The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the risk factors for malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in Kweneng West District of Botswana. A case control study was conducted. The cases consisted of 37 underweight children under the age of 5 (n=37), and the controls consisted of 76 children less than 5 years of age (n=76) recruited concurrently among the under-five children attending Letlhakeng Child Welfare Clinic on a monthly basis. The controls were of good nutritional status. Data collection was done using a combination of a review of records (child welfare clinic registers, and child welfare clinic cards) and structured questionnaires. Following placement of the data in regression models, the factors that were found to be significantly associated with child malnutrition were small number of daily meals taken by the child (Adjusted OR=19.04, 95% CI 3.24-112.13), lack of knowledge of methods of prevention of child malnutrition by the parent (Adjusted OR=4.71, 95% CI 1.41-15.82), parent’s unemployment (Adjusted OR=50.3, 95% CI 4.86-52.1), low birth weight (Adjusted OR=12.34, 95% CI 2.76-55.02), inadequate Vitamin A supplementation (Adjusted OR=13.27, 95% CI 1.94-90.46), child illness (OR=20.95, 95% CI 7.55-58.10), and child raised by a guardian (Adjusted OR=5.67, 95% CI 1.30-24.73). The findings from this study suggest that Socio-economic factors such as unemployment, a lack of knowledge about recommended infant and child feeding practices, the child raised by a guardian, and health-related factors such as low birth weight, inadequate Vitamin A supplementation, and child illness are predictors of malnutrition in under five. Therefore, increasing household food security and reinforcing educational interventions could contribute to a reduction in the prevalence of child malnutrition in the district / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The primary focus of this thesis is on representations of Germany and Germans in the sports pages of English newspapers from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s, when EURO 96 generated press coverage that prompted much comment and criticism, both in England and in Germany. Studies focusing on media representations from the mid 1990s onwards, such as those by Maguire, Poulton and Possamai (1999), Garland and Rowe (1999) and Garland (2004) have been helpful in deconstructing the language used by football journalists and in identifying negative national stereotyping. More recently, however, Ramsden (2007) and Young (2007) have developed our understanding of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they have changed since 1945. In the light of these recent developments this thesis seeks, firstly, to analyse the discourses embedded within the ‘Two World Wars and One World Cup’ meta-narrative which has characterized press coverage of Anglo-German football since international fixtures between the two countries were resumed in 1954 and, secondly, to contextualize them in the broader history of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they developed over the forty years or so that followed. Though drawing on some insights from both cultural and media studies the methodology employed is essential historical. This does not mean, however, that press reports and comment are regarded as unproblematic primary sources. Recent methodological approaches the history of sport, notably by Booth (2005) and Hill (2006), have pointed to the importance of viewing such sources as texts which are thus open to deconstruction. A complementary emphasis on historical context is nevertheless justified, principally because it is important to explain variations that have occurred over time. Though there were some similarities in the way that Anglo-German football was covered in 1954 and 1996 – and at various points in between - there are also striking differences which it is argued here are primarily explained by conditions prevailing at the particular historical junctures at which representations were generated. The relationship which existed between Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was significantly different to that which existed between Britain and re-unified Germany in the 1990s. This was an important contingent factor and helps to explain variations in the deployment of journalistic discourses over the years. Thus this thesis breaks new ground in that it emphasizes the historical contextualization of representations over a long period and seeks to counter any tendency to look backwards from the viewpoint of the mid 1990s. The discussion proceeds chronologically from the 1950s to the 1990s in order to demonstrate variations in the way that discourses were deployed over the years. Thus the representations generated provide a way of reading the state of underlying Anglo-German relations at any given point. One chapter is devoted to the 1966 World Cup Final on account of its significance in press discourses relating to Anglo-German football and in what is popularly referred to in England as the 'thirty/forty years of hurt' that followed. Whereas academic attention in relation to football-related representations has previously concentrated on the downmarket tabloid press, this study is equally concerned with quality and middlemarket titles. Thus The Times and the Daily Express are considered alongside the Daily Mirror and the Sun. Finally – and in contrast to previous accounts which have considered the English press in isolation – a chapter on German newspaper coverage (principally Bild, Die Welt and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) has been included to allow some comparisons to be made and to point to directions in which future research might be pursued.

This thesis focuses on the protection of the patient’s privacy in health care in Sweden. It is crucially important that the patient has confidence in the health care and that patient data are kept secret from other persons and authorities. A patient who is unsure about secrecy and confidentiality may choose not to provide data that could prove necessary for health care personnel to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Some individuals might even avoid seeking medical help from fear that data may be spread to outsiders. Inadequate protection of sensitive data may lead to the confidence of citizens in health care eventually eroding or vanishing completely. Protection of patient privacy is thus of fundamental importance in this area. In the area of health care, the intention of the legislator is that the regulations regarding secrecy in public health care and confidentiality in private health care will guarantee protection of patient privacy. Secrecy in public health care is regulated mainly in Chapter 25, Section 1 of the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act (2009:400). In private health care, confidentiality is regulated mainly in Chapter 6, Section 12, first paragraph, and Section 16 of the Swedish Act on Patient Safety (2010:659). The overall purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyse the legislator’s intentions and the juridical construction regarding the rules of secrecy and confidentiality, from the perspective of patient privacy. The starting point of the thesis is that the patient’s privacy should be strongly protected. One of the main conclusions is that the legal construction cannot be considered to be in accordance with the legislator’s intention that the regulation of patient privacy protection should constitute a strong protection for the patient’s privacy, be comprehensible, clear and easy to apply for health care personnel, as well as being the same in both public and private health care.

Now when information is abundant, practice of Data Journalism is quickly becoming a core technique of the 21st century newsrooms. The diploma thesis "Data Journalism aimed by Datablog IHNED.cz" is focused on introducing Data Journalism as a genre responding to the changes in the society and the technology development. The theoretical part concerns with the history of the subject, the workflow of Data Journalism in the newsrooms and the limitations; such as inappropriate business models, difficult process of collecting data or the lack of training. The main goal of the research is to map the work of the Czech data team in the IHNED.cz and compare the results with the work of teams in Australia. The research methods are combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The main source of information are interviews conducted with data journalists from the Czech Republic and Australia. On top of that the research gives deeper understanding of how the integration of data journalists in the newsrooms affect the way journalism can support the existence of media organizations and contribute to the public good. The last part offers predictions of the future of Data Journalism.

The thesis compares forms of speech presentation (and marginally writing presentation) in British newspapers through a theory of Speech, Writing and Thought presentation as introduced by E. Semino and M. Short (2004). On a specialised corpus of 6 newspaper articles, the work compares qualitive and quantitative tendencies of individual speech presentation categories, focusing on the diagnosis of differences and common points in two journalistic sub-genres, the tabloid and the broadsheet. The speech presentation categorization is applied as a clinal model with permeable borders between individual categories. The focus is on detecting and analysing the fucntions of individual categories of speech presentation in terms of information, style, pragmatics and form. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis deals with discourse surrounding the topic of the Greek debt crisis (GDC) in the online version of the British daily newspaper the Guardian (www.theguardian.com). The study builds on a bilateral division of the EU public discourse on the economic crisis, distinguishing between two opposing perspectives: "the Northern diagnosis" (DeGrauwe 2011: 5) prevailing in Germany and other creditor states, and 'the Southern opinion' on the situation held mainly by the debtor countries. The thesis examines the position of the Guardian in relation to this bilateral discourse framework. The Guardian represents a liberal, socially aware and traditionally EU-supportive newspaper that is published in a country which counts among the Europe's leading economic and political powers, a country that is also characterized by strong Eurosceptic tendencies. These aspects form a complex background with regard to the EEC/GDC discourse framework. There are factors supporting both "the Northern diagnosis" of the GDC and those suggesting inclination to 'the Southern opinion'. The analysis, dealing with a self-collected corpus (altogether 349 texts, 277 973 words) consisting of the Guardian online news on the GDC is situated - both theoretically and methodologically - in the field of Corpus- assisted discourse studies...

This thesis focuses on strategies of representation in South African anti-apartheid documentary film and video from the late 1970s to 1995. It identifies and analyses two broad trends within this movement: the first developed by the organisation called Video News Services; the second developed in the Mail and Guardian Television series called Ordinary People. Two history series are analysed against the backdrop of transformations in the television broadcasting sector in the early 1990s. South African documentary film and video is located within a theoretical framework that interweaves documentary film theory, theories of Third cinema and of identity, rid working class cinema of the 1920s and 1930s. The concepts of ‘voice’ and the ‘speaking subject’ are the two key concepts that focus the discussion of strategies of representation in detailed textual analyses of selected documentaries. The analysis of three documentaries that typify the output of Video News Services reveals how these documentary texts establish a symbiosis between representations of the working class as black, male, and allied to COSATU, and the liberation struggle. The analysis of selected documentaries from the Ordinary People series highlights those strategies of representation that facilitate perceptions of the multiplicities of identities in South Africa. This focus on representations of identity is extended in analysing and comparing two television series. The strategies of representation evident in the Video News Services documentaries and the meanings they produce about identify are repeated in the series called Ulibambe Lingashoni: Hold Up the Sun. In Soweto: A History, strategies of representation that follow the trend towards representing identity as multiple are used to present history as if from the perspective of ‘ordinary’ people. The thesis creates an argument for South African documentary film and video to move towards strategies of representation that break down the fixed categories of identity developed under apartheid. With policy moves for creating more ‘local content’ films and television productions there is opportunity to re-shape the documentary film and video movement in South Africa using representational strategies that blur the boundaries between documentary and fiction, and between individualised, discrete categories of identity.

Cette thèse de sociologie porte sur les pratiques de sommeil des couples vieillissants confrontés à une maladie neurodégénérative. Elle se fixe comme objectif de saisir les dynamiques temporelles et spatiales de ces pratiques de sommeil, centrales dans la vie du couple, au fil de l'évolution de la maladie en accordant une attention particulière aux relations de genre. Nous avons interviewé 30 couples à domicile, dont 12 concernés par la maladie à corps de Lewy et 18 par la maladie d'Alzheimer et nous avons intégré des dispositifs d'enquête tels que la rédaction de journaux de sommeil, de journaux audio et la constitution d'un ensemble de documentation photographique. L'analyse se déploie selon trois axes. Le premier axe consiste à analyser le rôle du veilleur de nuit assumé par le conjoint aidant. Nous avons constaté le passage du statut de conjoint dormant à celui de "conjoint veilleur". Le rôle de conjoint veilleur est caractérisé par la production d'un travail domestique de soin qui se déroule la nuit et que nous avons appelé "travail domestique nocturne de soin". Nos résultats montrent que ce travail domestique nocturne peut amener le conjoint veilleur à un état d'épuisement qui peut pousser au choix d'institutionnaliser son conjoint malade. Ce travail domestique s'articule avec un état d'inquiétude nocturne du conjoint veilleur qui engendre un sommeil spécifique que l'on peut qualifier de "sommeil en état d'alerte". Il est aussi doublement invisible : il est constitué par des activités se déroulant la nuit et il repose souvent sur les femmes. Le deuxième axe consiste à analyser l'impact de la maladie et des troubles cognitifs sur l'organisation des espaces liés au sommeil en mettant en lumière les négociations qui se font autour de la chambre conjugale. Nous avons dégagé les raisons pour lesquelles une partie des conjoints reste attachée au fait de dormir ensemble. Nous avons aussi analysé les dimensions corporelles liées au partage du lit, contexte où la relation entre les corps trouve son expression privilégiée. Nous avons exploré les expériences de distanciation des conjoints : les significations et les pratiques autour du choix de dormir en couple mais séparés, de faire chambre à part. Le dernier axe porte sur l'analyse des stratégies hétérogènes de la gestion du sommeil telles que l'utilisation des médicaments pour dormir, le recours à la garde nocturne en institution ou au domicile et, enfin, le sommeil diurne. Nous avons analysé les raisons de l'adhésion ou du refus de la part des conjoints aidants et nous avons constaté que la vulnérabilité qui caractérise la nuit et le sommeil peut rendre difficile le recours aux stratégies de gestion du sommeil. / This doctoral dissertation in sociology examines the sleep practices of ageing couples confronted with neuro-degenerative conditions. It aims to understand the time- and space-related aspects of these sleep practices, so central to couples’ lives, throughout the different stages of illness, and places particular emphasis on gender-based relations. Thirty couples were interviewed in their homes, 12 of whom were affected by Lewy Body Dementia and 18 by Alzheimer’s Disease. Empirical methods such as sleep journals, audio journals, and photographic documentation were incorporated into the study’s methodology. The study is divided into three branches. The first branch examines the role of “night-time guardian” assumed by the caregiving partner. The author was able to observe that a shift takes place from the status of sleeping partner to that of night-time caregiver. The role of the “night-time guardian” is characterized by domestic labor that takes the form of caregiving provided at night, a phenomenon the author calls “nocturnal domestic caregiving work”. The findings of the study show that this domestic night-time work can bring about a state of exhaustion in caregiving partners that can drive them to institutionalize the partner suffering from a medical condition. In addition to this domestic work, caregiving partners are prone to a state of night-time worry that results in a specific variety of sleep that can be described as “alert sleep”. This domestic work also goes largely unseen for two reasons: it is made up of activities that take place at night, and it often falls to women. The study's second branch offers an analysis of the impact of illness and cognitive disorders on the way areas of the home associated with sleep are organized, bringing to light the give-and-take that occurs where the marital bedroom is concerned. The author examined the reasons some sleep partners continue to insist on sleeping together. Also addressed are the bodily aspects of shared beds, a special context in which the bonds shared between bodies can be expressed in a unique way. The dissertation further explores the experience of placing distance between sleep partners: the meanings and practices surrounding the decision to sleep as a couple but in separate rooms. The final branch of the study examines a range of strategies used to manage sleep, such as taking sleeping medication, turning to in-home or institutional night-time caretaking, and day-time sleep. The author surveyed the reasons that caregiving partners accepted or refused to utilize these strategies, and the study’s findings show that the vulnerability represented by night and sleep can render it difficult to decide to use strategies to manage sleep.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate teachers attitudes towards reading homework and their thoughts regarding feedback. The study will also be looking at what type of support pupils are given regarding their reading homework and homework in general. This study will also evaluate the teachers’ thoughts on equality in connection with the pupils varying home conditions that affect how much support and help they receive with their reading homework.  I collected data for this study by using survey and interview methods. These two methods complement each other as they give a wide and in-depth-look at the questions in this study.  The results from this study show teachers attitudes towards reading homework as well as different forms of feedback that can be given. It also highlights teachers experiences when it comes to their schools homework support practice relating to reading and other types of homework that their pupils are given. Also included are the teachers’ thoughts regarding equality when related to pupils varying home conditions that affect help and support related to reading homework. The word that best describes teachers’ opinions on the current equivalent schooling is unfairness. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärares inställning till läsläxa samt deras tankar angående återkoppling och skolans stöd till eleverna med deras läsläxa och läxor i övrigt. Studien syftar även till att undersöka lärares tankar gällande likvärdighet kopplat till elevers olika förutsättningar till stöd och hjälp i hemmet med deras läsläxa.  Studiens tillvägagångssätt gällande datainsamling har skett via två metoder, enkät samt intervju. Datainsamlingsmetoderna kompletterar varandra och ger en bredd samt ett djup i frågorna.  Resultatet i studien redovisar lärares inställning till läsläxa samt varianter på återkoppling till den. Studiens resultat lyfter även lärares upplevelser om skolans stöd med läsläxa och övriga läxor till sina elever samt lärares tankar angående likvärdighet kopplat till elevers olika förutsättningar i hemmiljön gällande stöd och hjälp med läsläxa. Ordet som beskriver lärarnas åsikt gällande likvärdighetstanken är orättvisa.

La présente thèse dit ce qu’est le Président de la République Portugaise, elle le nomme. Pour ce faire, elle montre comment la figure présidentielle s’est construite depuis 1986, depuis que la démocratie portugaise n’est plus « à l’ombre des épées ». A cette fin, la thèse examine d’abord la légitimité particulière du Chef de l’Etat lusitain, directe mais apartisane. Celle-ci doit être comprise à la lumière de l’histoire politique et constitutionnelle du Portugal qui a connu le parlementarisme éclaté et la dictature personnelle. Elle examine ensuite la position du Président de la République au sein de l’architecture constitutionnelle portugaise au moyen de ses pouvoirs et de ses relations avec le Gouvernement en tant que fonction et en tant qu’organe. Si la présidence portugaise ne détermine pas la politique générale du pays, les différents titulaires de la charge présidentielle ont su participer à la formation de la volonté politique de l’Etat grâce au développement d’une magistrature qui leur est propre. Leurs prises de parole et leurs actions de terrain ont permis au Président de la République d’avoir une réalité par-delà le dispositif constitutionnel. De ces différents éléments, la thèse infère enfin la qualification du régime politique portugais et se clôt sur la dénomination de la figure présidentielle portugaise, telle qu’elle a été et s’est construite. / This doctoral dissertation tells what the President of the Portuguese Republic is and gives it a name. To this end, it shows how the Portuguese presidential figure has built itself since 1986, since the Portuguese democracy has no more been under the “shadow of swords”. To reach this goal, the dissertation begins by focusing on the president’s legitimacy, direct but unpartisan. Its particular legitimacy cannot be understood without referring to Portugal’s political and constitutional history which went through fragmented parliamentarism and personal dictatorship. Then it considers the presidential position within the Portuguese constitutional framework using its powers and looking into its relations with the Government as a function and as an organ. If the Portuguese presidency does not fix the country general policy, it does take part in the State’s will formation due to the emergence of a proper magistracy. Speech and field acts have given a reality to the President beyond the constitutional purview. Finally, this doctoral dissertation infers the qualification of the Portuguese political regime and ends by naming the Portuguese presidential figure, as it has been built and as it has been built itself.