Neterminuotos darbo sutartys yra bendriausia ir pagrindinė darbdavių bei darbuotojų darbo santykių forma, tačiau tam tikromis aplinkybėmis – nenuolatinio pobūdžio darbams atlikti - vis dažniau atsiranda poreikis darbuotojus įdarbinti pagal terminuotas darbo sutartis, kurios tam tikromis aplinkybėmis labiau atitinka ir darbuotojų ir darbdavių interesus. Šiame magistro darbe yra nagrinėjamos Lietuvos ir Lenkijos darbo teisėje įtvirtintos nuostatos dėl terminuotos darbo sutarties rūšių išskyrimo, jos sudarymo prielaidos, vykdymo ypatumai bei nutraukimo pagrindai ir apribojimai, analizuojamas šių nuostatų įgyvendinimas teismų praktikoje. Taip pat analizuojamas abiejų valstybių terminuotą darbo sutartį reglamentuojančių nuostatų atitikimas EB Tarybos direktyvoje Nr. 1999/70/EB įtvirtintiems bendriesiems reikalavimams, įpareigojantiems kiekvieną valstybę narę nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose įtvirtinti normas, užtikrinančias vienodų sąlygų taikymą pagal terminuotas darbo sutartis dirbantiems darbuotojams, saugant juos nuo diskriminacijos bei neleisti piktnaudžiauti sudarant terminuotas darbo sutartis. Pažymėtina, jog dauguma terminuotą darbo sutartį reglamentuojančių normų Lietuvos ir Lenkijos darbo kodeksuose yra suderintos su Europos Sąjungos ir tarptautiniais teisės aktais. Terminuotos darbo sutarties analizė, lyginant abiejų valstybių nacionalinės darbo teisės normas, rodo, jog Lenkijos darbo kodeksas labiau orientuotas į liberalius, paremtus šalių lygybe, darbo teisinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Open-ended employment contracts are the most general and the main form of employment relationship between employers and employees; however, in certain circumstances – for the purposes of performing temporary work – there is an increasing need for recruitment of employees under fixed-term employment contracts, which in certain circumstances better respond to the interests of both employees and employers. This master thesis considers the provisions stipulated in the Lithuanian and Polish labour law regarding discernment of the fixed-term employment contract, preconditions for its conclusion, specific features of its execution as well as the basis for and restrictions on its termination; implementation of these provisions in judicial practice is considered. The author also analyses compliance of the provisions of both states regulating the fixed-term employment contract with the general requirements set forth in Council Directive 1999/70/EC and committing every member state to lay down in national legislation the norms ensuring equal treatment for fixed-term workers by protecting them against discrimination and to prevent abuse when concluding fixed-term employment contracts. It should be noted that the majority of the norms regulating the fixed-term employment contract in the Lithuanian Labour Code and the Polish Labour Code have been harmonised with legal acts of the European Union and international legal acts. Analysis of the fixed-term employment contract by comparing both... [to full text]

O Direito do Trabalho estabelece normas e princípios que regulam a relação de emprego, além de outras relações de trabalho legalmente equiparadas, quando houver a concorrência de todos os requisitos exigidos pela lei para sua incidência, dos quais se destaca, para este estudo, a subordinação. Tal requisito é identificado a partir de critérios que se confundem com a própria matriz do Direito do Trabalho, típica da sociedade industrial, os quais, todavia, vêm sofrendo transformações diante das novas formas de exercício do poder diretivo do empregador, surgidas, sobretudo, pelo avanço da tecnologia na área da comunicação e pelo crescimento do setor de serviços em detrimento do trabalho na indústria. O presente trabalho busca identificar quais os principais desafios ao modelo tradicional do Direito do Trabalho, fundado no conceito clássico de subordinação, considerando os serviços prestados sob demanda por meio de plataformas digitais. Para tanto, buscou descrever a evolução das classificações tradicionais das relações de trabalho e identificar as principais características do trabalho prestado por meio de plataformas digitais. Após, foi realizado levantamento de decisões dos Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho da 2ª e 3ª Regiões, referentes a reclamações trabalhistas, cujo pleito consistia no reconhecimento de vínculo empregatício pelos motoristas em relação à empresa Uber, dada a representatividade desta plataforma, dentre outras prestadoras desse tipo de serviço; também foram analisadas decisões paradigmas no Direito Comparado sobre o tema. A partir da sistematização das decisões analisadas, foi possível identificar os principais critérios utilizados pelos julgadores para a decisão da existência ou não de trabalho subordinado, bem como as tendências de mudanças interpretativas e adoção de novos critérios. Por fim, foram colocados os pontos sensíveis para a regulação do tema, como limitação da jornada de trabalho, segurança e discriminação, concluindo-se que para enfrentar tais desafios é necessária a superação da visão fundada nos requisitos tradicionais de identificação da subordinação, e, portanto, da própria relação de emprego, rumo a uma interpretação que leve em conta as novas formas e instrumentos de atuação do poder diretivo do empregador. / Labor Law is governed by norms and principles that regulate the employment relationship between employee and employer, in addition to other legally equivalent relations. For this study, subordination stands out from the other elements, being traditionally identified from criteria that are part of the established matrix of Labor Law itself, typical of industrial society. However, transformations due to the development of technology in communications and the growth of the service sector have led to new forms of exercizing the employer\'s directive power in relation to those exercied in the employment in industry. The present work aims to identify the main challenges to the traditional model of Labor Law, based on the classic concept of subordination (prior to the advent of the digital economy) but now having to consider the services provided on demand through digital platforms. To do so, it seeks to describe the evolution of the traditional classifications of labor relations and to identify the main characteristics of the work performed through digital platforms. An investigation was then made on the decisions of the Regional Labor Courts of the 2nd and 3rd Regions, regarding labor claims, that sought to recognise the employment relationship between drivers working for Uber and the company. Given the representativeness of this platform among other providers of this type of service, paradigm decisions in Comparative Law were also analyzed. From the systematization of the analyzed decisions, it was possible to identify the main criteria used by the judges to decide whether or not subordinate work is present, as well as the tendencies of interpretative changes and adoption of new criteria. Finally, sensitive points were set for the regulation of the subject, such as limitation of working hours, security and discrimination, and it was concluded that, in order to face such challenges, it is necessary to overcome the vision based on the traditional requirements of subordination, towards an interpretation that takes into account the new forms and instruments of action of the directive power of the employer.

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth examination of the terms and conditions found in the employment contracts of Florida Appointed School District Superintendents, with a secondary focus on salary and termination without cause. Employment contracts were obtained from each of the 26 school districts with appointed school superintendents, and then carefully analyzed for similarities and differences. The results of this study will provide Florida school districts with information to construct the best possible employment contracts to both attract top talent and protect the interests of the school district.

Longtemps délaissé, l’accord est aujourd’hui au coeur du processus de rupture du contrat de travail. A la suspicion qui entourait l’expression commune des volontés est substituée la confiance. La légalisation de la rupture d’un commun accord du contrat de travail par la loi du25 juin 2008 sous le nom de rupture conventionnelle en témoigne. Cette réforme a bouleversé le droit de la rupture du contrat de travail. Même s’il est acquis depuis longtemps que les parties peuvent mettre un terme d’un commun accord au contrat qui les unit sur le fondement de l’article 1134 du Code civil, cette modalité de rupture n’a longtemps été utilisée que de manière très ponctuelle. L’absence d’encadrement de cette technique et les restrictions apportées à son champ d’application l’expliquent en partie. La reconnaissance du commun accord comme mode de rupture spécifique du contrat de travail, auquel est attaché un régime précis et autonome, pourrait signifier la fin de l’utilisation de la rupture d’un commun accord de droit commun, considérée comme peu adaptée aux relations de travail. Un tel régime pourrait également mettre un terme au monopole détenu par les ruptures unilatérales, en particulier le licenciement. Une large prise en compte du dispositif de rupture conventionnelle est de nature à contribuer à l’apaisement et à l’équilibre des relations de travail. / Initially relinquished, mutual agreement is now at the heart of the process of terminating the employment contract. There has been an evolution tending to the shift from suspicion towards mutual agreement as a termination device to the trust in such means. This acquired trust is best illustrated by the recognition of employment termination via mutual agreement by the Act dated June, 25th 2008. The reform introduced by this Act transformed the legal regime applicable to the termination of employment contracts. Despite the fact that Article 1134 of the French Civil Code has long granted parties the possibility to terminate the contract binding them by mutually agreeing to do so, such mode of termination has only been resorted to on a fairly limited basis. This phenomenon can notably be explained by both the lack of clear legal framework applicable to this device, and the restrictions imposed on its ambit. The recognition of termination of the employment contract via mutual agreement as a device specifically applied in the field of labor law, as well as the definition of a specific and independent regime would be likely to give rise to ending the resort to Article 1134, whose scope is only general and not specifically tailored to labor relations. The implementation of this specific regime could put an end to the monopoly held by unilateral terminations of the employment contract, particularly the method of dismissal. A broad consideration of termination of the employment contract via mutual agreement can also contribute to the appeasement and balance in labor relations.

The thesis deals with the concept of flexicurity and its effects in the termination of the employment contract in the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden. The main aim of the thesis is to describe and compare both legislations from flexicurity perspective and suggest changes in the czech legislation. Strategy of flexicurity is one of the most discussed topics not only in the field of labour law but also in the field of social security systems and active labour market policies during the past few years. The concept of flexicurity can in a simplified way be characterized as a policy approach that tries to combine the flexibility of labor markets and job security for employees. According to the experts, flexicurity could help solve issues such as globalization or effects of economic crisis and higher unemployment occured due to the crisis. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspect of the concept of flexicurity and its application in the Czech Reoublic and the Kingdom of Sweden. Chapter One defines and explaines the concept of flexicurity as such, followed by examples of succesful European flexicurity models. The chapter concludes with a brief outline of current development of flexicurity at European level. Chapter Two describes the individual components...

80 Summary The theme of this thesis is "Contractual Obligations in Private International Law" and the subtopic is "Employment contract". Within such a defined theme, the thesis examines how Czech courts interpret employment contracts established under the US law. The first chapter outlines the different conceptions of the law in the Czech Republic and the United States of America as a result of different legal and historical development. The second chapter discusses the Czech Private International Law and its position within the Czech Private Law, because a Czech court basically applies Czech conflict rules. The third chapter focuses on two particular disputes of private relationships with an international elements that Czech courts discussed and decided. The subject of both disputes were to assess the termination of employment and other related issues. The aim of the last chapter is to consider these disputes in the light of current legislation. In order to do that I apply Act on Private International Law, as well as Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I bis), then Act on Private International and Procedure and the US Labour Law. Furthermore, I also apply mandatory rules of Regulation on the law applicable to contractual...

The aim of my thesis is to analyse the limits of arbitrability of labour disputes in Czech Republic and to describe Austrian labour-arbitration law. Subsequently I would like to focus on possible solutions of problems linked with arbitrability of labour disputes in Czech Republic. The reason for this study is my interest in both Czech and international arbitration. There is only a few papers which deals with arbitrability of labour disputes in Czech Republic although it is in my opinion very interesting and controversial topic. In connection with changes, introduced by the new Civil Code on 1st of January 2014, the Czech civil law is much more similar to the German and Austrian civil law than it was before. Due to this fact I focus on Austrian arbitration act, which could be important source of knowledge for amendments to Czech arbitration act. The thesis is composed of eight main chapters. The first chapter discusses arbitration in general. The second and third chapter describes alternative dispute resolutions and some other types of out-of-court settlements of both collective and individual labour disputes in Czech Republic. Chapter four explains arbitration and alternative resolution of labour disputes under German and Austrian acts. Chapter five provides an outline of relevant Czech case law. This...

The employment contract Abstract This thesis is dedicated to the employment contract. The main target of this thesis is to evaluate the law regulation of this contractual type and all the coherent regulation, with particular emphasis on the labor codex, with use of specialized literature and conclusions of judicial decisions and eventually to propose what regulation could be implemented by the law maker. The first part of this thesis is the entry to the theme of this thesis and its main target is to explain why I chose this theme, what will be the content of this thesis, what will be its aim and what methods will be used. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the term of the labor law, its position in the overall system of law and mainly to its principles as they influence the way that the whole labor law regulation is made. The third part of this thesis is dedicated to the term of the employment relationship as to an institute that is indivisible from the employment contract, to the process before it is based between the parties, to the ways of its creation, the content of the institute and its relation to the employment contract. The fourth part of this thesis is dedicated to the employment contract itself. The part describes the process before the contract is concluded, the form of the contract,...

A presente dissertação estuda a participação de pessoas com deficiências no mercado de trabalho. No primeiro capítulo, ventila-se a trajetória histórica da pessoa com deficiência desde a Idade Antiga até a Idade Contemporânea. A seguir, analisa-se a terminologia apropriada para denominar a pessoa que possui alguma forma de deficiência. No segundo capítulo, abordam-se as principais normas do Direito Internacional atinentes ao tema. A seguir, analisa-se o modo como a relação de emprego das pessoas com deficiência é abordada pelo Direito estrangeiro. No terceiro capítulo, discorre-se sobre a evolução do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro diante do tema, ponderando-se a aplicação da Constituição Federal e da Lei n. 8.213/91, bem como o papel do Ministério Público do Trabalho e do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e, ainda, os mecanismos e incentivos para o cumprimento da legislação. No quarto capítulo, são verificadas as peculiaridades do contrato de trabalho das pessoas com deficiência, analisando-se se a realidade brasileira observa os direitos assegurados pelas leis e pelo texto constitucional vigente, sopesando-se a existência de meios eficazes de fiscalização, incentivo e, até mesmo, exigência de contratação. Para a elaboração do presente estudo, utilizam-se os métodos indutivo com a coleta de elementos para análise e elaboração do tema para posterior discussão e conclusão , analítico-sintético com o exame de textos jurídicos e não jurídicos e comparativo com a análise das características e da influência de diversas legislações nas condições de trabalho das pessoas com deficiência em momentos cronológicos distintos. São utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, bem como a efetiva análise de textos legais. / This dissertation studies the participation of people with disabilities in the labor market. The first chapter talks about the historical trajectory of people with disabilities, from the Ancient Age to the Contemporary Age. Next, we analyze the appropriate terminology to describe the person who has some form of disability. In the second chapter we discuss the main rules of international law relating to the theme. Next, we analyze how the ratio of employment of people with disabilities is addressed by foreign law. The third chapter discusses the evolution of Brazilian law on the subject, considering the application of the Constitution and the Law 8.213/91, as well as the role of the Public Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and also the mechanisms and incentives for compliance. In the fourth chapter, we investigate the peculiarities of employment of people with disabilities by analyzing if the Brazilian reality observes the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and laws in force, weighing up the existence of effective means of enforcement, encouragement, and even hiring requirement. In this study, we use the inductive method collecting elements for analysis and preparation of the issue for further discussion and conclusion , analytic-synthetic method examining legal and non-legal texts , and comparative method analyzing the characteristics and influence of various laws in working conditions of disabled people in different chronological moments. We searched the literature and jurisprudence, as well as the effective analysis of legal texts.

Apesar dos diversos estudos realizados com motoristas de caminhão, poucas pesquisas estudaram o trabalho desses profissionais baseando-se na descrição da atividade feita pelo próprio trabalhador. O conhecimento dos próprios motoristas sobre sua atividade, assim como dos acidentes pode contribuir para a elaboração de medidas para a redução de acidentes, bem como ações que visem à promoção de saúde destes trabalhadores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer e analisar a atividade, aspectos da organização do trabalho e acidentes de motoristas de caminhão com diferentes vínculos empregatícios, partindo do relato dos próprios trabalhadores. O estudo realizou-se em uma empresa transportadora localizada no estado de São Paulo, no ano de 2010. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo tendo como método utilizado, a Análise Coletiva do Trabalho. Foram realizados quatro encontros, nos quais grupos de motoristas de caminhão, voluntários, descreveram às pesquisadoras sua atividade; não existiu um número pré-determinado de participantes para esse estudo. A partir dos dados obtidos, construíram-se as seguintes categorias: trabalho, saúde, repercussões do trabalho na vida familiar e social; vínculos empregatícios e acidentes de trabalho. Os resultados obtidos foram validados em reunião com os próprios trabalhadores. Quatro tipos de vínculos empregatícios foram encontrados na população de estudo: contratados, agregados, terceirizados e quarteirizados. Trabalhadores contratados e agregados queixaram-se do sistema de rastreamento e da atividade de enlonar e desenlonar o caminhão, diferentemente do relato dos terceirizados. Por outro lado, o relato dos terceirizados é semelhante ao dos agregados, pois em ambos os vínculos há possibilidade de maior autonomia no trabalho, maior retorno financeiro e escolha da data de retorno para casa. Entretanto, a instabilidade financeira e o desamparo de direitos trabalhistas são queixas freqüentes desses trabalhadores, o que não ocorre com os motoristas contratados. Dentre os vínculos estudados, motoristas agregados e quarteirizados são os que apresentam as condições de trabalho mais difíceis. O uso de drogas; o cansaço físico e mental; as ultrapassagens; a falta de profissionais qualificados no mercado; o sistema de rastreamento; a comissão e determinados tipos de carga estão relacionados aos acidentes envolvendo esses profissionais / Although there have been various studies of truck drivers, few studies have studied the work of these professionals based on a description of activities performed by the workers themselves. An understanding of accidents as well as the knowledge of the drivers about their own activities, can contribute to the development of measures to reduce accidents, and actions for the promotion of workers health. The aim of this study was to analyze the activity and aspects of work organization and accidents of truck drivers with different employment status, based on the report of the workers themselves. The study took place in 2010 at a transportation company located in São Paulo state. We conducted a qualitative study using the Collective Analysis of Work method. There were four meetings held in which groups of truck drivers, volunteers, described their activities to researchers; there was no pre-determined number of participants for this study. From the data obtained, we constructed the following categories: work, health, impact of work on family and social life and occupational accidents. The results were validated in a meeting with the workers themselves. Four types of employment contracts were found in the population studied: contractors, Aggregated contractors (own front part of truck only), and third-party contractors (own entire vehicle) and fourth party contractors (subcontractors to third-party contractors.) Contract workers and aggregate contractors complained about the tracking system and having to cover and uncover the truck, unlike the report of the third-party contractors. On the other hand, the third-party contractor report is similar to that of the aggregates, because in both job types there is the possibility of greater autonomy at work, greater financial return and the choice of the date to return home. However, financial instability and the relinquishing of labor rights are frequent complaints of these workers, which do not occur with hired drivers. Among the job types studied, aggregate drivers and forth party contractors are those with the most difficult working conditions. The use of drugs, physical and mental fatigue; overtaking, the lack of skilled professionals in the market, the tracking system, commission payment basis, and certain types of cargo are related to accidents involving these professionals