L’objectif de la recherche est d’étudier, dans une optique partenariale de la firme, l’efficacité des stratégies d’alliance dans le secteur financier français en termes d’amélioration de niveau d’orientation client des entreprises partenaires. Nous nous fondons, d’une part, sur l’approche par les connaissances et en particulier celle de l’apprentissage organisationnel, et d’autre part, sur la littérature portant sur le management des relations interentreprises. D’un point de vue théorique, des différentes approches traitant du management des alliances, notre recherche instrumentalise celle concevant ces stratégies comme un processus d'apprentissage organisationnel. L’analyse causale, étudie l’influence des modes de coordination des stratégies d’alliance sur le niveau d’orientation client des entreprises partenaires : Il s’agit des deux variables : confiance et contrôle. Cette influence s’exerce par le biais d’une variable centrale à savoir la qualité d’apprentissage organisationnel. Cette analyse explicative est réalisée grâce aux méthodes d’équations structurelles, de type PLS. Trois principaux résultats sont obtenus : quand les rapports entre les partenaires sont basés sur la confiance, la qualité d’apprentissage organisationnel dans l’alliance se retrouve meilleure ; l’exercice du contrôle dans l’alliance n’affecte pas la qualité d’apprentissage organisationnel ; et l’alliance, par l’apprentissage organisationnel qu’elle permet, améliore le niveau d’orientation client des entreprises partenaires. / Based on the perspective of the partnership of the firm we aim to study, alliance strategies in the French financial sector, in terms of the improvement of the level of customer orientation business partners. We are based, firstly, on the approach by the knowledge and especially that of organizational learning, and secondly, on the linkages’ management literature. From a theoretical point of view, in terms of the various approaches dealing with the management of alliances, our research exploits those which designing these strategies as a process of organizational learning. Causal analysis, studies the influence of the modes of coordination of alliance strategies on the level of customer orientation of companies: These are two variables: trust and control. This influence is exerted through a central variable namely the quality of organizational learning. Such explanatory analysis is performed using the methods of structural equation of PLS. Three main results are obtained: when the relationship between the partners is based on trust, quality of the organizational alliance learning is found best ; the exercise of control within the alliance does not affect the quality of learning organizational and The alliance allows organizational learning and improves the level of customer orientation business partners.

The thesis examines the influence of the financial and economic crisis on the economy of the United Kingdom. After a theoretical introduction to the financial and economic crises the impact of the crisis on the most important macroeconomic indicators is observed from the beginning of recession in 2008 until present. Final part of the work describes and analyzes the reaction of the British government and Central bank to alleviate the impact of the crisis on the real economy. It examines in detail two important issues, namely consolidation of public finances and restoring of British financial sector stability. With regard to economic development and current condition a possible future development of the British economy in the next few years is outlined.

Banking crisis and following sovereign debt crisis are the cause of some changes on the financial market. This thesis is mainly focused on the debt crisis and its impact on financial sector stability. Roots, consequences and probable solutions of the debt crisis are also examined. Among analysed solutions were included proposals for financial transaction tax, stability bonds and regulation under new concept of CRD IV, bail-in and federalization of the eurozone. Analysed are also ratings, fiscal policy and optimality of the euro currency areas and its impact on stability of financial institutions. According to results, some proposals could be contrary to each other if implemented in its present form. Or it can increase moral hazard of financial institutions. Another consequence is establishment of new regulations. On the other hand, positive is that financial institutions have endured the sovereign debt crisis.

La pandemia de COVID-19 significó una serie de desafíos y cambios para las personas; a los que debimos adaptarnos. Muchos países se vieron afectados por la crisis y esto chocó no solo a sus sistemas de salud pública, sino a sus economías, mercados, etc. El Perú, particularmente, fue afectado por el virus a principios de marzo de 2020, pero solo tardó un par de días más en crecer tanto que el Gobierno tuvo que instalar medidas como una cuarentena nacional y políticas de distanciamiento social, mientras que también se declaró al país en estado de emergencia. Esta situación perjudicó al mercado peruano y a sus muchos jugadores. No obstante, algunos sectores evolucionaron gracias al auge del comercio electrónico, como el financiero y bancario, liderados por instituciones como Visa, Mastercard y varios bancos. Sin embargo, mientras crecían online, las personas aún necesitaban consumir información en el mundo físico. Por lo tanto, empresas y Estado tuvieron que encontrar una manera de compartir mensajes manteniendo la calma y tranquilidad necesarias. En esta línea, este documento analizará a profundidad a uno de estos jugadores, Mastercard; sus respuestas comunicacionales, y su uso de las relaciones públicas como una herramienta para lograr sus objetivos. / The COVID-19 pandemic meant a new set of challenges and changes for individuals that we just needed to adapt to. Many countries were hit with the crisis and this affected not only their public health systems but their economies, markets, jobs, income, etcetera. Peru, particularly, was hit with the virus in early March of 2020, but it only took a couple more days for it to grow so much that the government had to install measures such as a nationwide quarantine and social distancing policies, while also declaring the country in State of Emergency. This situation hurt the Peruvian market and its many players. Nonetheless, some sectors managed to evolved thanks to the rise of ecommerce, specially the financial and banking sectors, led by institutions such as Visa, Mastercard, and many banks. However, while growing online, people still needed to consume information from the physical world. Thus, companies and the State had to find a way to share messages while maintaining the calm and tranquility necessary. In this line, this paper will further intrude into one of these players, Mastercard, communicational responses and it’s use of public relations as an adequate tool to accomplish said goals. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo proponer la implementación de una Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos (PMO) en la Gerencia de Operaciones e Infraestructura (GOI) de una entidad financiera. Se ha identificado que los dos principales problemas en relación a la gestión de proyectos, dentro de la gerencia, son el elevado porcentaje de proyectos cancelados y el elevado porcentaje de proyectos que exceden el presupuesto planificado. Las causas principales de estos problemas son la falta de una metodología o estándares basados en las buenas prácticas para la gestión de proyectos y la falta de un organismo encargado de proponer, difundir y controlar el cumplimiento de esta metodología o de las buenas prácticas en la gestión de proyectos dentro de esta Gerencia. Con la implementación de la PMO, se otorgará un mayor control y soporte en la gestión de proyectos, así como, mejorar el desempeño de dicha gestión implementando una metodología que defina las normas y procedimientos que permitan un óptimo planeamiento, medición y control de los proyectos basado en las buenas prácticas y estándares, desarrollados bajo la supervisión del Project Management Institute (PMI). Este trabajo de investigación está compuesto por 4 capítulos. En el capítulo 1, se desarrolla el marco teórico donde se describe la situación del sector y conceptos relacionados a la gestión de proyectos, portafolios, PMO y OPM3. En el capítulo 2, se describe la situación actual de la empresa y de la Gerencia de Operaciones e Infraestructura, la problemática que afronta en relación a la gestión de proyectos, y se realiza una evaluación del nivel de madurez de su gestión de proyectos. Además, se describe la necesidad de implementar la PMO como solución a los problemas identificados. En el capítulo 3, se describe la propuesta y despliegue de la PMO donde se incluye su planeamiento y diseño, así como el plan de despliegue de la PMO. Adicionalmente se define la estrategia de implementación de la PMO, donde se detalla el análisis costo beneficio de la propuesta. Finalmente, en el capítulo 4, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo de investigación. / This research paper has the objective to propose the implementation of a Project Management Office as part of the Operations and Infrastructure Management of a financial institution. It has been identified that the two main issues regarding project management are the high percentage of cancelled projects as well as projects that exceed the original budget. The main reasons that are causing these problems are the lack of methodologies based on an efficient practice in project management, the lack of an organization in charge of proposing, promoting and controlling that the methodology is implemented, and the lack of a good practice in project management inside this area. With the implementation of the proposed Project Management office, there will be more control and support in project management. In addition, there will be improvement in managing this area because regulations and procedures to optimize planning, measurement and control will be implemented and developed based on the best practices and standards under the supervision of the Project Management Institute. This research work is composed of four chapters. The first chapter introduces the theoretical framework where the situation and concepts related to project management, portfolios, PMO and OMP3 are described. The second chapter describes the current situation of the company and operations and infrastructure management, and the problems they confront regarding project management and an evaluation of the level of maturity of project management is made. Besides, the need of implementing the PMO as a solution to the identified problems is described. In chapter 3, the description of the proposal and deployment of the PMO is presented, including the planning and design. Additionally, the strategy of the implementation of the PMO is defined, and the project is explained, including the cost-benefits analysis of the proposal. Finally, in chapter 4, some conclusions and recommendations are given / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente estudio se tuvo como objetivo determinar el impacto financiero de la continuidad del negocio bajo el contexto de COVID-19 en las principales instituciones financieras en Lima, año 2020. El trabajo de investigación se divide en 5 capítulos: En el capítulo 1 se usa importante literatura en relación con las variables de estudio encontradas, se expuso los conceptos y su finalidad. Posteriormente, en el segundo capítulo se expone la situación actual del problema, objetivo general y especifico. Luego, en el tercer capítulo, se realiza el estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo por medio de encuestas y entrevistas a la muestra seleccionada. Seguidamente, en el cuarto capítulo se desarrolla la investigación y se procesan los datos, asimismo, por medio de un caso práctico se evalúa el impacto financiero bajo el contexto del COVID-19 en una empresa financiera de la muestra seleccionada. Concluyendo en el quinto capítulo, se validó la hipótesis general y especificas mediante el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas. Asimismo, se analizó las entrevistas en profundidad y el caso práctico, para finalmente, formular las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la presente tesis. / The objective of this study was to determine the financial impact of business continuity under impact under the context of COVID-19 in the main financial institutions in Lima, year 2020. The research work is divided into 5 chapters: In chapter 1, important literature is used in relation to the study variables found, the concepts and their purpose were exposed. Subsequently, in the second chapter the current situation of the problem, general and specific objective is exposed. Then, in the third chapter, the qualitative and quantitative study is carried out through surveys and interviews with the selected sample. Next, in the fourth chapter, the research is developed and the similar data is processed, through a practical case the financial impact is evaluated under the context of COVID-19 in a financial company of the selected sample. Concluding in the fifth chapter, the general and specific hypothesis were validated by analyzing the results obtained in the surveys. Likewise, the in-depth interviews and the practical case were analyzed, to finally formulate the conclusions and recommendations of this thesis. / Tesis

Infrastructure is one of the main parameters of economic growth and a country‘s competitiveness depends on the provision and maintenance of efficient and productive infrastructure assets. However, Nigeria, like most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest quantity and poorest quality of stocks of infrastructure assets in the world and this phenomenally poor infrastructure has remained an impediment to development in the country. Decades of sub-optimal investment, poor maintenance culture and the fact that the required infrastructure investments could not be accommodated within the available fiscal space as a result of budgetary constraints have all contributed to the Nigeria‘s infrastructure deficit. The immediate outcome of this however is that the available infrastructure assets across the Nigerian landscape are in decrepit state and absurdly inadequate. Besides, the present demand for basic infrastructure services has grown astronomically out-stripping the supply capacity of the existing ones. Closing the infrastructure financing gap will however require increased investment by private investors through creative financing in an enabling legal and financial environment. Outside the budgetary constraints, the absence of efficient maintenance and management of infrastructure assets and quality service delivery by the public sector are some of the reasons why procurement of public infrastructure stocks by government through the traditional approach is no longer plausible and hence, the general appeal of the public-private partnership framework. However, despite all the potentials, the public private partnership technique in Nigeria has not made an appreciable impact in closing the infrastructure gaps due to lack of access to long-term financing. It is against this back-drop that this study has sought to investigate how reforms of the legal and financial infrastructure could widen access to financing through innovative financial resource mobilization in scaling-up infrastructure development and service delivery to the teeming Nigeria population. Therefore, the central thesis of this study is that the inadequacy of appropriate laws and inefficient financial system are partly responsible for the huge financing gaps in the Nigeria‘s infrastructure market and with the legal and financial reforms, an enabling legal and financial environment that would open up space for resource mobilization through innovative financing techniques and sources will be created thereby widening access to long-term financing and increasing the appetite for private investment in the nation‘s public infrastructure assets and services. So, the overarching objective of this thesis is to explore how legal and financial system reforms can facilitate the development of financial models and instruments that can help mobilize financial resources to fund infrastructure and bridge the huge infrastructure financing gaps in Nigeria in a sustainable fashion. Given the infrastructure poverty that constrains economic growth and development in Nigeria, the outcomes of this proposed study would help inform the need for the legal and financial system reforms to unlock resources in addressing the problems of financing gaps in infrastructure projects development in Nigeria. Besides, such outcomes based on the Nigerian experience in infrastructure financing and development may be turned into valuable knowledge for policy –making and further research in Nigeria. Copyright / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Bank leaders spend an average of $727 to acquire a new customer and $287 to retain current customers. Grounded in customer relationship management and adaptation level theories, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between service quality and customers' intention to switch banking service. An online survey was administered to 203 Jamaican banking customers. The target population was selected to identify if the Jamaican banks' customer service adhered to the customer satisfaction principles developed by Parasuraman. The independent variables were the 10 dimensions of service quality. Competence, courtesy, credibility, and access were removed because of multicollinearity issues. The dependent variable was the customers' intention. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship, F(6, 196) = 15.074, p < .001, between service quality and customer intent to switch banking services. The six predictors: tangibles (r = -.303, p < .005), reliability (r = -.253, p < .008), responsiveness (r = .35, p < .001), safety (r = -.433, p < .001), communication (r = -.184, p < .028), and empathy (r = -.357, p < .001), accounted the largest variance for (β = -.316) of the customers' intention of the Jamaican banking service. The implications for positive social change include the potential for bank leaders to develop customer-focused banking policy, increase customer satisfaction, and decrease costs related to losing customers, thus increasing profitability.

SAMMANFATTNING Titel: ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Axel Almefors Sjögren och Martin Lötberg Handledare: Jan Svanberg  Datum: 2023 – Maj Syfte: Hållbarhetsredovisningens betydelse hos företag har ökat sedan dess introduktion år 1981. Detta har resulterat i att företagen bär ett större ansvar för sina anställda, leverantörer, intressenter, miljön och samhället. Samtidigt har den finansiella sektorn en väsentlig roll för att länders samhällsekonomier ska vara funktionella. Trots detta har tidigare studier börjat ifrågasätta hållbarhetsredovisningens värde på grund av tvetydiga resultat. Tidigare studier har bland annat funnit dessa tvetydiga resultat hos företag som är etablerade inom olika branscher, marknader, sektorer och länder. Utifrån dessa resultat har det blivit betydande att enbart undersöka en specifik sektor inom ett visst avgränsat geografiskt område, som är välutvecklat för att se hur utvecklingen skett. Studiens syfte blir således att undersöka om ESG-betyg korrelerar med finansiellt resultat inom den nordiska finansiella sektorn. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvantitativ deduktiv ansats ifrån den positivistiskaforskningsfilosofin. Studiens insamlade data är av sekundär art och har inhämtats ifrån Thomson Reuters datastream Refinitiv Eikon. 40 finansiella företag ifrån Sverige, Norge, Danmark och Finland har analyserats för räkenskapsåren 2019-2022. Studiens data har sedan analyserats genom statistikprogrammet SPSS, där univariat, bivariat och multivariat analys har tillämpats.  Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar inga signifikanta samband mellan den oberoende variabeln ESG-betyg och de tre beroendevariablerna ROA, ROE och Tobin’s Q.Detta innebär att studien inte kan dra några generella slutsatser om sambanden mellan variablerna. Trots avsaknad signifikans visar regressionsanalyserna för ROA och ROE ett mer negativt samband och ett mer positivt samband för Tobin’s Q. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar med en mer uppdaterad undersökning av sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiella prestationer inom den nordiska finansiella sektorn. Utifrån detta bidrar studien med ökad kunskap gällande sambandet, vilket kan vara till intresse för potentiella investerare och intressenter. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I och med att studien inte fann några signifikanta samband för räkenskapsåren 2019-2022 vore det intressant att undersöka sambandet på längre sikt. Detta för att se om företagens eventuella kapitalkostnader har reducerats, samt om företagen har återhämtat sig ifrån Covid-19 pandemin. Det vore även till intresse om framtida forskning tillämpar fler ESG-betyg än enbart Thomson Reuters för att få ett mer sammanhållet ESG-betyg.  Nyckelord: ESG-betyg, Finansiella prestationer, Marknadsvärde, Finanssektorn, Banksektorn, Nordiska länderna. / ABSTRACT Title: ESG-rating and financial performance Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Axel Almefors Sjögren and Martin Lötberg Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2023 - May Aim: The importance of sustainability reporting among companies has increased since its introduction in 1981. This has resulted in companies taking greater responsibility for their employees, suppliers, stakeholders, the environment and society. At the same time, the financial sector plays an essential role in the functioning of national economies. Despite this, previous studies have started to question the value of sustainability reporting due to ambiguous results. Previous studies have found these ambiguous results among companies established in different industries, markets, sectors and countries. Based on these results, it has become significant to examine only a specific sector within a certain limited geographical area, which is well developed to see how the development has taken place. The purpose of the study is thus to investigate whether ESG ratings correlate with financial performance in the Nordic financial sector. Method: The study applies a quantitative deductive approach from the positivist research philosophy. The study's collected data is of a secondary nature and has been obtained from Thomson Reuters datastream Refinitiv Eikon. 40 financial companies from Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland have been analyzed for the financial years 2019-2022. The study's data has then been analyzed through the statistical program SPSS, where univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis has been applied. Results and conclusions: The results of the study show no significant correlation between the independent variable ESG rating and the three dependent variables ROA, ROE and Tobin's Q. This means that the study cannot draw general conclusions about the relationship between the variables. Despite the lack of significance, the regression analyses for ROA and ROE show a more negative relationship and a more positive relationship for Tobin's Q. Contribution of the thesis: The study provides a more updated examination of the relationship between ESG ratings and financial performance in the Nordic financial sector. Based on this, the study contributes to increased knowledge about the relationship, which may be of interest to potential investors and stakeholders. Suggestions for future research: As the study did not find any significant relationships for the financial years 2019-2022, it would be interesting to examine the relationship in the longer term. This is to see whether companies' potential capital costs have been reduced, and whether companies have recovered from the Covid-19 pandemic. It would also be of interest if future research applies more ESG ratings than just Thomson Reuters to get a more coherent ESG rating. Key words: ESG rating, Financial performance, Market value, Financial sector, Banking sector, Nordic countries

I en era där digital transformation snabbt omformar industrier är det avgörande att förstå hur chefer navigerar i en digital arbetsmiljö. Denna studie undersöker hur chefer i stora banker som Nordea, Handelsbanken och Sparbanken anpassar sig till den digitala arbetsplatsen och dess möjligheter och utmaningar. I denna studie beskrivs digitala verktyg, särskilt Teams, förbättra samarbete, produktivitet och effektivitet i en digital arbetsmiljö, medan utmaningar som att upprätthålla personliga relationer ökar. För att framgångsrikt navigera i den digitala transformationen krävs att både chefer och medarbetare är medvetna om utmaningarna och lär sig nödvändiga kompetenser för att effektivt arbetsleda i den digitala arbetsmiljön. Nyckelstrategier och kompetenser som framhålls för effektivt digitalt ledarskap inkluderar att skapa en digital kultur, kommunikationsfärdigheter, digital intelligens och digitala kompetenser. Genom att förstå och lyfta fram individuella perspektiv och erfarenheter ger denna studie en nyanserad förståelse av både möjligheterna och utmaningarna med digital transformation, vilket säkerställer att chefer och organisationer kan utnyttja fördelarna med denna nya digitala era. Titel: Att leda i en digital värld: En kvalitativ studie om användning av digitala verktyg och dess betydelse för chefer i finansbranschen.  Ämne: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi med inriktning Ledarskap, 15 hp.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förstå hur chefer inom finansbranschen hanterar en digital arbetsmiljö genom användningen av digitala verktyg. Metod: Denna uppsats har utförts med en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har använts i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer.  Resultat/slutsats: Resultaten visar att chefer inom finansbranschen, särskilt banksektorn, effektivt använder digitala verktyg för att öka effektiviteten och bygga samt bevara relationerna i denna digitala era. Den digitala transformationen medför dock sina egna utmaningar, såsom att upprätthålla personliga relationer och skapa en balans mellan digitala och fysiska interaktioner. Att hantera dessa utmaningar är avgörande för att skapa en enad och produktiv arbetsmiljö. Bidrag: Denna studie bidrar till förståelsen av digitalt ledarskap inom finansbranschen, särskilt banksektorn, genom att identifiera nyckelkompetenser som chefer kan använda för att hantera de olika utmaningarna i en digital miljö och utnyttja de digitala verktygen till deras fördel.  Nyckelord: Digitala verktyg, chefer, digital arbetsledning, digital arbetsmiljö, digital transformation, finanssektorn. / In an era where digital transformation is rapidly reshaping industries, it is crucial to understand how managers navigate through a digital work environment. This study examines how managers at major banks such as Nordea, Handelsbanken, and Sparbanken adapt to the digital workplace and its opportunities and challenges. Key findings reveal that digital tools, especially Teams, enhance collaboration, productivity and efficiency in a digital work environment but challenges such as maintaining personal relationships grows. Successful digital transformation requires that both managers and employees are aware of the challenges and learn essential skills to navigate the digital work environment. Key strategies and competencies highlighted for effective digital leadership include building a digital culture, communication skills, digital intelligence and digital competencies. By showcasing individual perspectives and experiences, this study offers a nuanced understanding of both the opportunities and challenges of digital transformation, ensuring that managers and organizations can utilize the benefits of this new digital era. Title: Leading in a Digital World: A qualitative study on the use of digital tools and their significance for managers in the financial industry. Subject: Bachelor’s thesis in Business Administration with a specialization in Leadership, 15 credits. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how managers within the finance industry manage a digital work environment through the use of digital tools. Method: This thesis has been conducted using an abductive approach, employing a qualitative research strategy in the form of semi-structured interviews. Result/conclusion: The findings reveal that managers within the financial industry, particularly, the banking sector, are effectively using digital tools to enhance efficiency and build and maintain relationships in this digital era. However, the digital transformation also brings its own different challenges, such as maintaining personal connections and achieving a balance between digital and face-to-face interactions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for creating a unified and productive work environment.  Contributions: This study contributes to the understanding of digital leadership in the financial sector, particularly, the banking sector by identifying key competencies that managers can use to manage the different challenges in a digital work environment and utilize digital tools to their advantage. Keywords: Digital tools, managers, digital work management, digital work environment, digital transformation, financial sector.