The aim of this study was to explore the psychological effects of termination of pregnancy by choice amongst adolescents within the ages of 18 to 21 years. Exploratory, contextual, qualitative design was used to determine the psychological effects of termination of pregnancy by choice amongst adolescents. Purposive sampling method as well as snowballing were used to select participants for the study. Data collection was done through in-depth, one-on-one, face-to-face interviews, using a semi-structured interview guide. The study highlighted that adolescents who seek abortion are unmarried and mostly still studying. The results revealed that adolescents experience mental ill health after termination of pregnancy due to feelings of guilt. All participants stated that abortion is murder of a life person and that it is a bad thing to do. The study revealed that counselling that is done before TOP focuses on the procedure of TOP. There is need for a holistic approach to counselling. As a guide, policy makers need to specify the mandatory counselling in the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (Act No 92 of 1996). / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Thesis (MA (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / The practice of abortion continues to provoke controversy and disagreement. However, within the context of this wider debate, a greater level of consensus appears to have been reached as to the moral acceptability of the practice of prenatal screening, and selective abortion following the detection of foetal abnormality. This study seeks to interrogate whether justifications of this practice lend credence to the moral permissibility of selective abortion. In particular, it considers whether justifications for this practice amount to, or perpetuate, discrimination on the basis of the characteristic of disability, as selective abortion entails choosing against a particular foetus because of its characteristics. This study poses this question in two contexts – where the moral permissibility of selective abortion is regarded as an exception to the general moral impermissibility of abortion, and where selective abortion is regarded as one distinct justification within the context of the general moral permissibility of abortion. This study attempts to show that while justifications of selective abortion are directly discriminatory in the former case, they are not necessarily discriminatory in the latter case. This latter conclusion, however, recommends maintaining vigilance against the possibility that such justifications could rely upon or perpetuate prejudice, or restrict reproductive autonomy. These conclusions are considered within the South African context; in particular, with regard to their application to the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996.

Die Arbeit befasst sich grundlegend mit der radiaklischen Polymerisation von ionischen Monomeren in wässriger Lösung. Kinetische Koeffizienten dieser Polymerisationsreaktionen wurden durch Pulslaser-induzierte Polymerisationen in Verbindung mit Größenausschlusschromatographie (PLP–SEC), mit hoch zeitaufgelöster Nahinfrarot-Detektion nach Einzelpuls-(SP)-Anregung (SP–PLP–NIR) und mit hoch zeitaufgelöster Elektronenspinresonanzspektroskopie (SP–PLP–ESR) untersucht. Die Messungen wurden durch Simulationen mit dem Programmpaket Predici® unterstützt. Die Terminierungskinetik der radikalischen Polymerisation des wasserlöslichen nicht-ionischen Monomers N-Vinylformamid wurde in Substanz und in wässriger Lösung bei 40 bis 70 °C und bei 500 bis 2500 bar als Funktion des Umsatzes mit der SP–PLP–NIR-Technik bestimmt. Die Einflüsse von Terminierung, Transferreaktionen und Verbreiterungs-mechanismen auf die Bildung von PLP-Strukturen beliebiger Monomere im PLP–SEC-Experiment wurden grundlegend durch Predici®-Modellierung untersucht. Die Resultate geben Auskunft, unter welchen PLP-Bedingungen verlässliche auswertbare PLP-Strukturen erhalten wurden. So ist es erforderlich, dass 19 bis 92% der erzeugten Radikale zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Pulsen terminieren. Da aufgrund der langsamen Terminierung (<19%) und intermolekularer oder intramolekularer Transferreaktionen die PLP–SEC-Methode für ionische Monomere oft nicht anwendbar ist, wurde der Geschwindigkeitskoeffizient der Propagation, kp, etwa von Trimethylaminoethylmethacrylat (TMAEMA) in D2O im Temperatur-intervall 30 bis 60 °C durch Anpassung von Umsatz-Zeit-Verläufen mit einem Predici®-Modell bestimmt. Eine Modell-unabhängige Bestimmung der Propagations- und Terminierungskinetik von TMAEMA unter identischen Bedingungen erfolgte durch Kombination der gekoppelten Parameter <kt>/kp und kp/<kt>0,5 aus SPPLPNIR-Messungen bzw. chemisch initiierten Experimenten. Trimethylaminoethylacrylat-(TMAEA)-Polymerisationen wurden bei 20 bis 84 °C mit Predici® modelliert. Dabei wurde die enorme Bedeutung der mid-chain Radikal (MCR)-Kinetik für die Polymerisationsrate ionischer Acrylate deutlich. Die Predici®-Modellierung von ionisierter Methacrylsäure (MAA) zeigte, dass die durch PLPSEC bestimmten literaturbekannten kp-Werte systematisch um einen Faktor zwei zu groß sind. Der Einfluss der Gegenionenkonzentration auf kp wurde für ionisierte MAA bei 30 bis 80 °C durch Anpassung von Umsatz-Zeit-Verläufen bestimmt. Der präexponentielle Faktor von kp nimmt mit steigender Gegenionen-konzentration zu, also bei Erhöhung der Monomerkonzentration und bei Salzzugabe. Die Terminierungskinetik von ionisierter MAA wurde mittels SP–PLP–NIR als Funktion des Umsatzes bei 1 bis 500 bar zwischen 20 und 80 °C untersucht. Untersuchungen der Polymerisationskinetik von ionisierter Acrylsäure (AA) durch NIR, SP–PLP–NIR, SP–PLP–ESR und 13C-NMR ergaben, dass alle Geschwindigkeitskoeffizienten von der Art und Konzentration der Gegenionen beeinflusst werden, wobei sie mit steigender Gegenionen-konzentration zunehmen, was auf die Bildung von Kontaktionenpaaren zurückgeführt werden kann. Die beteiligten Geschwindigkeitskoeffizienten bewirken einen hohen MCR-Anteil von etwa 98% bei 50 °C. Da trotz der hohen MCR-Konzentration die SPR-Konzentration für das Wachstum entscheidend ist (kps ≈ 103·kpt), führen geringe Verschiebungen des SPR-MCR-Gleichgewichts bei Variation der Reaktionsbedingungen zu großen Effekten in der Polymerisationsrate. Die in der vorgelegten Arbeit ermittelten kinetischen Koeffizienten erlauben die umfassende Simulation von Monomerumsatz-Zeit-Verläufen sowie von Molmassenverteilungen der polymeren Produkte für ionische Polymerisationen in wässriger Lösung bei weiter Variation der Monomerkonzentration, des Monomerumsatzes, der Art und Konzentration von Gegenionen sowie von Temperatur und Druck.

Au cours des dernières années, le Québec fut durement touché par des vagues massives de licenciements collectifs. Après l’industrie du textile et du vêtement, c’est maintenant au tour de l’industrie forestière de subir, de plein fouet, les contrecoups d’une économie en pleine mutation. Les résultats des entrevues réalisées au printemps 2008, auprès des travailleurs de la Louisiana-Pacific de Saint-Michel-des-Saints, attestent de l’incapacité des dispositions sur le licenciement collectif à prendre adéquatement en charge les travailleurs victimes de ces fermetures d’usines. Pour évaluer le degré d’efficacité des dispositions sur le licenciement collectif, nous partons d’une étude empirique visant le processus de restructuration d’une grande entreprise papetière, qui conduit à la fermeture de son usine de traitement du bois à St-Michel-des-Saints. Des entretiens conduits auprès des travailleurs, des acteurs locaux comme des dirigeants du syndicat et de la communauté locale, et d’autres acteurs syndicaux et gouvernementaux permettent de reconstruire les étapes conduisant aux licenciements collectifs et à leur suite. Seule la mobilisation syndicale (blocus de l’usine) a permis de bonifier les faibles mesures palliatives prévues initialement par la loi. Cette mobilisation n’a toutefois pas empêché de constater des effets négatifs marqués (appauvrissement, sentiment d’exclusion, tensions familiales, etc.) chez les travailleurs victimes de ce licenciement massif. / In recent years, Québec has severely been hit by massive waves of group terminations. After the textile and clothing industry, the forest industry is now facing the after-effects of a changing economy. The interviews obtained in spring 2008 with the Louisiana–Pacific workers in Saint-Michel-des–Saints, show that the provisions on group termination do not take appropriate measures for workers who are victims of such closing down industries. To evaluate the efficiency of group termination provisions, we have undertaken an empirical study on the operational improvement and downsizing process of a large paper company that have lead to the permanent closure of the treated lumber plant in Saint-Michel-des-Saints. Discussions with workers and local actors such as the union leaders and members of the community, other union and government leaders have helped us rebuild the steps leading to these group terminations and to the follow–up. It is only through mobilization called by the union (with a plant blockade) that gains were made in the small dismissal measures initially provided by the regulation. This mobilization, however, did not prevent other important negative effects such as impoverishment, feelings of exclusion and family tensions on workers who have had to live through this group termination of employment.

A putative father registry represents a legal option for unmarried males who wish to secure legal notice regarding an adoption proceeding for a child they may have fathered. Putative father registries must balance the interests of the putative father against those of the child, the birth mother, and the adoptive parents. This study utilized a framework adapted from the Multiple Constituency Model and used social justice, as indicated by distributive justice and procedural justice, to determine the perceptions among primary constituency groups of the Virginia Putative Father Registry. This research utilized a mixed-methods approach to analyze qualitative data from focus groups in combination with quantitative results from an online survey. The results of the qualitative analysis revealed eight principal findings: First, nearly all putative fathers were unaware of the existence of putative father registry in general, or the Virginia Putative Father Registry in particular. Second, putative fathers were unaware that sex is legal notice in Virginia. Third, once aware of the concept of a putative father registry, the focus group males had positive opinions about putative father registries and the Virginia Putative Father Registry. Fourth, putative fathers preferred to receive notice through the mail regarding an alleged child. Fifth, putative fathers have a negative opinion of providing notice by posting it in newspapers. Sixth, promoting awareness of putative father registries needs to target male audiences and preferably have an interactive component. Seventh, putative fathers expressed strong positive feelings about knowing about a child they may have fathered being placed for adoption. Finally, single male participants in the focus groups were more convinced about the importance of a putative father registry in comparison to married male participants. Quantitative survey data indicated that putative fathers were perceived as the primary constituent group that would benefit the most from a putative father registry. The safeguard variable was significant as it relates to occupation, putative fathers and birth mothers. The study also found that survey respondents indicated that the general public was not aware of putative father registries, and this perception was borne out in focus group results.

This thesis is rooted in the research tradition known as coalition politics, where governments, political parties and political institutions are the central focus. The main emphasis here is on government instability and the question of why governments in modern parliamentary democracies often come to an end before the next regular election. In five distinct but interrelated papers, the thesis explores the issue of early government termination and how it is affected by public support, economic developments and the functioning of the state apparatus. The studies included in this thesis generally take a quantitative approach and make use of a dataset that contains 640 governments in 29 European democracies. Their joint goal is to improve our understanding of when early termination happens by introducing and testing new explanatory factors as well as by improving how previously identified factors are modelled. The first paper focuses on Central and Eastern Europe. It shows that the stability of governments in that region is affected by slightly different factors than those that impact on governments in Western Europe. In particular, ideological factors and political institutions are found to be less important in Central and Eastern Europe while the formal power basis of the government and the country’s economic performance matter more. In the second paper, co-authored with Professor Torbjörn Bergman, the state is brought into government stability research. The paper shows that countries with a lower quality of governance and a less efficient public sector have less stable governments. This is mainly because government parties struggle to achieve their policy goals when the state apparatus is inefficient and corrupt. Paper 3, co-written with Associate Professor Johan Hellström, looks at how different types of governments respond to economic challenges. In particular, this paper demonstrates that the same changes in economic circumstances (e.g. increases in unemployment or inflation) have different effects on cabinet stability depending on which type of government is in charge. Single party governments are better equipped to deal with economic changes, because they are better positioned to devise new policy responses without having to compromise with other parties. Coalition governments, in contrast, become significantly more likely to terminate early when the economy takes a turn for the worse. Finally, over the course of two papers I first explore new techniques for analysing polling data and then use them to empirically test whether governments sometimes choose termination as a way to cope with bad poll numbers. Most of the existing techniques for pooling polls and forecasting elections were explicitly designed with two party systems in mind. In Paper 4, I test some of these techniques to determine their usefulness in complex, multiparty systems, and I develop some improvements that enable us to take advantage of more of the information in the data. In the final paper, I combine the two themes of polling and government stability by looking at how changes in government popularity affect the likelihood of premature dissolution. I find that governments, particularly single party governments, do, in fact, use terminations as a strategic response to changes in their popularity among the public. When support is high, governments tend to opportunistically call an early election, whereas they tend to abandon or reshuffle the government when support is low.

Peaks andThe main subject of this thesis is diagram rewriting.This is a generalisation to dimension~$2$ of word rewriting (in dimension~$1$). In a first time, we give the first convergent diagrammatic presentation of the PRO of linear maps in arbitrary field. Then we study the convergent diagrammatic presentation of matrix of isometries of $RR^n$. We focus especially on a rule similar to the Yang-Baxter equation, described by a certain map $h$. We use the confluence of critical the parametric diagrams, To study the algebraic properties of $h$, Finally, we present the $Sigma$-diagrams, an alternative approach for calculation in bialgebras. We illustrate this approach with examples. The last two chapters have been already published: Diagram rewriting for orthogonal matrices: a study of critical peaks, avec Yves Lafont, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5117, p. 232-245, 2008 Properties of co-operations: diagrammatic proofs, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 22(6), p. 970-986, 2012. / The main subject of this thesis is diagram rewriting.This is a generalisation to dimension~$2$ of word rewriting (in dimension~$1$). In a first time, we give the first convergent diagrammatic presentation of the PRO of linear maps in arbitrary field. Then we study the convergent diagrammatic presentation of matrix of isometries of $RR^n$. We focus especially on a rule similar to the Yang-Baxter equation, described by a certain map $h$. We use the confluence of criticalthe parametric diagrams, To study the algebraic properties of $h$, Finally, we present the $Sigma$-diagrams, an alternative approach for calculation in bialgebras. We illustrate this approach with examples. The last two chapters have been already published: Diagram rewriting for orthogonal matrices: a study of critical peaks, avec Yves Lafont, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5117, p. 232-245, 2008 Properties of co-operations: diagrammatic proofs, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 22(6), p. 970-986, 2012.

The thesis deals with legal aspects of euthanasia with special focus on criminal law context. It is divided into four broad chapters. First chapter defines terms that need to be understood perfectly for further work on the topic. Therefore, it deals with the term "euthanasia" and its division into active and passive euthanasia, direct and indirect, requested and unsolicited. There are also mentioned some related institutes such as dysthanasia, palliative and hospice care and assisted suicide. Last but not least, this chapter presents some arguments for and against euthanasia. Second chapter is devoted to legislation in foreign countries where euthanasia (or assisted suicide) has been legalized. Wider context of foreign legislation is important for realizing the consequences that possible legalization of euthanasia in the Czech Republic would bring. It can be clearly seen on the example of individual foreign states what legalization of euthanasia entails, how stringent the conditions that a request for termination of life has to meet are, and ultimately, we can decide whether we tend to endorse the legalization of euthanasia or go in the opposite course. Third chapter focuses on the merit of the matter, which is the legal regulation of euthanasia in the Czech Republic and the context of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Moreira de Carvalho.pdf: 435273 bytes, checksum: 86ad979e424d5411b4e2ca256a6ab9a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-13 / This work carries out a juridical analysis of the administrative sanction declaration of ineligibility. This is a type of penalty regulated in Law 8,666/93, which applies to private bidders and contractors that intentionally or culpably cause harm to the public interest, or transgress principles and rules that govern the juridical system of Administrative Law. The study is based, clearly, on the text of the Law, with emphasis on the content of the sanctioning act, through the use of the deductive method, identifying within the functions of the State the administrative function through to the exercise of sanctioning activity in relations between parties to contracts, and bidding procedures. We conclude that it is possible to apply this sanction, in accordance with the legislation in force, without the need for the inclusion of new rules. The lack of academic works on this subject, and its relevance today, prompted us to analyze the declaration of ineligibility / O trabalho tem por fim analisar juridicamente a sanção administrativa - declaração de inidoneidade. Trata-se de uma espécie de penalidade prevista na Lei 8.666/93, aplicável aos particulares licitantes e contratados que, dolosa ou culposamente, causarem prejuízo ao interesse público ou transgredirem princípios e regras informadores do regime jurídico de Direito Administrativo. O estudo parte, por óbvio, do texto da Lei, com ênfase ao conteúdo do ato sancionador, para mediante utilização do método dedutivo, identificar dentre as funções do Estado a função administrativa até o exercício da atividade sancionadora nas relações contratuais e nos procedimentos licitação. Concluímos pela possibilidade de se aplicar tal sanção, consoante a legislação vigente, sem necessidade de inclusão de novas regras. A falta de monografia sobre o assunto e a sua atualidade encorajou-nos a detalhar a declaração de inidoneidade

Esta tese tem como tema o inadimplemento antecipado do contrato no direito civil brasileiro. O ponto de partida para o estudo consiste na análise de jurisprudência que originariamente utilizou a figura, desprovida de consagração legal expressa. Posteriormente, é examinada a doutrina. Diante deste material, propõe-se um modelo teórico para o entendimento do inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, ajustando-o às categorias básicas do direito das obrigações brasileiro. São apresentados seus pressupostos, elementos constitutivos e efeitos. No decorrer do trabalho, são abordados aspectos do compromisso de compra e venda, a relação obrigacional complexa, deveres acessórios e laterais, fim contratual, inadimplemento, culpa e imputabilidade, impossibilidade, perda da função social, exceção de contrato não cumprido, resolução, indenização e demanda de cumprimento. / This work has as its theme the anticipatory breach of contract in the Brazilian civil law. The starting point for the study is the analysis of cases that originally used the figure, devoid of explicit legal recognition. Subsequently, the doctrine is examined. Faced with this material, we propose a theoretical model for understanding the anticipatory breach of contract, adjusting it to the basic categories of Brazilian law of obligations. Their assumptions, constitutive elements and effects are presented. Throughout his work, aspects of purchase and sale, the complex obligatory relationship, accessories and side duties, contractual order, breach of contract, non-performance, responsability, frustration, loss of social function, termination, rescission, and action for damages.