O processamento dos requisitos é um processo que visa o atendimento dos requisitos dos envolvidos em um projeto. Especificamente em projetos de ambientes construídos, é importante devido à natureza complexa, iterativa e ao grande número de envolvidos. Apesar de ser um tema explorado há muitas décadas, o processamento de requisitos ainda é pouco conhecido pelos profissionais da área, e seus problemas e dificuldades são essencialmente associados à falta de procedimentos estruturados e à pouca adequação das ferramentas de suporte. Esta tese objetiva trazer contribuições para a implementação de melhorias no processamento dos requisitos de projetos de ambientes construídos, a partir das percepções dos profissionais que desenvolvem tais projetos. Para tanto, este objetivo geral foi subdividido em quatro objetivos específicos: (i) propor uma caracterização das etapas e uma definição dos conceitos-chave relacionados ao processamento dos requisitos em projetos de ambientes construídos; (ii) verificar quais são as técnicas e ferramentas mais utilizadas tacitamente pelos profissionais para processar requisitos, bem como o interesse dos mesmos em utilizar técnicas e ferramentas mais sofisticadas; (iii) investigar a eficiência das técnicas e ferramentas utilizadas tacitamente para processar requisitos sob a ótica dos profissionais, bem como identificar quais são as principais dificuldades que enfrentam; e (iv) propor e testar preliminarmente soluções para sanar as lacunas identificadas nas etapas de priorização de requisitos e definição de soluções de projeto. A pesquisa foi estruturada no formato de 5 artigos científicos. O primeiro e o segundo, visam atender ao objetivo (i), através de uma revisão sistemática e da proposta de um mapa cognitivo, respectivamente. O terceiro e o quarto artigos exploram através de um estudo de caso exploratório e de uma survey, respectivamente, as práticas tácitas de processamento de requisitos e as dificuldades dos profissionais, atendendo assim aos objetivos (ii) e (iii). O quinto artigo apresenta a aplicação de dois métodos matemáticos como alternativas para atender ao objetivo específico (iv). Como resultados, foi possível realizar uma caracterização do processamento de requisitos, além de apontar caminhos para as melhorias através do diagnóstico das práticas já existentes, das dificuldades dos profissionais e da proposta de novas ferramentas. A principal conclusão é de que o sucesso na implementação de melhorias, tanto através do melhoramento de técnicas que já são utilizadas na rotina dos profissionais, como de ferramentas mais complexas, depende da prévia compreensão das dificuldades no ambiente onde os projetos são desenvolvidos, e do investimento na capacitação das pessoas. / The requirements processing is a process aimed at meeting the stakeholder’s requirements. Specifically in building design, it is important due to the complex and iterative nature, and to the large number of stakeholders. Despite being studied for decades, the requirements processing is still little known by practitioners, and their problems and difficulties are mainly associated with the lack of structured procedures and little adequacy of support tools. This thesis aims to bring contributions to the implementation of improvements in the requirements processing in building design, from the perceptions of the professionals who develop such projects. Therefore, this general objective was subdivided into four specific objectives: (i) to propose a characterization of the steps and a definition of the key concepts related to the requirements processing in building design; (ii) to verify what are the techniques and tools most commonly used by professionals to process requirements, as well as the interest of those in the use of more sophisticated techniques and tools; (iii) to investigate the efficiency of the techniques and tools used to process tacitly requirements from the perspective of the practitioners, as well as identify what are the main problems they face; and (iv) to propose and test preliminary solutions to remedy the difficulties identified in the prioritization of requirements and the definition of design solutions. The thesis was structured in 5 scientific articles. The first and the second, aim to meet the objective (i) through a systematic review and a proposal of a cognitive map, respectively. The third and fourth articles explore, through an exploratory case study and a survey, respectively, the tacit practices of processing requirements and the difficulties of professionals, thus meeting the objectives (ii) and (iii). The fifth article presents the application of two methods as alternatives to meet the objective (iv). As a result, it was possible to make a characterization of the requirements processing in building design, and to indicate a way for improvements through the diagnosis of existing practices, the difficulties of practitioners and the new tools proposed. The main conclusion is that the successful implementation of improvements, both by improving techniques that are already used in the routine of professionals, as more complex tools depends on the prior understanding of the difficulties in the environment where the projects are developed, and investment in training people.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-11-01T11:30:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciosouzadias.pdf: 14910767 bytes, checksum: efd8dcaf0e42f0dce87d0ddc23d03b14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T14:14:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciosouzadias.pdf: 14910767 bytes, checksum: efd8dcaf0e42f0dce87d0ddc23d03b14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T14:14:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciosouzadias.pdf: 14910767 bytes, checksum: efd8dcaf0e42f0dce87d0ddc23d03b14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente documento é resultado de uma pesquisa sobre o tema cidade e comércio, e aborda como objeto de estudo empírico as galerias edificadas em Juiz de Fora após os anos 2000. A área central de Juiz de Fora é marcada por inúmeras galerias comerciais que, em conjunto com os calçadões, formam um “shopping a céu aberto”. Atualmente, a cidade passa por um processo de polinuclearização e expansão, através de novos shoppings centers. Neste mesmo período, após um recesso na construção de novas galerias, a cidade recebe dois exemplares desta tipologia. Há alguns estudos que apontam a importância das galerias para a manutenção da centralidade do Centro de Juiz de Fora, entretanto, essas pesquisas deixam uma lacuna quanto aos agentes responsáveis pela produção dos edifícios de galerias na cidade. O objetivo da pesquisa foi evidenciar, por meio das especificidades dos projetos arquitetônicos, os supostos motivos pelos quais as galerias continuam a ser edificadas em Juiz de Fora e identificar os seus agentes produtores. Seguindo essa premissa, foi colocada a seguinte questão: por que a tipologia de galerias se repete, atualmente, em Juiz de Fora, quais são as demandas do projeto arquitetônico contemporâneo, e, ainda, quais são os agentes responsáveis por sua produção? Deste modo, a dissertação pautou-se em uma metodologia baseada em uma revisão de literatura com o propósito de coletar dados sobre as galerias no mundo e, sobretudo, em Juiz de Fora. Empiricamente, foram analisadas duas galerias, construídas após o ano 2000, através da observação em campo e levantamentos fotográficos e filmográficos. Após a identificação dos agentes participantes nas ações que moveram a construção dessas galerias, utilizou-se o recurso de entrevistas com o intuito de obter dados e informações precisas dos motivos que os levaram a decisão de construí-las. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuíram para o entendimento da produção das galerias em Juiz de Fora no cenário contemporâneo. Concluiu-se que os edifícios de galerias são produzidos pelo interesse especulativo imobiliário, que se aproveita do seu sucesso como tipologia comercial para aferir lucros. Igualmente, a produção de novas galerias está ligada ao espaço favorável que se encontra na área central da cidade, por se aproveitar dos fluxos da rede estabelecida e, quando pertinente, da ampliação, onde essa tipologia é inexistente. / The present document is the result of a research about the theme city and commerce that approaches as object of empirical study the arcades built in Juiz de Fora after the years 2000. The central area of Juiz de Fora is marked by several arcades that, together with the boardwalks, form an "open shopping mall". Currently, a city undergoes through a process of polynuclearization and distribution of new shopping centers. In this same period, after a recession in the construction of new arcades, the city receives two exemplars of this typology. There are some studies that point out an importance of the arcades for a maintenance of the centrality of the downtown area of Juiz de Fora, however, this research left a gap about the agents responsible for production of the arcades buildings in the city. The objective of the research was evidenced by the specificities of the architectural projects, the supposed reasons by which the arcades continue to be built in Juiz de Fora and identify their producing agents. Following this premise, it was placed this questions: why is the typology of arcades currently repeated in Juiz de Fora, what are the demands of the contemporary architectural project, and also, what are the agents responsible for its production? Thus, the dissertation followed a methodology based on a literature review with the purpose of collecting data on how arcades in the world, especially in Juiz de Fora. Empirically, two galleries constructed after the year 2000 were analyzed through field observation and photographic and filmographic surveys. After identifying the agents participating in the actions that lead the arcades construction, it was used the interviews feature to obtain accurate data and information on the actions that lead to a construction decision. The results of this research contribuited for the understanding of the production of the arcades in Juiz de Fora at the contemporary scenery. It was concluded that arcades buildings are produced by speculative real estate interest, which take advantage of their success as a commercial typology to gauge profits. Likewise, a production of new arcades is linked to the favorable space that is in the central area of the city, by taking advantage of the network flows established and, when pertinent, of the expansion where typology is nonexistent.

A presente tese se baseia no estudo das rochas ornamentais e de revestimento em relação aos seus aspectos de alterabilidade que irá influenciar diretamente no aumento da adição do gás radioativo radônio no interior de um ambiente com o passar do tempo de uso, fato devido as interações com o meio de onde é instalado a rocha, como exemplo da sua manutenção e limpeza, que implicará no seu padrão estético e na qualidade do ar do ambiente interior. Temas como a qualidade do ar interior relacionado a qualidade de vida do usuário, a radioatividade natural, o perigo do gás radiotivo radônio no interior do ambiente e as rochas ornamentais como composição e uso na arquitetura são apresentados para embasamento da Tese e auxiliando no entendimento dos ensaios realizados. Para isso, cinco rochas ornamentais foram escolhidas e realizados ensaios de alterabilidade química, ensaios tecnológicos de caraterização e ensaios de caracterização radiométrica a fim de prever o comportamento de uma dada rocha em seu ambiente ao ser aplicado na arquitetura. O ataque do ácido HCl nas rochas diminuiu sua resistência e aumentou a quantidade de radônio exalado relacionado diretamente ao aumento direto na porosidade, aumentando também a eficiência de exalação da rocha. O ataque do álcali KOH apesar de diminuir a resistência da rocha, interferiu na porosidade e diminuindo assim a quantidade de radônio exalado em alguns casos. Isso demonstra que mesmo conhecendo o material e a sua contribuição na adição do Rn no interior do ambiente, com o passar do tempo a rocha irá aumentar sua exalação quando não conservadas podendo aumentar o nível de radônio acumulado no ambiente. Com isso, a tese realça a importância de conhecer o material que irá compor o interior do ambiente afim de prevenir futuros danos à saúde da edificação e dos usuários, facilitando assim o entendimento desses materiais e como interfere na qualidade do ambiente construído. / This thesis is based on the study of dimension stone in relation to aspects of changeability which will directly influence the increased addition of radon radioactive gas within an environment over time of use, a fact due to interactions with the environment where it is installed rock, as an example of its maintenance and cleaning, which will result in its aesthetic standard and quality of indoor air environment. Topics such as the quality of the related indoor air to the user\'s quality of life, natural radioactivity, the danger of radiotivo radon gas into the atmosphere and dimension stone as composition and use in architecture are presented to foundation this Thesis and aiding in the understanding of tests. For this, five ornamental stones were chosen and performed chemical tests changeability, technological characterization of assays and radiometric characterization tests to predict the behavior of a given rock in your environment to be applied in architecture. The attack of the HCl acid in the rocks decreased its strength and increased the amount of exhaled radon related directly to the direct increase in porosity, also increasing exhalation efficiency of the rock. The attack KOH alkali spite of reducing the resistance of the rock, and interfere with the porosity thereby decreasing the amount of radon vented in some cases. This shows that even knowing the material and its contribution to the addition of Rn into the environment, with the passage of time the rock will increase your exhalation when not maintained can increase the level of accumulated radon in the environment. Thus, the thesis highlights the importance of knowing the material that will form the inside of the environment in order to prevent further damage to the health of the building and users, thus facilitating the understanding of these materials and how it interferes in the quality of the built environment.

Retrofitting the UK domestic built environment presents an excellent opportunity to improve its energy performance. However, retrofitting homes is a complex challenge conflated by multiple factors. Due to this complexity, a shortfall exists between the full potential and realised adoption of energy efficiency measures in the UK, a phenomenon termed the ‘Energy Efficiency Gap’. While a number of technical or economic factors may help explain this gap, difficult to quantify factors, such as social motivations, barriers, and viewpoints towards energy are also significant and often under-emphasised in public policy. As such, in order to improve the understanding of the Energy Efficiency Gap and the uptake of future retrofit initiatives, this research adopted a socio-technical approach that considered social and technical retrofit factors together. Specifically, this research collected data from interviews, questionnaires, and a Q Study in the cities of Manchester and Cardiff, alongside a questionnaire that measured energy efficiency technology and behaviour preferences. An original contribution to knowledge was using the data to empirically identify motivations and barriers to adopting energy efficient technologies, as well as identifying household viewpoints towards energy use and linking them to retrofit technology and energy efficiency behaviour preferences. As a result of this research, specific policy recommendations are presented to help promote energy efficiency retrofits in the UK. This research was carried out as part of the Engineering & Physical Science Research Council and Sustainable Urban Environment research programme, “Re-Engineering the City 2020-2050 Urban Foresight and Transition Management (RETROFIT 2050)”.

This thesis sets out to explore the implications that transport infrastructures have on the production and perception of the urban built environment. Particularly, it focuses on the Victorian brick viaducts constructed to support the elevated railway in Manchester, England. It concentrates on Manchester’s post-industrial restructuring and re-imaging since the late 1960s, exploring how the presence of brick railway viaducts, as well as the uses beneath their arches, have impacted strategies for revalorisation in the wake of gradual deindustrialisation. In exploring the changing symbolic economy of landscapes dominated by railway infrastructure, as well as the shifting uses and images of railway arches, this thesis explores the interplay between political economy and the aesthetic and symbolic dimensions of urban regeneration. Upon establishing the mutually constituted history of Manchester’s elevated railways and its city centre and demonstrating how this 19th century process has shaped the form and character of the city, it excavates a cultural history of the infrastructural landscapes of the city. Special emphasis is placed on the uses and perceptions of railway arches, which have long served as symbols of dereliction and social disorder. These spatial and cultural histories act as a foundation for analysing how the city’s railway viaducts have been implicated in the re-imagining of Manchester as a post-industrial city. These histories and representations are explored in relation to property-led strategies of environmental improvement, industrial displacement, and heritage tourism along the southern fringe of Manchester city centre, focusing on three thematic and spatially bound case studies. These case studies rely on documentary data of planning and design strategies, interviews with elite actors involved in the re-imaging of Manchester city centre, and ethnographic observation. Using critical discourse analysis, the thesis unpacks the narrative relationship between dominant representations of these spaces and professional justifications for their material and symbolic reconfiguration.

The concept of sustainability includes three dimensions: ecological-, economical- and social sustainability. Of these dimensions, social sustainability is the hardest to measure and define. Consequently, the social dimension is often ignored in urban development. Lack of social sustainability over time increases the risk of antisocial behaviour and crime. Socially ”failed” communities often show increased segregation and crime. These symptoms can today be traced in many Swedish places.  There are several methods for assessing the social sustainability of built environment. Two of these methods are Jan Gehl's twelve quality criteria and Social Life's building blocks. This study intends to combine Gehl's twelve quality criteria with Social Life's building blocks and then adapt the results to Swedish conditions.  The aim of this study is to highlight important factors for social sustainability through the development and implementation of an easy-to-use assessment method and investigate how these factors affect social sustainability. The assessment method strives for an increased understanding of social sustainability. The objective of the study is to develop an assessment matrix for social sustainability adapted to the Swedish context through previous theories and research. The assessment matrix shall be an easy-to-use tool for an on-site assessment of factors that affect social sustainability. The developed assessment matrix will then be used to highlight potential for improvement regarding social sustainability in central Kronoparken, Karlstad.  The study was conducted in three parts. The first part focuses on creating new assessment categories based on Jan Gehl's twelve quality criteria and Social Life's building blocks. Part 1 results in eight new assessment categories: Architecture & aesthetics, Places to meet, Social Infrastructure, Accessibility, Traffic, Security, Senses & experience and Development. The results in part 1 are then adapted to Swedish conditions in part 2. Part 2 results in a new assessment matrix for social sustainability uniquely adapted to Swedish conditions. The matrix contains a total of 40 questions evenly distributed over the assessment categories developed in Part 1. The adaptation of the assessment matrix to Swedish conditions makes it suitable for use in Swedish site assessments.  In part 3 the new assessment matrix for social sustainability is used to evaluate central Kronoparken. The results of the evaluation show that central Kronoparken is a place with great potential for improvement in terms of social sustainability. The categories with the largest potential for improvement are Architecture & aesthetics, Security and Senses & experience. Strengths of the site include the categories of accessibility and traffic. / I begreppet hållbarhet ryms tre dimensioner: ekologisk-, ekonomisk- och social hållbarhet. Av dessa dimensioner är social hållbarhet den som är svårast att mäta och definiera. Detta har fått följden att den sociala dimensionen ofta bortses ifrån vid stadsförändrande åtgärder vilket i sin tur kan få negativa följdeffekter. Bristande social hållbarhet över tid ökar risken för antisocialt beteende och brottslighet. Områden som har ”fallerat” socialt visar ofta upp ökad segregation och brottslighet. Dessa symtom går idag att spåra på många orter i Sverige. För att bedöma den sociala hållbarheten i byggd miljö finns flera metoder. Två av dessa är Jan Gehls tolv kvalitetskriterier och Social Lifes byggstenar. Det här examensarbetet ämnar kombinera Gehls tolv kvalitetskriterier med Social Lifes byggstenar för att sedan anpassa resultatet efter svenska förhållanden. Arbetets syfte är att genom framtagande och implementerande av en lättanvänd bedömningsmatris undersöka och belysa viktiga faktorer för social hållbarhet samt undersöka hur dessa faktorer påverkar den sociala hållbarheten. Bedömningsmatrisen eftersträvar en ökad förståelse för den sociala hållbarheten. Målet för arbetet är att genom tidigare teorier och forskning framta en bedömningsmatris för social hållbarhet anpassad efter svensk kontext. Bedömningsmatrisen skall vara ett lätthanterligt verktyg för en platsbedömning av faktorer som påverkar den sociala hållbarheten. Den framtagna bedömningsmatrisen skall sedan användas för att belysa förbättringspotential ur en social synvinkel för Kronoparkens centrum i Karlstad. Examensarbetet utförs i tre delar. Den första delen av arbetet fokuserar på att skapa nya bedömningskategorier baserat på Jan Gehls kvalitetskriterier och Social Lifes byggstenar. Del 1 resulterar i åtta nya bedömningskategorier: Arkitektur & estetik, Mötesplatser, Social infrastruktur, Tillgänglighet, Trafik, Trygghet, Upplevelse och Utveckling. I examensarbetets andra del anpassas resultatet i del 1 efter svenska förhållanden. Del 2 resulterar i en ny bedömningsmatris för social hållbarhet unikt anpassad efter svenska förhållanden. Matrisen innehåller totalt 40 frågor jämnt fördelat över de i del 1 framtagna bedömningskategorierna. Bedömningsmatrisens anpassning efter svenska förhållanden gör den lämplig att använda för platsbedömningar i Sverige. Den nya bedömningsmatrisen används sedan i del 3 för platsbedömning ur social aspekt av Kronoparkens centrum. Resultatet visar att Kronoparkens centrum är en plats med stor förbättringspotential i fråga om den sociala hållbarheten. Kategorierna med störst förbättringspotential är arkitektur & estetik, trygghet och upplevelse. Styrkor hos platsen inkluderar kategorierna tillgänglighet och trafik.

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The purpose of this essay is to, through a case study, increase the understanding of the impact of the design policy on existing residential areas in the pursuit of a good built environment. The case study has been realized through an observation of Klockaretorpet’s center, a district in Norrköping, and interviews with the actors that are involved in the project, Möter konsten. The essay deals with the issues in how public art can contribute to a Good built environment for the residents. Also, how the project Möter konsten can work with public art in an existing residential area. Lastly, what consequences a project of public art might bring in an existing residential area. To implement the result and the analysis, the following theoretical framework has been attached; good built environment, design policy, public art and cooperation. The result shows that public art is a generator and creates synergies in the design policy. The public art and the design policy are therefore to pursuit a good built environment on existing residential areas. / Syftet med uppsatsen är, att genom en fallstudie, öka förståelsen för den gestaltade livsmiljöns påverkan på befintliga bostadsområden i strävan efter en god bebyggd miljö. Fallstudien har utförts genom en observation av Klockaretorpets centrum samt intervjuer med involverade aktörer i projektet Möter konsten. Uppsatsen besvarar frågeställningarna som berör hur den konstnärliga gestaltningen kan bidra till en God bebyggd miljö för de boende. Även hur ett projekt som Möter konsten kan arbeta med konstnärlig gestaltning i ett befintligt bostadsområde. Till sist, vilka konsekvenser ett konstnärligt gestaltningsprojekt kan få i ett befintligt bostadsområde. För genomförandet av resultat och analys har följande teoretiska ramverk varit i utgångspunkt; God bebyggd miljö, gestaltad livsmiljö, konstnärlig gestaltning och samverkan i det offentliga rummet. Resultatet visar på att konstnärlig gestaltning är en generator och skapar synergier i en gestaltad livsmiljö. Gestaltningarna påverkar därmed stävan efter en god bebyggd miljö i befintliga bostadsområden.

In recent years, an array of political, environmental, and health activists have brought to light the previously overlooked structural inequalities that plague many urban cities and their underserved populations. With a growing population and an increased dichotomy between social classes in the United States, urbanization may be inevitable. However, how urban planners and public agencies choose to build and design these areas is malleable. Provision of safe and equitable living conditions by these individuals is an obligation of utmost importance, and as such, this thesis aims to both provide insight as to how the built environment, development patterns, and land use play a significant role in in morbidity and mortality in urban communities across the nation and world, as well as assist in bridging the divide between disciplines of urban health and urban planning as we look towards creating healthier, greener, more equitable cities. The built environment and health can and should be discussed in the same breath during urban planning and development, and thus, the preservation, presence, and development of urban green space should be prioritized during processes of urbanization, with active engagement and empowerment from the communities in which we seek to build. The existing inverse association between increased urbanization and community health necessitates an induction of change and a call for action from urban planners, city and state officials, health scientists, environmental conservationists, and communities as a whole. / Urban Bioethics

Across the world, efforts are being made to deal with climate change, where development in different fields is being made to transition towards a sustainable future. Transportation has become one component of this, resulting in the emergence of micro-mobility. One popular micro-mobility mode discussed by many scholars and introduced in many places, including the city of Linköping, is e-scooters. E-scooters have become popular due to the flexibility they offer. However, they have contributed negative aspects too. Therefore, I have investigated how the implementation of e- scooters has affected Linköping municipality in terms of the built environment, travel habits, and sustainable goals perspective. I further describe the approach to socio-technical transition by introducing a niche innovation and, in this case, e-scooters to improve the current transportation system to steer towards a low-carbon future. The impact e-scooters have had in Linköping municipality will be captured through interviews with the officials and politicians from the municipality. The findings showed that e-scooters negatively impacted the built environment by putting more pressure on an already crowded city. Some e-scooters would be carelessly parked, posing a danger to other traffic users. As a result, specific regulations, such as geo-zones, were made to reduce e-scooters being wrongly parked. In Linköping city, e-scooters have mostly replaced walking and public transport trips. Because e- scooters are still relatively new in Linköping municipality, their contribution to the municipality's sustainable goals is limited and difficult to assess.