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中共歷次憲法與外交政策取向之互動關係 / PRC's Constitution and Foreign Policy胡至慧, Fu, Chih Huei Unknown Date (has links)
本論文共二十萬字,分為六章,十八節,茲分述如下:第一章,導論。設置四節,將本論文的研究動機與研究目的、研究方法與研究途徑、研究範圍與研究限制和研究架構等分為四個方向進行說明。第二章,「中共憲法觀與外交觀」。設置四節,論述社會主義國家的憲法特徵、中共憲法的理論基礎和社會主義國家的外交特徵和中共外交的理論基礎。第三章,「五四憲法與外交」。設置三節,分述在中共政權建立至「五四憲法」制定後,這段期間之內的國際環境變化及中共國內環境變化,及「共同綱領」、「五、四憲法」的制定過程與外交政策之規定與評估。第四章,「七五憲法與外交」。設置三節,分述在中共「五四憲法」的制定至「七五憲法」的制定後,這段期間之內的國際環境變化及中共國內環境變化,及「七○憲草」、「七五憲法」的利定過程與外交政策之規定與評估。第五章,「『七八憲法』、『八二憲法』與外交」。設置三節,分述共「七八憲法」的制定至「八二憲法」制定後,這段期間之內的國際環境變化及中共國內變化及中共國內環境變化,及「七八憲法」、「八二憲法」的制定過程與外交政策之規定與評佔。第六章,結論。設置三節,第一節,將中共政權建立以來的內政外交、憲法作一總回頭。第二節,對中共「十四大」後的外交政策取向作一評析。第三節,對鄧後中共政權之作一預測與展望。
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中共「紀律檢查委員會」之研究 / A Study of PRC'S Commission for Discipline Inspection林明昌, Lin, Ming Chang Unknown Date (has links)
中共黨的紀律檢查工作是執行路線保證,在「黨的建設」中居於很重要的部分。它表現在「黨建」的作用方面,包括:對於維護「黨的肌體健康」,保持「黨的先進性」,提高「黨的戰鬥力」,堅持「四項基本原則」和「改革、開放、搞活」的方針與政策,保證「社會主義現代化」建設的順利進行,具有重大的意義。
撰寫中共「紀律檢查委員會」之研究,對我來說是一個探索和嘗試。有關中共的各層級組織,過去的學長大都有做過研究及發表論文,一般皆能深知熟諳,然而對中共紀律檢查機構,至今尚屬未見。因此,選擇它做為研究題目,以期為將來提供一個有用的參考。
本論文係以政治系統理論,運用政治參與及政治社會化的概念,再透過歷史制度研究法的陳述,分別對中共紀律檢查機構的理論基礎、歷史沿革、組織工作、業務範圍,以及各個時期不同的發展,用比較歸納法加以探討。
本論文共分七章二十三節,全文內容大致如下:
第一章:導論。旨在說明本論文的研究動機與目的,研究範圍與方法,研究資料的來源與限制。
第二章:設立「紀律檢查委員會」的理論基礎。本章分別從馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林、毛澤東及中共領導階層就有關黨的紀律和紀律檢查工作之重要講話做為理論之依據。
第三章:「紀律檢查工作」之沿革。本章探討方式分別從中共政權成立前的紀律檢查工作,和政權成立後以迄「十三大」期間的紀律檢查工作。從歷史演變中研究各個時期紀檢機構組織的不同與職能的消長。
第四章:「十四大」後之紀律檢查工作。本章將「十四大」之有關紀檢工作單項專章研究,包括組織體制之改變,任務與組織編制,以及當前中共各領導者所強調呼籲的「反腐敗鬥爭」。
第五章:紀律檢查工作的具體內容。本章主要介紹紀律檢查工作到底是包括那些項目?它的實際運作如何?在探討過程,並適切地舉例及附表解釋說明,以彰顯它的功能。
第六章:紀律檢查工作之綜合探討。本章首先認識紀檢工作的性質和作用,其次在各個不同的歷史階段中,探討比較紀檢機關任務和職權的變化、紀檢機構和領導體制的變化,以及紀檢機關地位的變化。
第七章:結論。首先分析「紀律檢查委員會」在中共政治系統中的角色地位與功能,並評估它的功過得失,以及筆者研究所得提出個人粗淺的見解作一總結。
最後,很幸運的蒐集到中共歷次黨章中有關黨的紀律和紀律檢查工作的規定;及中共歷屆「中紀委」(中央監察)主要成員暨領導人簡介,在附錄中一併提出說明,祈使本論文之內容更為充實和具參考價值。
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一九四九年∼一九五七年毛澤東思想之研究 / Study on the Development of Mao Tse-tung's Thoughts,1949-1957劉祖光, Liu, Tsu Kuang Unknown Date (has links)
本文以意識形態途徑,研究中共建國後毛澤東探索後革命時期理論與實踐
統一的過程。第一章導論,說明研究方法;第二章論一九四九至一九五三
年中共內政外交情勢與毛澤東之態度;第三章論一九五三年至一九五五年
底一五計畫及社會主義過渡時期總路線之初期實踐經驗,置重點於工業化
產生的問題,農業合作化的超速完成,以及毛澤東在這些實踐經驗中的地
位及其反省;第四章論一九五六年以後蘇共二十大及波蘭、匈牙利事件如
何促使中共公開反省蘇聯模式,即毛澤東提出「論十大關係」的過程及其
意義,並由此導出中共為另尋發展模式,必須借重本國 識精英,因此才
有由毛澤東提倡的百花齊放、百家爭鳴的寬鬆政策;但由於知識精英出發
點與毛澤東不同,終使雙百失控,導致反右鬥爭,使毛澤東帶領中共走向
極「左」思潮。綜觀建國後至一九五七年,中共及毛澤東所面對的客觀情
境,實為後革命時期的必然發展,包括城鄉分離、工農剪刀差危機、知識
精英與群眾對立等;毛澤東通過個人認知結構(本文以民族主義、民粹主
義、實踐性格及矛盾世界觀概括),企圖找出能指導後革命時期的理論,
但由於後革命時期客觀情境之本質,及毛本人認知框架之限制,終使毛走
上以革命手段企圖達成後革命任務的極「左」思潮。
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Studies China and ASEAN economic cooperation ¢wNeo-functionalism¢wHsueh, Tsu-bin 07 August 2006 (has links)
The economical globalization has led the region economic cooperation development. In 2002 Euro was released, the European integration is being made an epoch . US and Canada, Mexico have set up the North America free trade area in 1994, and it will start the Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations. Under this background, this thesis set out the cooperation between China and ASEAN with the approach New-functionalism.
This thesis divides into six chapters to study the cooperation between China and ASEAN cooperate of economic cooperation with the China, the first chapter is an introduction, in the second chapter Neo-functionalism will be explored . In the third chapter, the modernization of China, the evolution of ASEAN and subsquentlly the motive of cooperation from both of them are the major point to be analyzed. Last but certainly not least, whether the Neo-functionalism can be applied to explore the case of the PRC-ASEAN free trade area, will be comprehensively analyzed.
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PRC Environmental Diplomacy in the Post Cold-War Era¡GParticipation in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeLo, Yung-ching 16 September 2002 (has links)
Abstract
As ecological deterioration getting worse and worse, the degree from global environment problem threat human life is more and more striking, and brings the rise of environmental diplomacy and global environmental politics. The PRC has wide territory, numerous population, and abundant natural resource, however after twenty years of modernizing, result in environment crisis. Since 1989, the PRC being forced to enhance her attention and participation in international environmental protection field by the pressure from domestic and foreign factors. The purpose of this thesis is to realize the details about the development of the PRC environmental diplomacy during the post cold-war era. The author try to combine domestic and international approaches, and use regime theory to analyze the actions of the PRC. The findings as follows:
1. The PRC make their objectives (ex : gain financial and technical assistance, improve the domestic environmental protection ability, modify her international image, etc. ) come true by holding the principles, including secure sovereignty, the unequal responsibilities between developed and developing countries, and developed countries should bare the major responsibilities of global environment problems.
2. The decision-making about the policy guide participation in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change origins from the result of the bargaining between bureaucracies. Besides, climate regime can change the options of environmental and science agencies, but the effect doesn¡¦t show in ultimate decisions.
3. Although the PRC still fear participation in regime will let her sovereignty invaded and economic potential repressed, try to make long-term plans and make capital of foreign firms to improve her environmental protection abilities.
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Palm Programmierung unter LinuxJahre, Daniel 12 March 2002 (has links)
Die PDAs von Palm Inc. und seinen Lizenznehmern werden gerne zur Adress- und Terminverwaltung eingesetzt. Damit ist ihr Leistungspotential jedoch nicht erschöpft. Wer gerne selbst Applikationen für Palm PDAs entwickeln möchte, ist dabei nicht zwingend auf eine windowsbasierte Entwicklungsumgebung angewiesen. Unter Linux gibt es Compiler, Ressourceeditoren und Emulatoren für PalmOS. Ich werde in meinem Vortrag diese Werkzeuge vorstellen, demonstrieren und ein Beispielprogramm zeigen.
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How far away are we from deliberative politics? : Online authoritarian deliberation on Tencent Weibo in the PRCLu, Xinrui January 2014 (has links)
Emerging online discussions in a Weibo (micro-blogging) platform argue for the new possibility of online deliberation in Chinese cyberspace. In order to ascertain the extent to which this platform is being used, the author has conducted a case study to measure the quality of deliberation of an online discussion of genetically modified (GM) foods in the comment section of posts written by Mr. Cui and Mr. Fang on Tencent Weibo. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the data, both methods of Discourse Quality Index (DQI) and interview have been used. The findings of the research indicate that the online discussion fails to meet two necessary criteria of deliberation: rational and logical statements and consensus building. However, the study results are not totally negative, since the levels of interaction, information exchange, mutual understanding and neutral expression are relatively high. According to the author, in the contemporary stage, online authoritarian deliberation faces many problems in the PRC. At micro level, first, online expression is irrational and illogical; second, it is hard to reach consensus building; third, participants are stubborn to their pre-given wills; forth, some people are indifferent to online discussions. At macro level, first, most of the online discussions have low external impact on decision-making; second, the strong government control may hinder the development of online deliberation.
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English Language-in-Education Policy and Planning in Schools in the PRC: Teachers as Actors or ImplementersMinglin Li Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Étude et modélisation du vieillissement sous contraintes électrothermiques de l'isolant pour câble de transport d'énergie haute tension à courant continu / Study and modelisation of ageing under electrical and thermal stresses for high voltage direct current cables insulationHascoat, Aurélien 16 December 2016 (has links)
L’objet de ce travail de thèse est l’étude du polyéthylène réticulé chimiquement (PRC) utilisé pour les câbles haute tension à courant continu (HTCC). Les propriétés électriques du PRC ont été largement étudiées en alternatif mais sont moins bien connues dans le cadre d’une contrainte continue. Une meilleure compréhension des propriétés diélectriques et de la durée de vie pourraient permettre aux fabricants et utilisateurs de proposer des tests de qualification et s’assurer du bon fonctionnement des systèmes de câble durant leur exploitation.Ces travaux présentent les câbles utilisés pour le transport HTCC ainsi que les contraintes physiques et chimiques endurées par le PRC en service. Le PRC est issu de la réaction de réticulation du polyéthylène basse densité (LDPE) amorcée par le peroxyde dicumylique. Il en résulte la présence de sous-produits, dont la majorité est évacuée par un traitement de dégazage du câble. Un additif antioxydant est par ailleurs ajouté à l’isolant du câble pour protéger le PRC durant la production puis l’exploitation du câble. Les contraintes appliquées au câble peuvent influencer les propriétés diélectriques. Notamment, la présence de charges électriques piégées (ou charges d’espace) peuvent influencer la durée de vie de l’isolant.Les propriétés d’injection/conduction, les mécanismes de pertes, la rigidité électrique, la charge d’espace et des propriétés chimiques de plaques circulaires de XLPE munies d’électrodes semiconductrices ont été étudiées. Sous l’effet des contraintes thermoélectriques, des charges électriques peuvent acquérir assez d’énergie pour être injectées dans l’isolant, selon différents mécanismes possibles, puis traverser l’isolant jusqu’à atteindre l’électrode opposée selon, là aussi, différents mécanismes. Selon le champ électrique appliqué, le mécanisme d’injection dominant est l’effet Schottky et le mécanisme de transport est le courant limité par charge d’espace (usuellement appelé SCLC). En ce qui concerne les mécanismes de pertes, à faible fréquence, le mécanisme de conduction quasi DC a été identifié à température ambiante tandis qu’à 70, 80 et 90°C, la conduction DC a été mise en évidence. De plus, les pertes augmentent lorsque la température d’étude augmente. La rigidité diélectrique a été déterminée à l’aide d’un panel d’échantillons. Sa valeur, déterminée par la loi de Weibull est de 375 kV/mm à température ambiante. La charge d’espace a été étudiée en utilisant la méthode de l’onde thermique (MOT). Ces analyses ont montré deux types de charges dominantes dans le matériau : homocharge et hétérocharge. La prédominance d’un type de charge par rapport à un autre est influencée par le champ électrique et la température. Le champ électrique total (addition du champ électrique dû à la charge d’espace et avec le champ électrique appliqué) atteint jusqu’à 100 kV/mm en appliquant 60 kV.mm. Les caractérisations chimiques ont montré une température de fusion de 103°C et une cristallinité de 39 %. Avant l’application de contraintes, l’index carbonyle, indiquant la présence de liaisons carbonyles est de 0,5.L’impact de contraintes thermoélectriques sur les propriétés diélectriques du PRC a été étudié à 70, 80 et 90°C sous 30 et 60 kV/mm. Des augmentations de la capacité et du facteur de pertes ont été observées et pourraient être assignées à la consommation presque totale de l’antioxydant à 90°C quelle que soit la contrainte électrique. La charge d’espace a elle aussi montré des évolutions significatives. Des différences ont été observées en fonction de la température, du champ électrique et du temps de vieillissement. Ces résultats ont été utilisés pour proposer une cinématique de vieillissement prenant en compte la charge d’espace et basé sur la consommation d’antioxydant menant à la croissance d’une couche de PRC oxydé contenant de nouvelles liaisons carbonyles comme le montre l’évolution de l’index de carbonyles. / The present work concerns the study of the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) used for high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation. The electrical properties of XLPE have been widely studied under AC stress, however the behaviour of these materials under high DC stress is less known and needs thorough investigation. The insulation should be better understood in terms of dielectric behaviour and lifetime. A better knowledge of HVDC insulation could allow manufacturers, utilities and TSO’s to propose a relevant qualification processes and to ensure that cable systems will remain safe and operational during their entire lifetime.This work introduces HVDC cables and especially the physical and chemical stresses assumed by the cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation due to operational conditions. XLPE insulation is the result of the reticulation of low density polyethylene (LDPE), obtained with the decomposition of the cumyl peroxide. It causes the presence of byproducts in the insulation. The cables, degassed in order to extract these byproducts contains antioxidant agents, protecting the insulation during the production of HVDC cables and during the exploitation. The stresses can influence the insulation dielectric properties. As example, the presence of electric charges could influence the lifetime of the insulation.The injection/conduction, loss mechanisms, dielectric rigidity, space charge and chemical properties have been investigated at initial state. Under thermal and electric stresses, charges can reach the injection energy according with different mechanisms. Then, charges can be carrier to the opposite electrode with different mechanisms. Dominant mechanisms have been identified: Schottky injection and Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC) conduction, according with applied electric field. Concerning loss mechanisms, the low frequency mechanisms are nearly DC conduction at room temperature and DC conduction for higher temperatures. Moreover, the dielectric loss factor increases when temperature increases. The dielectric rigidity has been measured with Weibull’s law on a panel of 12 samples. The value of this property is 375 kV/mm, at room temperature. The space charges have been measured using the Thermal Step Method (TSM). These analyses show that two types of charge are present in the material (homocharge and heterocharge). This effect is influenced by temperature and electric field. The total electric field (addition of the applied electric field and electric field due to space charge) reaches until 100 kV/mm whereas 60 kV/mm is applied. Concerning the chemical properties of XLPE samples, the melting point has been measured at 103°C and the crystallinity is about 39 %. Before ageing stresses, the carbonyl index is worth 0.5 due to the slight presence of carbonyl bonds.The impact of a combined electric and thermal stress on dielectric properties is studied at 70, 80 and 90°C under 30 and 60 kV/mm. Increases of capacitance and loss factor possibly linked to the nearly total consumption of the antioxidant have been observed at 90°C for each electrical stress. Space charge analysis has shown significant variations. Differences have been observed as a function of ageing test temperature, applied electric field stress and ageing time. These results have been used to propose an ageing mechanism taking into account the development of space charges and based on the consumption of the antioxidant leading to the grow of an XLPE oxidised coat containing new carbonyl bonds as indicated by the carbonyl index after 857 days under stresses.
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Partido Revolucionário Comunista (PRC) : trajetória e contribuições para o PT / Revolutionary communist party (PRC) : trajectory and contributions to the workers' party (PT)Osório, Pedro Luiz da Silveira January 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho aborda a trajetória do Partido Revolucionário Comunista (PRC), de existência tardia relativamente às demais organizações revolucionárias brasileiras, que atuaram predominantemente, entre 1961 e 1971. Registra o seu surgimento em 1984 e discorre sobre a sua resposta às demandas da esquerda na década de 1980, frente à crise teórico-prática dos partidos revolucionários. Analisa as suas concepções, que valorizam o conhecimento e o legado leninista, especialmente no que tange à organização política. Registra sua autodissolução e indica contribuições teóricas suas à política do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). Para isso, descreve a conjuntura política da época, bem como o contexto da esquerda brasileira. Assinala a sua convergência em direção ao PT e às consignas petistas, com as quais estabelece afinidades inicialmente conjunturais. / This thesis discusses the Communist Revolutionary Party (PRC) history. That party arose later when compared with other Brazilian revolutionary organizations whose period of action was predominantly between 1961 and 1971. It registers PRC's inception in 1984 and discusses its response to the left's demands during 1980's, facing the theoretical and practical crisis of revolutionary parties. It analyzes PRC's views, which values Leninist knowledge and legacy, especially regarding to political organization. It registers PRC's self-dissolution and indicates its theoretical contributions to the Workers' Party (PT) policies. To do that, it describes the political situation and the Brazilian left context of that time. It notes PRC's convergence towards PT and PT slogans, establishing juncture affinities at a first moment.
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