The Bolsa Família Program unified income transfer programs and facilitated control, oversight and provided the possibility of integration with other programs as stated Sanson (2008). Weissheimer (2006) stresses that the improvements were not only to rationalize and expand existing programs, not limited to the greater transfer of income, but also to the repercussions of the school attendance requirement of the children of beneficiary families, compliance with the vaccination schedule and follow-up of gestation and prohibition of Child labor. Based on the understanding that a policy to combat poverty must act in areas other than income transfer, Amartya Sen's theory allows a better basis for analyzing these effects and needs. The capabilities approach developed by Sen (1999) considers that the expansion of personal skills should be the goal of the development process and not the expansion of wealth or income, wealth should be seen as a means and not as an end of the process. In this dissertation, the policy analyzed was the Bolsa Família Program, using the theoretical basis of the training approach, 18 variables were distributed among four dimensions: housing, work, education and health. At the end of the analysis of all dimensions, the best gross results were found, for the majority of the variables, in the southeast region, mainly São Paulo State, indicating that this region has more infrastructure compared to the other regions of the country; Among the worst results, the northern region had the worst gross results, especially in variables related to access to durable goods and local infrastructure (sewerage, general grid, energy). The comparative result that indicates the local deprivation of the beneficiaries in the north and northeast region was positive, since it presented smaller differences between beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Another important result was that variables such as: bathroom, refrigerator, no portfolio, no education, Micropc, sewage and garbage, control of observable characteristics was not enough to explain the difference between groups, with positive results concentrated in non-beneficiaries; Already for the variables: busy, job search, working hours and general network had the difference explained in great part by the characteristics, with approximation of the results between groups after the pairing. For the variables that have conditionality directly linked to the PBF, the results were expressively higher among the beneficiaries, indicating that this counterpart method is efficient; The results indicated that the beneficiaries of the program have deficiencies in all dimensions, with difficulties of access to basic housing, work, education and health conditions that in some part could be explained by the observable characteristics, demonstrating that this deficiency is related to the geographic region And income, color, age and sex, in other variables, beneficiaries have less access even compared to individuals with similar characteristics. As the PBF is applied without distinction in all regions of the country, it has bottlenecks that can be improved by observing local needs and infrastructure and access difficulties in each region, allowing a broadening of benefits beyond conditionalities. / O Programa Bolsa Família unificou programas de transferência de renda e facilitou o controle, fiscalização e proporcionou a possibilidade de integração com outros programas como afirma Sanson (2008). Weissheimer (2006) destaca que as melhorias não foram apenas racionalizar e expandir os programas existentes, não se restringindo apenas à maior transferência de renda, mas às repercussões da exigência de frequência escolar das crianças de famílias beneficiadas, cumprimento do cronograma de vacinação e acompanhamento de gestação e proibição do trabalho infantil. A partir do entendimento de que uma política de combate à pobreza deve agir em outras áreas que não apenas a transferência de renda, a teoria de Amartya Sen permite maior embasamento para análise desses efeitos e necessidades. A abordagem das capacitações desenvolvida por Sen (1999) entende que a ampliação das capacitações pessoais deve ser o objetivo do processo de desenvolvimento e não a ampliação da riqueza ou renda, a riqueza deve ser vista como um meio e não como um fim do processo. Nesta dissertação, a política analisada foi o Programa Bolsa Família, utilizando a base teórica da abordagem das capacitações, foram distribuídas 18 variáveis entre quatro dimensões: condição de moradia, trabalho, educação e saúde. Ao fim da análise de todas as dimensões, os melhores resultados brutos foram encontrados, para a maioria das variáveis, na região sudeste, principalmente estado de São Paulo indicando que esta região possui maior infraestrutura comparada as demais regiões do país; entre os piores resultados, a região norte possuiu os piores resultados brutos, principalmente em variáveis relacionadas a acesso a bem duráveis e infraestrutura local (esgoto, rede geral, energia). O resultado comparativo que indica a privação local dos beneficiários a região norte e nordeste apresentaram destaque positivo, pois apresentou menores diferenças entre beneficiários e não beneficiários. Outro resultado importante foi que variáveis como: banheiro, geladeira, sem carteira, sem instrução, Micropc, esgoto e lixo, o controle das características observáveis não foi suficiente para explicar a diferença entre os grupos, permanecendo resultados positivos concentrados em não beneficiários; já para as variáveis: ocupado, procura emprego, horas de trabalho e rede geral tiveram a diferença explicada em grande parte pelas características, com aproximação dos resultados entre grupos após o pareamento. Para as variáveis que possuem condicionalidade diretamente ligada ao PBF, os resultados foram expressivamente superiores entre os beneficiários, indicando que este método de contrapartida é eficiente; os resultados indicaram que os beneficiários do programa possuem deficiências em todas as dimensões, com dificuldades de acesso a condições básicas de moradia, trabalho, educação e saúde que em alguma parcela puderam ser explicadas pelas características observáveis, demonstrando que essa deficiência está relacionada à região geográfica e a renda, cor, idade e sexo, em outras variáveis beneficiários possuem menos acesso mesmo comparados a indivíduos com características semelhantes. Como o PBF é aplicado sem distinção em todas as regiões do país, possui gargalos que podem ser melhorados observando carências locais e dificuldades de infraestrutura e acesso de cada região, permitindo uma ampliação dos benefícios para além das condicionalidades.

The idea of writing this essay begun as an attempt to enter into the current discussion about the theory and ethics of sustainability. The essay aims to compare the meaning of sustainability with two ethical theories that are currently used in developmental and environmental issues, namely the theories of Martha Nussbaum and Peter Singer, and see how coherent these theories are with the concept of sustainability. In order to achieve the essays aims, the study will have to discuss first issues regarding the ‘meaning of sustainability’ and discuss the challenges in its conceptualisation to finally outline a reasonable framework meaning for sustainability. The paper contributes in this way in forming consistency between what the conceptualisation of sustainability represents and how ethical systems could be more coherent with these conceptualisation efforts. This essay aims to answer how deontological and utilitarian perspectives provide guidance regarding sustainability and if these perspectives are coherent with sustainability as a concept. The essay understands coherence as ideas or structures that are logically compatible and that logically support each other. This study concludes that there is a possibility to delineate a coherent meaning for sustainability as a two-level meaning structure; one formal meaning where we found the principle of sustainability and without which, we would not be talking about sustainability and a second level, called the substantive meaning, where four main ethical relations arise, and where obligations and responsibilities appear. The study also concludes that there are certainly fundamental moral ideals and moral ideas embedded in sustainability that have the potential to be agreed upon in a global consensus. The formal meaning of continuance (sustainability moral ideal) gives in turn some fundamental moral ideas (normative relations) at a second level of definition. Additionally, the study shows that it is not self-evident which ethical model is more or less coherent with sustainability but the results indicate that a strong, coherent and egalitarian idea about the value of life, whether as flourished and functional as opportunities and interests, on which many of today's ethical systems are based on, can help an ethical system to be more coherent with the meaning of sustainability.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to incorporate the concept of equity in health and its importance in the discussion of human development within the Economy. Initially, a conversation between health and economy seems impossible, and to achieve this goal, this paper presents a literature course that begins in the traditional theory of welfare and reaches the capabilities approach. By adopting the concept of human development, proposed by the capabilities approach, and connect with the concept of health equity, has a very rich conversation in terms of assessment of the population lives. The capabilities approach adopts a multidimensional concept for human development, for which the life of people is the ultimate goal; health equity refers also to a multidimensional concept that ranges from genetic factors of the individuals to the macroeconomic environment in which they live. Thus, health equity is opening to participate in the economic discussion on human development through the multidimensionality that connects with the capabilities approach. Expand the vision of Economy based on well-being, based on the maximization of the utilities of individuals and development based on income, to a vision that embraces the individual as a whole, consisting of values and social and specific characteristics, it becomes an essential issue when it recognizes that people are the ultimate goal of the progress of countries. The literature survey identified that health equity is inherent to human success, social and economic development of nations, is also a major contemporary concern internationally and is a goal that is strongly linked to human development. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo incorporar o conceito de equidade em saúde e sua importância na discussão sobre desenvolvimento humano, dentro da Economia. Inicialmente, uma conversa entre saúde e economia parece algo impossível, e para atingir este objetivo, o presente trabalho apresenta uma trajetória bibliográfica que tem início na teoria tradicional do bem-estar e chega até a abordagem das capacitações. Ao adotar o conceito de desenvolvimento humano, proposto pela abordagem das capacitações, e o conectar com o conceito de equidade em saúde, tem-se uma conversa bastante rica em termos de avaliação da vida das populações. A abordagem das capacitações adota um conceito multidimensional para o desenvolvimento humano, para o qual a vida das pessoas é o fim último; a equidade em saúde refere-se também a um conceito multidimensional que abrange desde fatores genéticos dos indivíduos até o cenário macroeconômico no qual estão inseridos. Desta forma, a equidade em saúde encontra abertura para participar da discussão econômica sobre desenvolvimento humano, através da multidimensionalidade que a conecta com a abordagem das capacitações. Ampliar a visão da Economia baseada no bem-estar, fundamentado na maximização das utilidades dos indivíduos e no desenvolvimento baseado na renda, para uma visão que abrange o indivíduo em sua totalidade, constituída de valores e características sociais e individuais específicas, torna-se uma questão indispensável quando se reconhece que as pessoas são a finalidade última do progresso dos países. A pesquisa bibliográfica realizada permite identificar que a equidade em saúde é inerente ao sucesso humano, social e econômico das nações, é também uma importante preocupação contemporânea no contexto internacional e representa um objetivo que está fortemente ligado ao desenvolvimento humano.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The thesis finds that the majority of women affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa still live in conditions of poor access to health services, inadequate access to housing, limited access to property and live amidst gender-based violence. Nevertheless, there exist legal protections and jurisprudential developments in the country that are significant for the realisation of women's rights in the context of HIV and AIDS. The thesis concludes that the law is not the ultimate site for change to improve women's lives, but that applied with other efforts, can be transformative. / South Africa

This study explores the concepts of vulnerability, agency, and actors with relation to the capability development and deprivation of women with physical disabilities in Lusaka, Zambia. Based in the human development paradigm and Sen and Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach, it seeks to critically explore what impact being born, raised, and living as a woman with a physical disability in a developing country has on the development of capabilities. It also seeks to identify and analyze the involved processes, actors, and environmental factors. A main finding is that capability deprivation for women with physical disabilities is not simply caused by disability, or by gender, but by a multitude of factors. These include: the environment, social contexts, and relative poverty in which the women live; the particular cultural repertoires that surround them; and the actors with whom they interact. However, disability can, and often does, exacerbate the complex life situations in which the women find themselves.

The relationship between Gender Equality (GE) and Sustainability has been analysed for many years, with plenty of studies choosing the angle of the businesses environment to cut in. In addition, SMEs, as the predominant form of enterprise worldwide, are the primary source of employment in most countries. With that in mind, this research scrutinised internal and external drivers to Sustainability Engagement (SE) in Gotland SMEs from a Gender perspective, which presents a probable positive association between GE and SE in SMEs. The study mainly focuses on five female managers’ perceptions of GE and SE, supported by 16 responses to questionnaires. Under the Capabilities Approach (CA) and Dynamic Capabilities theoretical framework, we analyse the specific women managers’ Individual Dynamic Capabilities (IDC) and corporate Dynamic Capabilities, which proves that external and internal factors positively affect corporate SE. The study also introduces a particular psychological model of Social Desirability and Social Approval to delve deeper into female managers sensing mechanisms.

In this thesis, I seek to answer the question of what constitutes a tenable form of sexual citizenship for lesbian-, bisexual- and gay citizens by deploying two models of citizenship which have permeated scholarly and public discourse: the “liberal” and the “republican” model. This is done in conjunction with critical engagement with two political philosophers, and their conceptualization of citizenship. They are (1) The capabilities approach by Martha Nussbaum and (2) cosmopolitan federalism as presented by Seyla Benhabib. This thesis uses three primary questions: (1) On what basis are members of the polity chosen? (2) On what basis are the members of the polity able to participate politically? (3) How does the conceptualized model of citizenship account for social- and civil rights pertaining to sexual difference? These questions furthermore establish the basis for the analysis of the models.  In order to assess the answers that the different model provide, this thesis utilizes two analytic variables articulated in terms of lack of rights and disenfranchisement which will throughout this thesis act as underpinnings. These variables are predicated on reflecting two mechanisms of exclusions of lesbigay citizens, the claim being that the rejoinders to them are used to assess and constitute to a tenable sexual citizenship.

The purpose of this study is to display and analyse the barriers of problems that makes it hard to implement the capabilities approach created by Amartya Sen and further developed by Martha C. Nussbaum. The latter is used in this essay. With the help from normative analysis the three barriers and the solutions will be discussed. The barriers are: Human resistance against equality, meat-masculinity and the paradox of eating meat. The solutions put forward to these barriers are: Animal citizenship and animal rights, in vitro meat production and categorization of meat. The barriers and solutions are discussed with the fact that violence and wars are declining in the world and reason and intelligence is increasing, but there are still problems for implementing the capabilities approach. The conclusions of the essay are that there are problems in our society which makes it harder for the capabilities approach to be implemented. There are also solutions to these problems, which are all long term consequences and changes. The conclusions highlights some of the problems in our society and tries to give a guide to how we can solve them.

No / In this article, the ability of partnerships to generate goods that enhance the quality-of-life of socially and economically deprived urban communities is explored. Drawing on Rawl¿s study on social justice [Rawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge)] and Sen¿s capabilities approach [Sen, A.: 1992, Inequality Re-Examined (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA); 1999, Development as Freedom (Oxford University Press, Oxford); 2009, The Idea of Justice (Ellen Lane, London)], we undertake an ethical evaluation of the effectiveness of different approaches to partnership activity in city neighbourhood regeneration. We focus, in particular, on their impact on the social regeneration of disadvantaged communities. Governance of cross-sector partnerships, built upon negotiated values and strong community voice, may result in a greater sense of procedural justice, as well as improvements to orderliness in local neighbourhoods. However, distributive justice, the accumulation of, and access to, goods that enable greater participation in society, remains largely elusive within neighbourhood partnership activity. We conclude that social provision that deals fairly with the causes of disadvantage by enhancing the capabilities of local communities and increasing social capital is likely to be a more effective and sustainable approach for partnerships, despite being a longer-term and more costly endeavour.

This thesis provides a moral analysis of micro-regional forces in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, using the framework of the New Regionalism Approach (NRA). It presents an original contribution to the field through the addition of the Ghanaian-Ivoirian case study, as well as a unique application of Martha Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach to the NRA. In an attempt to counter the view that borders in Africa are artificial, arbitrary and the result of colonial imposition, this research employs the Capabilities Approach, providing a narrative of both positive and negative impacts resulting from the opportunity created by borders in West Africa. The way in which the Ghanaian-Ivoirian border is used by individuals in their security strategies in the face of economic deprivation and physical threats represents a positive impact of borders. Conversely, the role of borders in the continued prevalence of human trafficking in West Africa is also questioned in this piece, providing a balanced account of the impact of borders. This research concludes that the Ghanaian-Ivoirian border presents opportunities that can be exploited to both positive and negative ends at the micro-regional level. This interpretation suggests that any complete account of borders in West Africa more broadly ought to employ a moral framework in addition to a multi-levelled scale of analysis.