualificados que atuem como os maestros dessas empreitadas – os gerentes de projetos (GP’s). Esta pesquisa de dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo estudar como diferentes traços psicodemográficos, à saber: gênero, etnia, orientação sexual e aparência física, impactam na vida e na progressão profissional do GP que os detenha, pela perspectiva deste profissional. Na busca por possíveis respostas para essa questão, percorremos a teoria procurando os subsídios necessários ao GP para exercer satisfatoriamente sua atividade e ascender na carreira. Vimos que as hard skills desses profissionais são desenhadas e enriquecidas por meio das metodologias e boas práticas trazidas pelas diversas associações internacionais de gestão de projetos. Todavia, as ações prescritivas dessas metodologias apenas delineiam os contornos mais amplos das soft skills. Este conjunto de habilidades se mostrou fundamental para o GP em seu trabalho, sendo empiricamente apreendido e enriquecido pela experiência prática. Ademais, a progressão na carreira de GP é percebida frente à crescente complexidade dos projetos à ele subordinados, como também é percebida ao enveredar por caminhos mais estratégicos e menos operacionais. Calçamos a pesquisa sobre a cultura brasileira, usada como arcabouço para entender como tais profissionais exercem suas relações de liderança, comunicação, respeito e colaboração para com seus stakeholders, ou seja, suas soft skills, e orquestram as atividades necessárias para a conclusão satisfatória de um projeto. Sobre tal base, buscamos entender possíveis preconceitos e barreiras impostas às diferentes psicodemografias para, em sequência, observar quais impactos são percebidos pelos GP’s no exercício de suas atividades, bem como na progressão de suas carreiras. Trouxemos do campo entrevistas com vários GP’s de diferentes psicodemografias. A análise do discurso nos emprestou o ferramental para estudar os dados de campo, e abarcar conclusões sustentadas pela base teórica. Como resultado, percebemos que a cultura brasileira ainda apresenta mecanismos de dominação encarnados por um grupo androcêntrico, etnicamente branco e heterossexual, com prescrições e normas sobre a aparência física. Vimos também que as soft skills são influenciadas pela cultura local, principalmente quando são exercidas por minorias rejeitadas pelo grupo dominante. Percebemos a existência de portas e tetos de vidro na vida profissional de um GP que encarne determinados traços psicodemográficos, bem como uma introjeção de tal lógica androcêntrica. Tais profissionais exercem suas funções com um custo maior do que aquele realizado por homens, brancos, heterossexuais e de boa aparência, bem como precisam se mostrar resilientes à tal dominação. As barreiras para o gênero feminino também se erguem quando a GP mulher, mesmo em um contexto de liderança de uma organização temporária, exerce a maternidade.

Global projects have a high failure rate, with many project failures attributed to lack of effective leadership. A knowledge gap about leadership requirements and complexities in a global project management environment has increased the risks in global projects. The problem is evident in the increasing project failure rate and the struggling national strategies in the oil and gas industry in the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the role of leadership in project success and adaptation complexities in GCC. The conceptual framework consisted of complex adaptive systems and contingency theories. A qualitative approach was used to capture common understandings of project leaders' role and the opportunities and challenges in a multicultural global project environment. Personal interviews were conducted with 25 participants from the oil and gas industry in GCC who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Six themes emerged from an exploratory and comparative analysis, including: adaptable project structure with team and environment dynamics; leadership role and the impermanent multicultural environment; project success definition and the success criteria; aligned performance and governance systems; changing organizational strategy; and team building and the project complexity management. Based on study findings, a framework was created for leading 4 organizational processes in global projects, which includes the environment, team building, leadership selection, and setting of project success criteria. Higher efficiency in leading these processes may contribute to positive social change and support practitioners to promote a project environment for active knowledge integration.

Bakgrund: Projektverksamhet står för 30% av all affärsverksamhet och har idag kommit att bli en viktig del i det svenska näringslivet. Det är vanligt att projektbaserade organisationer erbjuder unika lösningar som produceras och levereras i projektform. Temporära organisationer kan därför bildas internt eller interorganisatoriskt mellan flera organisationer för att samverka och organisera en tillfälligt utvald projektgrupp som ska genomföra ett projekt. Tre kännetecken för projekt är att de har en tydlig början och slut, varje projekt är unikt och genomförs med hjälp av nya processer och tillvägagångssätt.  Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera ett interorganisatoriskt projekt för att bidra till kunskap kring styrning i projekt. Det är även intressant att undersöka hur likheter och skillnader i de två fallföretagens styrfilosofier har påverkat verksamheten i den interorganisatoriska organisationen. Syftet är också att identifiera brister och förbättringsmöjligheter för att dra lärdomar och utveckla projektstyrningen i kommande projekt.  Metod: Studien är en enfallsstudie där två företag undersökts utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och en mindre genomgång av dokument.  Slutsats: Studien har identifierat att det finns skillnader i de två fallföretagens styrfilosofier, men på grund av projektets unika egenskaper har styrningen gått ut på att hantera risker och problem som dykt upp under projektets gång. Projektet har stött på ett antal utmaningar under projektets gång där projektgruppen fått samarbeta genom regelbundna möten och uppföljningar för att driva projektet i rätt riktning. Projektets utmaningar har påverkat styrningen i den mån att det lett till en tidsbrist till att följa upp och utvärdera projektet med hjälp av nyckeltal, för att förbättra och effektivisera processer. / Background: Project operations stands for 30% of all business operations and have today become an important part of Swedish business life. It is common for project based organizations to offer unique solutions that are produced and delivered in project form. Temporary organizations can therefore be formed internally or interorganizational between several organizations to collaborate and organize a temporarily selected project group that will accomplish a project. Projects usually have three characteristics. Every project has a clear beginning and end, is unique and are carried out using new processes and approaches. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to study an interorganizational project to increase the knowledge regarding management in projects. It is also interesting to investigate how similarities and differences in the management philosophies of the two companies have affected the operations of the interorganizational organization. The purpose is also to identify shortcomings and opportunities for improvement in order to gain insights and develop project management in future projects. Method: The study is a single-case study where two companies have been examined using a qualitative research methodology. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews and minor reviews of documents.  Conclusion: The study has identified that there are differences in the case companies management philosophies, but due to the project's unique characteristics, the project management has focused on managing risk and problems that emerged during the case study. The project encountered a number of challenges during the case study where the project group had to collaborate through regular meetings and follow-ups, to manage the project in the right direction. The challengers have affected the management to lack of time in follow-ups and evaluate the project using key performance indicators, in order to improve and streamline processes.