Les ressources en eau sont inégalement réparties sur la planète. Le Proche-Orient, une région du globe parmi tant d'autres, souffre d'un déficit structurel en eau douce causée par sa situation géographique et envenimée par une augmentation démographique massive, la pollution et les changements climatiques. Même si l'eau est considérée comme une ressource renouvelable, les quantités disponibles sont loin d'être stables et permanentes. Elles ne peuvent donc pas suivre la pente ascendante de la démographie à moins de mettre en place et d'utiliser efficacement les techniques de récupération d'eau douce. Dans cette situation, nous faisons face à une rareté de la ressource, mais aussi à une pauvreté en eau due à une technologie d'approvisionnement défaillante, une démographie à la hausse, un climat difficile, des comportements sociaux inadéquats, des choix géopolitiques très peu altruistes, etc. De nombreuses contraintes entourant la gestion de l'eau en Turquie, en Syrie et en Irak ont des répercussions majeures sur la géopolitique de la région du Proche-Orient. Dans plusieurs États du Proche-Orient, notamment en Syrie et en Irak, le gaspillage de l'eau est principalement dû à des techniques agricoles archaïques et inefficaces et des équipements mal entretenus et peu adéquats. De plus, les aménagements hydrauliques se multiplient depuis les années 1960, surtout en Turquie, afin de stocker d'importantes réserves d'eau, créant des situations conflictuelles entre les divers États. Le partage des eaux du Tigre, de l'Euphrate et de l'Oronte, les tracés frontaliers contestés ainsi que la construction d'ouvrages hydraulique comme le GAP et le barrage Tabqa sont aussi des éléments importants qui influencent la géopolitique de la région. Cette combinaison de facteurs, additionnés au climat géopolitique difficile de la région, a créé des relations diplomatiques tendues à travers le Proche-Orient puisque dans cette situation, la question de l'eau n'est pas séparée des autres contentieux. La gestion de l'eau est-elle la cause ou la conséquence de cette situation géopolitique difficile? Cette analyse démontrera et expliquera que les techniques de gestion de l'eau en Turquie, en Syrie et en Irak sont à la fois quelques-unes des conséquences et des causes de la situation de belligérance au Proche-Orient.

This thesis demonstrates how a specific tradition of English poetry written by Indians in the nineteenth-century borrowed its subject matter from Orientalist research into Indian antiquity, and its style and forms from the English poetic tradition. After an examination of the political, historical and social motivations that resulted in the birth of colonial poetry in India, the poets dealt with comprise Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31), the first Indian poet writing in English ; Kasiprasad Ghosh (1809-73), the first Bengali Hindu to write English verse; and Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824-73), who converted to Christianity in the hope of reaching England and becoming a great 'English' poet. A subsequent chapter examines the Dutt Family Album (London, 1870) in the changing political context of the latter half of the century. In the Conclusion it is shown how the advent of Modernism in England, and the birth of an active nationalism in India, finally brought about the end of all aspects of what is here called 'Orientalist' verse. This area has not been dealt with comprehensively by critics; only one book, Lotika Basu's Indian Writers of English Verse (1933), exists on this subject to date. This thesis, besides filling the gaps that exist in the knowledge available in this area, also brings an additional insight to bear on the current debate on colonialism and literature. After Said's Orientalism (1978), a spate of theoretical work has been published on literary studies and colonial power in British India. Without restricting the argument to the constraints of the Saidian model, this study addresses the issues raised by these works, showing that a subtler reading is possible, through the medium of this poetry, of the interaction that took place in India between the production of literature and colonialism. In particular, this thesis demonstrates that although Orientalist poetry was in many ways derivative, it also evinces an active and developing response to the imposition of British culture upon India.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Depuis l’Antiquité, l’expérience politique assyrienne (XIVème - VIIème siècles av. J.-C.) a été définie comme un « Empire ». Les sources classiques et bibliques ont créé une image historiographique des Assyriens caractérisée par une violence militariste, par une sexualité excessive et par un urbanisme exagéré. En plus, la théorie de la translatio imperii identifiait dans l’Empire assyrien le premier Empire de l’histoire. À partir du milieu du XIXème siècle la découverte des vestiges des villes royales en Mésopotamie du Nord et surtout des bas-reliefs, qui ornaient les palais royaux, a donné accès à une quantité d’informations directes sur les Assyriens. L’interprétation historiographique de ces données a eu comme modèle l’Empire romain, déjà bien connu par les savants. Le déchiffrement du système cunéiforme et la lecture des sources écrites assyriennes qui en a suivi a certifié l’image impériale puissante et militariste suggérée par les sources anciennes. À partir de cette époque et jusqu’à nos jours, les informations concernant les Assyriens ont augmentées constamment. En même temps, le travail d’interprétation historiographique a été influencé tant par les différentes doctrines économiques et politiques, que par les intérêts des nations qui finançaient les recherches. Pour décrire l’expérience politique assyrienne ont été employées par les Assyriologues des catégories typiquement modernes, telles que l’impérialisme et le colonialisme, ou plus récemment, la globalisation. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de reconstruire le cheminement épistémologique du concept d’« Empire assyrien », avec une attention spécifique à l’apport de la recherche archéologique en Mésopotamie du Nord. / Since the Antiquity the political experience of the Assyrians has been defined as an “Empire”. Biblical and ancient sources have created a historiographical image of the Assyrians, which was characterized by military violence, an excessive sexuality and an exaggerated urbanism. Moreover, following the theory of the translatio imperii, the Assyrian Empire should have been the first empire of history. Starting from the middle of the XIX century the discovering of the vestiges of the royal cities in the north of Mesopotamia, and especially of the bas reliefs which adorned the royal palaces, gave access to an enormous quantity of direct information about the Assyrians. The historiographical model which was employed in order to interpret this data was the roman empire, which was already very well-known by scholars. The deciphering of the cuneiform system and the consequent possibility of accessing to Assyrian written sources certified the powerful and militaristic image suggested by the ancient sources. Since that period and during the next excavations up until today, the information about the Assyrians has constantly increased. At the same time the work of historical interpretation has been influenced not only by the different economic and political theories but also by the interests of the nations which financed the researches. In order to try to understand the Assyrian political experience, typically modern categories have been employed by Assyriologists, such as imperialism and colonialism, or more recently the globalization. The aim of this doctoral thesis consists in reconstructing the epistemological course of the concept of “Assyrian Empire”, with a specific attention to the contribution of archaeological researches in the Northern Mesopotamia.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a experiência japonesa e a aplicabilidade do conceito fascismo ao período compreendido entre a Grande Crise do fim dos anos 1920 e o fechamento total dos partidos e dos sindicatos. O caso japonês é, muitas vezes, tratado como desprezível, por se referir a uma experiência fora dos perímetros ocidentais e, também, traz consigo uma forma de esquivar-se de cada particularidade dentro de uma universalidade. O Japão, após a implantação do capitalismo em fins do século XIX, passa por diversas transformações orientadas pela mesma lógica de reprodução. A partir das distinções do caso japonês e de generalizações do conceito fascismo, foi possível perceber a unidade dos processos político-sociais. O resultado de uma arquitetura de dominação, desde a esfera social até os movimentos políticos da economia, foi exposto neste trabalho. / This study aimed to analyze the Japanese experience and the concept of \"fascism\" due the period between the Great Crisis of the late 1920s and the total closure of parties and unions. The Japanese case is often treated as negligible, because it refers to an out of the western perimeter, and also brings with it a way to dodge every particular within a universality. Japan, after the capitalism introduction in the late nineteenth century, goes through several transformations driven by the same logic of reproduction. From the Japanese case distinctions and generalizations of the concept of \"fascism\", it was possible to make out the unity of political and social processes. The result of an architecture of domination was exposed in this work, from the social sphere to the political movements of the economy.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo averiguar como o mito do Oriente aparece na obra poética de Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Seu eixo central é o diálogo que seus poemas estabelecem com os temas e as formas da tradição oriental, em especial a indiana. Com isso, pretende-se delinear o orientalista que se encontra na obra do poeta português, partindo do pressuposto de que Osório de Castro inventa ali um Oriente. Busca-se averiguar a especificidade dessa invenção, identificando suas estratégias e possíveis intenções. / The present work aims to investigate how the Orient is represented in the poetic works of Alberto Osório de Castro (1868 1946). Its main axis is the dialog established between his poems and the topics and poetic forms found in the eastern tradition, especially in the Indian. This is intended in order to outline the Orientalist that can be found in the works of the Portuguese poet, assuming that Osório de Castro creates his own Orient. We seek to ascertain the specificity of this creation, identifying his strategies and possible intentions.

This study is concerned with the way in which discourses of the Other are deployed in the media's narrative constructions of national imaginary. Operating on the assumption that news provides techniques and devices which enable the nation and its Other to be narrated and imagined, the analysis focuses on the structures and processes by which Japan is constructed in the news stories in some Australian and Chinese printed media. The analysis finds that othering is a dynamic and complex process engaged in by both the East and the West, for purposes of both cultural domination and cultural negotiation, and to serve both external and domestic political ends. The study shows that what seems to be an essential distinction between the Orient, or the East, and the Occident, or the West, in the discourses of the Other is constantly shifting, fluid and context-specific. The investigation points to the need of forsaking a framework of understanding media and identity which is based on a truth vs propaganda, or information vs entertainment dichotomy, and adopting an approach that takes into account the particularities of the cultural practices of each media system / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Media and Cultural Studies)

Diss.--Freie Universität Berlin, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 187-216. Index.

Texte remanié de la 2e partie de: Habilitationsschrift--Fribourg, Suisse, 1996. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Kimmerijcy i skify : kulʹturno-istoričeskie i hronologičeskie problemy arheologii vostočnoevropejskih stepej Kavkaza pred- i ranneckifskogo vremeni / Askolʹd I. Ivančik. Bibliogr. p. 286-[308]. Index.

Dissertation--Theologische Fakultät--Halle, Wittenberg--Martin-Luther-Universität, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 191-210.