This thesis deals with DBA algorithms used in XG-PON networks. It describes reference appearance of the DBA algorithm, as well as, three specific DBA algorithms discussed in professional articles. Particularly speaking about GIANT, HYRA and modified Max-Min Fair DBA. The thesis provides description of frames utilized by DBA algorithms in XG-PON networks, specifically XGEM frame and XGTC frames. The thesis also presents a simulation tester of DBA algorithms tested on a virtual XG-PON network. Finally, it contains the results of testing these DBA algorithms with a description.

The thesis is focused on a presentation of a model creating which is followed by the simulation of running real network with using the compensatory elements to minimize the incurred failures. This thesis is divided into two thematic parts – the first theoretical one deals with the basis structuring of short-circuit faults and more detailed study of ineffective ground connection. Particularly this part attends to the problematic of a network description with extinguishing suppression. Using the compensation minimizes the impact of the failure state. A short-term fixing of a resistor improves the function of the ground-fault protection and helps to detect the outgoing section damaged by the defect. Furthermore the thesis indicates simulation programs, compares them and chooses the most suitable one for the next practical part. This is focused on a simulation of a real network run, together with elements for an effective defect-reduction or easier detection of ground connection. As a simulation of a ground short-circuit is the model in the end of the thesis modified on a network with an effective grounded bundle. Testing of the model correctness and creating a record of a model using the real ground protection settings is also one part of this thesis.

Der neu entwickelte Multiaxiale Räderprüfstand wurde für hoch dynamische Radkräfte konzipiert. Das Prüfstands-Konzept basiert auf einer Parallelkinematik im Hexapoden-Design. Die Auslegung der Kinematik und der Kräfte wurde mit Creo MDO/MDX durchgeführt. Die grundsätzliche Vorgehensweise wird anhand von Beispielen aufgezeigt. Aufgrund der hohen Dynamik ist es erforderlich das maschinendynamische Verhalten bei der Auslegung zu berücksichtigen. Dazu wurde ein Simulationsmodell des gesamten Prüfstandes in Creo Simulate erstellt und entsprechende Modal- und dynamische Frequenzanalysen durchgeführt. Der grundsätzliche Modellaufbau und Simulationsergebnisse werden vorgestellt. Auch auf die Verifizierung durch Messungen wird eingegangen. Letzter Punkt ist das Ableiten eines geeigneten Sub-Simulations-Modells, welches den Kraftfluss der Hexapoden-Architektur für weitere Untersuchungen richtig abbildet.

In the design of a railway bridge that is meant for train speeds larger than 200 km/h, the Swedish Traffic Administration requires a dynamic analysis in addition to the conventional static design. The models used for static design may not always be suitable for dynamic analysis, which could lead to inaccurate estimations of the dynamic response. The reason for this is a limited knowledge of the actual structural dynamic behaviour of bridges, which is why a hydraulic bridge exciter has been developed. With this device, smaller bridges can be excited in a load- or displacement-controlled manner under variable frequency and load. By having known inputs, the bridges’ dynamic properties can be evaluated using experimental modal analysis. A finite element model of the double tracked railway bridge Pershagen was created in order to plan a pilot test of the bridge exciter. The influence of the load amplitude and sweep rate was evaluated. A theoretically optimal excitation position was also investigated in order to excite as many eigenmodes as possible from one position during the pilot test. Based on these results, a pilot test was performed on the Pershagen Bridge. The dynamic properties of the bridge were evaluated based on the results from the test. From the pilot test it could be concluded that the load amplitude had a direct influence on the dynamic properties of the bridge, hence the dynamic behaviour is non-linear. The 1st vertical bending mode and its dynamic properties could also be identified. / Då en järnvägsbro som är avsedd för tåghastigheter över 200 km/h ska dimensioneras ställs det krav av Trafikverket att en dynamisk analys av bron skall utföras, utöver konventionell statisk dimensionering. De bromodeller som används för statisk analys är dock inte alltid lämpliga för dynamisk analys, vilket kan leda till felaktiga skattningar gällande den dynamiska inverkan. Anledningen till detta är att kunskapen om broars dynamiska egenskaper är begränsade, och av denna anledning har en lastexciterare utvecklats. Med hjälp av denna anordning kan mindre broar exciteras med kontrollerad last eller förskjutning under variabel frekvens och last. Då dessa input-parametrar är kända kan broars dynamiska egenskaper utvärderas genom experimentell modal analys. En finit element-modell av den tvåspåriga järnvägsbron vid Pershagen har skapats för att kunna planera ett pilottest av lastexciteraren. Svephastigheten och lastamplituden har analyserats. En teoretiskt optimal exciteringsposition har utvärderats för att excitera största möjliga antal moder från en och samma position under pilottestet. Utifrån dessa resultat utfördes ett pilottest på bron vid Pershagen, där brons dynamiska egenskaper utvärderades utifrån resultaten. Från pilottestet kunde en slutsats dras om att lastamplituden hade en direkt inverkan på de dynamiska egenskaperna, vilket betyder att det dynamiska beteendet är olinjärt. Den första vertikala böjmoden och dess dynamiska egenskaper kunde också fastställas.

This thesis deals with the diagnosis of a residential building from the late nineteen twenties for the needs of reconstruction. The methods generally used in the diagnosis of structures are briefly described in the theoretical part. More deeply this section describes the methods that were used during this particular research. The practical part deals with the diagnosis of the object itself. The first section describes the layout of the villa, its design solution, its faults and defects detected during the inspection. The next section deals with evaluating the current state of construction materials. Static reports of several structural parts were calculated in the last section.

The first objective of this research was to investigate temporal trends in the mechanical properties of base materials stabilized with asphalt emulsion and to assess the rate at which emulsion-treated base (ETB) design properties are achieved. The second objective of this research was to identify construction and environmental factors most correlated to specific mechanical properties of ETB layers and to determine which construction factors exhibit the greatest variability. Additional statistical analysis was performed to determine if significant differences existed between different test sections on a given project. In this research, three experimental sections were established along a pavement reconstruction project near Saratoga Springs, Utah. Field tests were performed to assess the structural properties of the ETB immediately following construction and at 2, 3, 7, and 14 days; 4 months; and 1 year. Measured values were plotted against time to determine trends in ETB strength development. Several statistical analyses were then performed on the collected data. Modulus values were consistently low in all three sections during the first two weeks of testing, increased dramatically by 4 months, and then decreased considerably by 1 year. During the first two weeks following construction, the average ETB structural coefficient was 0.04. Only two of the three sections reached the design structural coefficient of 0.25, which occurred after approximately 3 months; however, the average structural coefficient measured for all three sections after 1 year of curing, which included a winter, was only 47 percent of the design strength. The results of this research show that, while pavement capacity is sufficient at 4 months, it is severely reduced during the first two weeks and at 1 year. Trafficking under these reduced capacities is not recommended. Statistical analysis showed that gradation, binder change during emulsion treatment, and moisture content have the most significant impact on ETB structural properties. Gradation and binder change during emulsion treatment also exhibited significant variability; tighter specifications on material gradations and improved uniformity in emulsion distribution should therefore be considered. Because of the negative impacts of moisture on ETB strength development, construction should not be performed in conditions of excess moisture.

Since its inception, Marketing has always needed more clearly defined incrementality, i.e., a measurement of advertisement effectiveness. Nowadays, Marketing is an evergrowing business; within it, Digital Marketing is taking the spotlight. Digital Marketing brings multiple benefits, such as a global reach and a lower cost associated with customer communication. However, more importantly, customer interaction and engagement can be clearly tracked, which can help measure Marketing impact. Nowadays, this problem is tackled in two ways, A/B testing and attribution models. Even though statistically solid and proven, A/B testing, a form of hypothesis testing, faces implementation issues and other practical aspects, leading to only sometimes being used in real-world applications. On the other hand, Attribution models are not comparable, thus not quantifiable, and good attribution models are hard to develop, leaving companies relying on third-party providers. In short, this paper suggests that the impact of each marketing campaign can be measured in a two-step process: (1) Training a model to predict a customer's conversion, given their previous advertisement interactions; (2) Applying explainable machine learning methods to said model to infer the importance of each advertisement interaction in a user journey. The main methods used are permutation feature importance and Shapley values. The dataset is designed such that each type of advertisement interaction is a model's feature; thus, an importance value can be calculated for each interaction. On top of that, a local method - counterfactual explanations - and a possible implementation of a hyper-personal application are discussed. The proposed solution is shown to provide more accurate attributions than most common attribution models, with the possibility of augmenting the accuracy by changing the underlying model. It is also suggested that it could benefit significantly from more data on customer demographics, generating insights into how campaigns affect different customer segments. / Marknadsföring har sedan dess begynnelse alltid behövt en tydligare definition av inkrementalitet, det vill säga, mätningen av annonsens effektivitet. Marknadsföring är numera en ständigt växande verksamhet och inom den är det den digitala marknadsföringen som står i fokus. Digital marknadsföring ger flera fördelar t.ex. global räckvidd och lägre kostnader för kundkommunikation. Viktigare är dock att kundernas interaktion och engagemang kan spåras tydligt, detta bidrar i sig till att mäta marknadsföringens effektivitet. Det här problemet hanteras på två sätt: AB-testning och tilldelningsmodeller. Även om AB-testning är statistiskt sett både gedigen och beprövad leder oftast problem med genomförandet och andra praktiska aspekter till att det endast ibland används i korrekta tillämpningar. Å andra sidan är tillskrivningsmodeller inte jämförbara - de saknar mätbarhet - och det är svårt att utveckla bra tillskrivningsmodeller vilket gör att företagen förlitar sig på tredjepartsleverantörer. I korthet föreslår denna artikel att effekten av varje marknadsföringskampanj kan mätas i en tvåstegsprocess. (1) Träning av en modell för att förutsäga en kunds konvertering baserad på deras tidigare annonsinteraktioner. (2) Tillämpning av difinierade maskininlärningsmetoder på nämnda modeller för att härleda betydelsen av varje annonsinteraktion i en användares resa. De viktigaste metoderna som användes var permutation feature importance och Shapley-värden. Datamängden utformad så att varje typ av annonsinteraktion blir en modells funktion; på så sätt kan ett betydelsevärde beräknas för varje interaktion. Dessutom diskuteras en lokal metod - kontrafaktiska förklaringar - och ett möjligt genomförande av en hyperpersonlig applikation. Den föreslagna lösningen visade sig ge mer exakta tillskrivningar än de flesta vanliga tillskrivningsmodeller, med möjlighet att öka noggrannheten genom att ändra den underliggande modellen. Det föreslås också att den skulle kunna dra stor nytta av mer data om kundernas demografi, vilket skulle generera insikter om hur kampanjer påverkar olika kundsegment.

Software applications are built by teams of developers that constantly iterate over the codebase. Software projects rely on a build system, which handles the management of dependencies, compilation, testing, and deployment of the software. The execution of the tests during each build allow developers to validate that their changes do not introduce regressions. However, the execution of the test suite during each build can take a long time, potentially impacting the development process. To facilitate quicker feedback, build systems use incremental building in order to avoid the reprocessing of unmodified artifacts. This is achieved by maintaining a cache of source files, and only rebuilding artifacts that differ from their cached version. Yet, changing any part of a source file invalidates the cache, triggering the re-execution of unmodified tests. This focus over an entire file can be misleading to the build system, as it can not determine whether the actual function being tested has changed, thus invoking redundant re-testing. In this thesis, we propose a finer-grained approach to caching within build systems, by caching components within the Abstract Syntax Tree instead of entire source files. We compare their hashes on subsequent runs, in order to identify components that have changed. The potential advantage of this strategy is that re-running a specific test that has not been modified will leverage the use of caches even if the file that contains it has been modified. We implement our approach in a system called TRICORDER, and integrate it within a build system called WARP. TRICORDER works by analyzing RUST source code in order to identify the test cases that have not been changed, such as through the addition of comments, or modifications of unrelated functions. This can benefit developers by avoiding the re-execution of tests that are unmodified. We evaluate our approach against 4 notable, open-source RUST projects, targeting a set of 16 tests within them. We first analyze the accuracy with which TRICORDER detects the internal dependencies of a test function, which is needed for the code slicing done by TRICORDER, in order to cache code items related to the target test function. We then introduce artificial changes to our study subjects in order to determine whether or not TRICORDER indicates tests that need to be re-run. Finally, we analyze the ability of TRICORDER to identify real changes based on the commit history of our study subjects. Our results show that the more granular approach to caching can avoid the unnecessary recompilation and re-execution of test cases. An important direction for future work is to extend the current implementation to support the entire set of RUST features in order to evaluate TRICORDER on a larger set of study subjects. / Programvaruapplikationer byggs av utvecklingsteam som ständigt itererar över kodbasen. Programvaruprojekt förlitar sig på ett byggsystem som hanterar beroenden, kompilering, testning och implementering av programvaran. Utförande av testerna under varje byggprocess möjliggör för utvecklare att validera att deras ändringar inte introducerar regressionsfel. Dock kan utförningen av testsviten under varje byggprocess ta lång tid och potentiellt påverka utvecklingsprocessen. För att underlätta snabbare återkoppling använder byggsystemen inkrementell byggning för att undvika onödig återbearbetning av oförändrade artefakter. Detta uppnås genom att bibehålla en cache av källkodsfilerna och endast bygga om artefakter som skiljer sig från deras cachade version. Att ändra vilken del som helst av en källkodsfil invaliderar cachet och utlöser körningen av oförändrade tester. Fokuseringen på en hel fil kan vara vilseledande för byggsystemet, då det inte kan avgöra om den faktiska funktionen som testas har ändrats och därigenom påbörjar onödig omtestning. I detta projekt föreslår vi en mer detaljerad cache-strategi inom byggsystem, genom att cacha komponenter inom det abstrakta syntaxträdet istället för hela källkodsfiler. Vi jämför deras hash-värden vid senare körningar för att identifiera ändringar. Den potentiella fördelen med denna strategi är när man kör om ett specifikt test som inte har ändrats kan cachen användas även om filen som innehåller testet har modifierats. Vi implementerar vår metod i ett system som kallas TRICORDER och integrerar det i ett byggsystem som heter WARP. TRICORDER fungerar genom att analysera RUST-källkod för att identifiera testfall som inte har ändrats, till exempel genom tillägg av kommentarer eller ändringar av irrelevanta funktioner. Detta kan gynna utvecklare genom att undvika att köra om tester som inte har ändrats. Vi utvärderar vår metod mot 4 välkända öppen källkodsprojekt i RUST och riktar in oss på en uppsättning av 16 tester inom dem. Först analyserar vi noggrannheten med vilken TRICORDER identifierar de interna beroendena hos en testfunktion, vilket behövs för kodavskärningen som TRICORDER utför för att cachelagra kodenheter relaterade till måltestfunktionen. Sedan inför vi konstgjorda ändringar i våra studieobjekt för att avgöra om TRICORDER indikerar tester som behöver köras om. Slutligen analyserar vi TRICORDER förmåga att identifiera verkliga ändringar baserat på ändringshistoriken för våra studieobjekt. Våra resultat visar att den mer granulära cachelagringsmetoden kan undvika onödig omkompilering och omkörning av testfall. En viktig riktning för framtida arbete är att utöka den nuvarande implementationen för att stödja hela uppsättningen av RUST-funktioner för att utvärdera TRICORDER på en större uppsättning studieobjekt. / Aplicațiile software sunt dezvoltate de programatori care iterează constant asupra codului. Proiectele de software se bazează pe un sistem de generare care gestionează dependențele, compilarea, testarea și lansarea software-ului. Execuția testelor permite dezvoltatorilor să valideze că modificările lor nu introduc regresii. Cu toate acestea, execuția testelor în cadrul fiecărei generări poate dura mult timp, având potențialul de a incetinii dezvoltarea. Pentru a facilita o reprocesare mai rapidă, sistemele de generare utilizează construirea incrementală pentru a evita reprelucrarea a artefactelor nemodificate. Acest lucru se realizează prin menținerea unei cache și reconstruirea doar a artefactelor care diferă de cele din cache. Cu toate acestea, orice modificare a unui fișier sursă invalidează cache-ul, declanșând reprocesarea. Focalizarea asupra unui fișier întreg poate induce în eroare sistemul de generare, deoarece nu poate determina dacă funcția testată a suferit modificări, declanșând astfel teste redundante. În această teză, propunem o abordare mai detaliată a cache-ului în cadrul sistemelor de generare, prin cacharea componentelor Arborelui Sintactic Abstract, în locul întregilor fișiere sursă. Comparăm hash-urile acestora în rulările ulterioare pentru a identifica componentele modificate. Avantajul potențial al acestei strategii constă în faptul că reexecutarea unui test care nu a nemodificat va utiliza cache-urile chiar dacă fișierul a fost modificat. Implementăm abordarea noastră într-un sistem numit TRICORDER și îl integrăm într-un sistem de construire numit WARP. TRICORDER funcționează prin analizarea codului sursă RUST pentru a identifica cazurile de testare care nu au fost modificate, cum ar fi prin adăugarea de comentarii sau modificări ale funcțiilor nerelevante. Acest lucru poate fi benefic pentru dezvoltatori, evitând reexecutarea testelor care nu au fost modificate. Evaluăm abordarea noastră în raport cu 4 proiecte notabile open-source în RUST, având în vedere un set de 16 teste în cadrul acestora. Mai întâi, analizăm precizia cu care TRICORDER detectează dependențele interne ale unei funcții de testare, ceea ce este necesar pentru tăierea de cod realizată de TRICORDER, pentru a memora în cache elementele de cod legate de funcția de testare țintă. Apoi, introducem modificări artificiale în subiecții noștri de studiu pentru a determina dacă TRICORDER indică sau nu teste care trebuie reluate. În final, analizăm capacitatea TRICORDER de a identifica schimbări reale pe baza istoricului de angajări al subiecților noștri de studiu. Rezultatele noastre arată că abordarea mai granulară a memorării în cache poate evita recompilarea și reexecutarea inutilă a cazurilor de testare. O direcție importantă pentru viitor este extinderea implementării curente pentru a sprijini întregul set de caracteristici RUST, pentru a evalua TRICORDER pe un set mai mare de subiecți de studiu.

The growing numbers of people suffering from Alzheimer’s and other dementia related diseases are expected to accelerate, and the cost for these diseases in Swedish healthcare is high. There are many ongoing research projects in the dementia diagnostics field which aim to detect cognitive impairment at an earlier stage, which would result in reduced costs in healthcare and improved life quality for sufferers. This work aims to investigate if it is possible to classify cognitive impairment based on a person’s eye movements. More specifically, it will explore the possibility of automating an established picture description task that is widely used in traditional dementia diagnostics. In order to do this, eye tracking data was collected during numerous conductions of this task. The eye tracking data was then parsed in to eye movement features and Binary Logistic Regression was used to classify these eye movements. The results showed that the average accuracy of the classification reached 73%. The results did not confirm that eye tracking technique can be used to automate neuropsychological test with an accuracy high enough, but to use a machine learning approach for detecting deviances in eye movement patterns appears to be a promising approach. Furthermore, this work analyzes the possibilities for practically implementing eye tracking techniques in Swedish healthcare in order to detect cognitive impairment at an earlier stage. Provided that an eye tracker can detect cognitive impairment with an accuracy equal to or higher than a medical professional can maintain, the study argues that automated neuropsychological tests at health clinics could be the key to detect cognitive impairment at an earlier stage. / Antalet personer som lider av alzeimers och andra demensrelaterade sjukdomar förväntar att öka med accelerande fart och kostnaden for dessa sjukdomar för svensk sjukvård är hög. Det finns idag många pågående forskningsprojekt inom demensdiagnostik där man analyserar personers ögonrörelser för att kunna detektera kognitiva svårighetet i tidigt stadie. Forskningen görs för att minska på kostnaden och öka livskvaliten för de som insjuknar. Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka om det går att använda maskininlärning för att klassificera kognitiv svårighet baserat på en persons ögonrörelser. Mer konkret vill man undersöka om en automatisering av en etablerad bildbeskrivningsuppgift, som idag används flitigt inom demensdiagnotistik. Det har äarför samlats in data som representerar personers ögonrörelser under tider de utför olika demenstester. Med hjälp av datan har man sedan tagit fram olika synfunktioner och använt binär och logistisk regression för att klassifisera dessa ögonrörelser. Det genomsnittliga resultatet visade att modellen klassificerade rätt i 73% av fallen. Detta resultat kan inte bekräfta att denna teknik kan användas för att automatisera neuropsykologiskt tester med tillräckligt hög noggrannhet. Daremot ser det lovande ut att kunna ända maskininlärning för att detektera avvikelser i ögonrörelser, hos personer som lider av kognitiva svårigheter. Vidare analyseras också möjligheten att praktiskt implementera tekniken där man analysera ögonrörelser i svensk sjukvård. Resultatet visar att om det är m jligt att utforma en modell som diagnotiserar bättre än vad en professionell läkare gör, så går det att argumentera for att automatiska, neuropsykiska tester skulle kunna vara en nyckel för att detektera kognitiva svårigheter i tidigt stadie.

The electrification within the automotive industry goes faster than ever, which drives an increased demand for more knowledge about batteries. Vehicle manufacturers should be able to tell how long the batteries will last and have a service program for electrified vehicles, just as there is for traditional, fuel-driven ones. Scania is in the process of developing new service methods for their hybrids and fully electrified vehicles where this thesis has been a part of this development by investigating the possibilities of having a workshop test to measure the capacity of the propulsion batteries.  During the thesis, essential parameters for cycling the batteries and measure the capacity with high accuracy have been identified and investigated by conducting lab tests. In parallel to defining the properties of a successful capacity measurement, the implementation of such a measurement at a workshop has been studied alongside a brief discussion about scheduling strategies. Conducting a capacity measurement in a workshop environment introduce new challenges, and the critical question arises, how long can the capacity measurement take? It is identified that the state of charge window size, the temperature, and the relaxation time are essential parameters to control. From the experimental part of the thesis, it can be concluded that the start temperature should lay in the range of 15-25 °C with a relaxation time of 5-10 minutes providing a satisfying accuracy. A SOC window size of 20-80% seems to be the most optimal balance between time spent and accuracy in the measurement. Furthermore, it is identified that the workshop's equipment is heavily influencing the time it takes to conduct a test. It is concluded that it is necessary to be able to charge and discharge the batteries. / Elektrifieringen av fordons industrin går snabbare än någonsin, vilket driver en högre efterfrågan på mer kunskap om batterier. Fordons tillverkare ska kunna redogöra för hur länge batterierna kan användas och ha ett service program för elektrifierade fordon, likt det som redan finns för traditionella, bränsledrivna fordon. Scania håller på att utveckla nya service metoder för sina hybrider och elektriska fordon där detta examensarbete har varit en del av denna utveckling genom att undersöka möjligheterna kring en verkstadsmetod för att mäta kapaciteten hos framdrivnings batterier.  Under examensarbetet har väsentliga parametrar för cykling av batterier och mätning av kapacitet med hög noggrannhet identifierats och undersökts med laboratorietester. Parallellt med arbetet för att definiera egenskaperna hos en precis kapacitets mätning har implementationen av en sådan mätning i en verkstad studerats tillsammans med en kort diskussion om strategier för schemaläggning av dessa tester. Det introducerar nya utmaningar att utföra kapacitets mätningen i en verkstad och den viktiga frågan uppstår, hur lång tid tar en sådan kapacitets mätning? Det har identifieras att SOC fönster storleken, temperaturen och relaxeringstiden är essentiella parametrar att kontrollera. Slutsatserna är att temperaturen bör ligga i intervallet 15-25 °C med en relaxeringstid på 5-10 minuter ger en tillfredställande noggrannhet. Ett SOC fönster motsvarande 20-80% är förefaller vara den mest optimala i avvägningen mellan tidsåtgång och precision. Vidare kan den tillgängliga utrustningen på verkstaden pekas ut som en starkt påverkande faktor till tiden det tar att utföra ett sådant verkstadstest.