Sur le point de disparaître en France à la fin du XIXe siècle, la peine de mort connaît un regain à pai1ir de 1906. S'appuyant sur les émotions punitives présentes dans l'opinion publique ainsi que sur les discours criminologiques, le système judiciaire vise à l'élimination de certains accusés. La peine capitale reste cependant marginale dans l'ensemble de la répression pénale et ne punit qu'une minorité de crimes de sang considérés comme particulièrement atroces. Les condamnés à mort sont fréquemment issus des couches les plus misérables et les moins intégrées de la société. Les discours judiciaires, plaidoiries, réquisitoires, expertises, s'affrontent pour déterminer si ces individus peuvent disposer de circonstances atténuantes. Les fonctions de la peine de mort sont alors discutées: s'agit-il de faire un exemple, de venger, ou d'épurer le corps social? S'entremêlent alors considérations rationnelles et émotionnelles. Ces discussions ont lieu à deux niveaux : celui de la cour d'assises d'abord, où l'enjeu est de convaincre les citoyens siégeant comme jurés, celui de l'administration ministérielle et présidentielle ensuite, où l'enjeu est de décider d'une éventuelle grâce. Les condamnés à mort, en attendant que l'on statue sur leur sort, sont détenus dans des conditions particulièrement sévères, devant éviter évasion ou suicide. Leur temps et leur espace sont extrêmement normés, ce qui ne les empêche pas de les aménager à des fins qui leur sont propres. La préparation à mort s'inscrit dans des perspectives tant laïques et religieuses Le cas échéant, la décision d'exécution mobilise forces de l'ordre, personnel pénitentiaire, l'exécuteur et ses aides, pour un acte conjuguant aspects bureaucratiques et brutale violence. Sinon, le condamné est rendu aux circuits pénitentiaires ordinaires, où il risque cependant une autre forme de mort pénale. / Death penalty was about to disappear in France at the end of the 19th century. But the number of death sentences rose after 1906. The judiciary relied on the punitive emotions of the public opinion and on the criminological knowledge to eliminate some of the defendants. The capital punishment was very minor in the whole penal repression and its enforcement punished a small number of murders, considered as particularly heinous. The people sentenced to death came from the most miserable and less integrated parts of the society. Judicial discourses, such as speeches for the prosecution or the defense, or testimonies, confronted each other to determine if these people should benefit of mitigating circumstances. The functions of the death penalty were then discussed: deterrence, retribution, revenge or purge of the social body? Emotional as well as rational arguments were used. The cases were exposed at two different levels: a first time in front of the criminal court and of the citizen seating in the jury, a second time in front of the presidential advisors and of the President of the Republic, who had to decide of the pardon or the execution. The people sentenced to death had to wait their fate in particularly harsh conditions, which aimed at avoiding suicide or escape. Very strong rules framed their time and their space but some of them succeeded to adjust their environment for their own purposes. The preparation to death could be religious or secular. It the need arose, police, army, penitentiary staff, as well as the executioner and his helps were summoned to perform the execution, an act combining bureaucratic aspects and rough violence. In the other case the prisoner was held back to the ordinary prison system, where he could still risk another form of penal death.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3026.pdf: 787544 bytes, checksum: c8f4e87ba140a995dfd98e384f44f5ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / The purpose of our research is to study the characteristics and actions of the group known as Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), in their relations with the institutions of the criminal justice system (police subsystem and criminal justice, execution, and administration), and the ramifications of the series of attacks perpetrated by that organization between May and August of 2006. At first, we give a theoretical analysis of the police apparatus and organized crime to, in turn, investigate the emergence, structure, activities, and objectives of PCC. We also focus on the series of attacks on these dates, on their effects on the criminal organization and, above all, on the public institutions who combat them. We compare these institutions evolution and the relationship between them, attempting to establish the degree to which the series of attacks became a catalyst for institutional change and in what way it allowed for a greater approximation between the institutions that are a part of this system. / O propósito de nossa pesquisa é estudar as características e a atuação do grupo conhecido como Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), em sua relação com as instituições do sistema de justiça criminal (subsistemas policial e de justiça, execução e administração penal), assim como os desdobramentos da onda de ataques levada a cabo por aquela organização de maio a agosto de 2006. De início, procuramos realizar uma análise teórica do aparelho policial e do crime organizado para, em seguida, investigarmos o surgimento, estrutura, atividades e objetivos do PCC. Também focamos a onda de ataques comandada pelo PCC naquela data e os efeitos que esta teve sobre essa organização criminosa e, sobretudo, sobre as instituições públicas que travaram combate contra essa facção. Comparamos a evolução das instituições do sistema de justiça criminal e as relações que mantêm entre si, procurando estabelecer em que medida a onda de ataques serviu como catalisador de mudanças institucionais e de que forma ela possibilitou uma maior aproximação entre as instituições que compõem aquele sistema.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_fa_me_rcla.pdf: 964548 bytes, checksum: ef274b7fffaca284b95daa6655d5e74b (MD5) / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral, investigar as marcas deixadas pelas três esferas: escola, assistência e Sistema de Justiça na vida dos adolescentes em liberdade assistida. Os objetivos específicos são investigar e analisar, a partir dos depoimentos a relação de adolescentes com a escola e com os estudos; caracterizar e analisar a relação dos adolescentes com a assistência e com o Sistema de Justiça, com foco apenas em três das instituições: o judiciário, a polícia e o COMEC – Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor de medida sócio educativa. Este último – o COMEC está considerado no Sistema de Justiça para fins de organização da pesquisa. Para tanto foram entrevistados nove adolescentes em Liberdade Assistida, executada pelo COMEC. Esse número representa aproximadamente 10% da população atendida matriculada na escola pública, cadastrada no banco de dados digital da instituição em agosto de 2006. Para examinar as narrativas empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram organizados em cinco categorias: 1. um olhar para o ato infracional: O que dizem os adolescentes?; 2. um olhar para a relação adolescente, família e assistência; 3. um olhar para a relação com a escola e com os estudos. Esta categoria de análise foi subdividida em: O adolescente em Liberdade Assistida e a Escola, o adolescente em Liberdade Assistida na escola; 4. um olhar para a relação com o Sistema de Justiça. Esta categoria de analise foi subdividida em: 4.1 - A relação dos adolescentes com o Poder judiciário, 4.2 - A relação dos adolescentes com o COMEC e 4.3 - A relação dos adolescentes com força repressiva do Estado: a polícia; e, 5 . A perspectiva de futuro dos adolescentes. As conclusões do trabalho revelaram um universo complexo. Sobre a escola, os entrevistados declaram não encontrar sentido em freqüentar a mesma, se sentem... / This research was aimed, in general, at investigating the marks left by the three levels: school, assistance and Juvenile Justice System in the lives of adolescents in assisted freedom. The specific objectives aimed at investigating and analyzing, from the testimonials, the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the school and with their studies, and characterize and analyze the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the Assistance and with the Justice System, focusing on only three of the institutions that make it up: Comec - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor of the socio-education program, the judiciary and the police. For that, we have had interviewed nine adolescents who were participating of the socioeducation program of Freedom Assisted, executed by Comec. This number represents approximately 10% of the population registred in the institution and also attended in public schools, pointed by Comec’s digital database in August, 2006. For the examination of the narratives collected the technique used was the content analysis. Data were organized into five categories: 1. A look at an infringement: What young people say? 2. A look at the relationship: adolescent, family and assistance; 3. A look at the relationship with the school and with their studies. This type of analysis was divided into: The adolescent in assisted freedom and School, the adolescent in assisted freedom in the School; 4. A look at the relationship with the Justice System. This type of analysis was divided into: 4.1 - The relationship of these adolescents with the Judiciary, 4.2 - The relationship of these adolescents with Comec; 4.3 - The relationship of adolescents with repressive force of the state: the police, and, 5. Adolescents’ prospects for the future. The findings of the study revealed a complex universe. The interviewees talked about the school... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Leila Maria Ferreira Salles / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Trassi Teixeira / Banca: José Fernando de Siqueira da Silva / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral, investigar as marcas deixadas pelas três esferas: escola, assistência e Sistema de Justiça na vida dos adolescentes em liberdade assistida. Os objetivos específicos são investigar e analisar, a partir dos depoimentos a relação de adolescentes com a escola e com os estudos; caracterizar e analisar a relação dos adolescentes com a assistência e com o Sistema de Justiça, com foco apenas em três das instituições: o judiciário, a polícia e o COMEC - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor de medida sócio educativa. Este último - o COMEC está considerado no Sistema de Justiça para fins de organização da pesquisa. Para tanto foram entrevistados nove adolescentes em Liberdade Assistida, executada pelo COMEC. Esse número representa aproximadamente 10% da população atendida matriculada na escola pública, cadastrada no banco de dados digital da instituição em agosto de 2006. Para examinar as narrativas empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram organizados em cinco categorias: 1. um olhar para o ato infracional: O que dizem os adolescentes?; 2. um olhar para a relação adolescente, família e assistência; 3. um olhar para a relação com a escola e com os estudos. Esta categoria de análise foi subdividida em: O adolescente em Liberdade Assistida e a Escola, o adolescente em Liberdade Assistida na escola; 4. um olhar para a relação com o Sistema de Justiça. Esta categoria de analise foi subdividida em: 4.1 - A relação dos adolescentes com o Poder judiciário, 4.2 - A relação dos adolescentes com o COMEC e 4.3 - A relação dos adolescentes com força repressiva do Estado: a polícia; e, 5 . A perspectiva de futuro dos adolescentes. As conclusões do trabalho revelaram um universo complexo. Sobre a escola, os entrevistados declaram não encontrar sentido em freqüentar a mesma, se sentem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was aimed, in general, at investigating the marks left by the three levels: school, assistance and Juvenile Justice System in the lives of adolescents in assisted freedom. The specific objectives aimed at investigating and analyzing, from the testimonials, the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the school and with their studies, and characterize and analyze the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the Assistance and with the Justice System, focusing on only three of the institutions that make it up: Comec - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor of the socio-education program, the judiciary and the police. For that, we have had interviewed nine adolescents who were participating of the socioeducation program of Freedom Assisted, executed by Comec. This number represents approximately 10% of the population registred in the institution and also attended in public schools, pointed by Comec's digital database in August, 2006. For the examination of the narratives collected the technique used was the content analysis. Data were organized into five categories: 1. A look at an infringement: What young people say? 2. A look at the relationship: adolescent, family and assistance; 3. A look at the relationship with the school and with their studies. This type of analysis was divided into: The adolescent in assisted freedom and School, the adolescent in assisted freedom in the School; 4. A look at the relationship with the Justice System. This type of analysis was divided into: 4.1 - The relationship of these adolescents with the Judiciary, 4.2 - The relationship of these adolescents with Comec; 4.3 - The relationship of adolescents with repressive force of the state: the police, and, 5. Adolescents' prospects for the future. The findings of the study revealed a complex universe. The interviewees talked about the school... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

To what extent does studying jurisdictional politics need the knowledge of different administrative theories in general and the science of public administration in particular? This small text proposes such reflection and comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to propose a new approximation to this topic without considering the administrative theory, for that the specialists and thinkers will get more with the contact of this discipline from what it is called a multidisciplinary approach. / ¿Hasta qué punto estudiar política jurisdiccional requiere del concurso de distintas teorías administrativas en general y de la ciencia de la administración pública en particular? Este pequeño texto se plantea tal reflexión y llega a la conclusión de que es imposible proponer una aproximación novedosa a esta temática sin contar con la teoría administrativa, por lo que los especialistas y reformadores ganarían mucho con el contacto de esta disciplina dentro de lo que ya resulta, claramente, un enfoque multidisciplinario.

This article examines the close relationship between criminal procedure and constitutional law within a democratic State framework as well as the guarantees provided from a constitutional point of view in accordance with the current context of human rights globalization. Then, the author approaches us to criminal procedure main principles and guarantees, procedural models historically formed. Finally, it presents an interesting Criminal Procedural Code analysis describing guarantees, principles and procedural models recognized in our country. / Este artículo reflexiona sobre la estrecha relación entre el proceso penal y el derecho constitucional en el marco de un Estado democrático, así como sobre las garantías que debe brindar desde la óptica constitucional y en el actual contexto de globalización de los derechos humanos. A continuación nos aproxima a los principales principios y garantías del proceso penal, y a los modelos procesales históricamente configurados. Finalmente, el artículo nos presenta un interesante análisis de Código Procesal Penal, describiendo las garantías, principios y modelo procesal reconocido de nuestro país.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose do Carmo Veiga de Oliveira.pdf: 2248004 bytes, checksum: c075b1c71a2f6b8e1bd6691fd9576208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil / The present work has the scope to conduct an investigation of the historical perspective about Globalization and its effects on the prowl in the world. Search for both, information that precede the navigations of the 15th and 16th centuries, crossing over the ages in retro-action until it reaches the year 3,200 Bc. This is an age-old phenomenon, and that is influencing the world in the most varied models of economy and, above all, achieving the Governments of countries called "peripherals" for practical driving force for countries which are known as "Central . Economies of various countries are "governed" by globalized factors which bring or take capital through investments, since the big corporations are economic conditions so as to ensure their right to property and, thus, copyright, around which revolve their financial activities. So, your preference lies with countries that have a stable judicial system and to provide the necessary security for the case to ensure them the return of their investments, so that there is an increasing concern with the improvement of the judicial system, to the point that the World Bank get researchers who surrender to the analysis of judicial systems. Was presented, for the Latin America and Caribbean, through the Document n. 319, who proposed a model of judicial power to this Continent. The proposal brought to some countries of America Latin, Caribbean and also for Brazil, a proposal whereby was adopted neoliberal economic policy, so as to establish a "minimal State". With that, generated a system able to provide clear and precise changes the point of establishing a major reform in the Brazilian judiciary, according to suggestions put forward in Document n. 319, the World Bank. The Brazilian Judiciary is experiencing a new reality in the context of the jurisdictional provision through adoption of a merging between the common law and the civil law, with the issue of a "new" code of Civil procedure, in order to give rapid delivery of the jurisdictional provision, in order to ensure the delivery of judgments previously known due to the adoption of the previous system and still, the issue of precedents with binding effect by the Supreme Court, so that all the organs of the judiciary until the judges of first degree of jurisdiction, the direct and indirect public administration, States Federal District and Municipalities, will be linked to the decision-making of those content decisions. In summary, the case-law of the verticalization is the Supreme Court and, thus, of the Superior Court of justice by linking courts of 2nd degree and the judgments of the first degree of jurisdiction. To seek an alternative which is able to allow the exclusion from the trial of concrete cases of the previous system, presents a possibility analysis of the facts supporting the claims made before the judiciary and so on its roots, enabling an approach that is different from the precedent adopted. This is the distinguinsh, i.e., to distinguish the facts and those that generate and maintain the previous system. Remains the clear conclusion that, in fact, the binding effect is an effort to avoid the continued fragmentation of the national legal system, by virtue of the breach of legal independence of National Courts. While, conversely, severely affects the rights and fundamental guarantees regarding the pursuit of jurisdictional provision, by virtue of his own Edition of precedents listed and adoption of the precedential system. Examines the Constitutional Amendment n. 45, December 8, 2004 which, by its nature and content, suppresses and weakens the exercise of citizenship by means of access to the jurisdiction, injuring the section IV, paragraph 4, of article 60 of the Constitution of the Republic, labeled "citizen". The various measures adopted through this Amendment n. 45/2004 are visible in the Document n. 319, from the World Bank, authored by researcher Maria Dakolias, especially with regard to the system of supervision and discipline of the judiciary, demonstrating clearly the "structural income" of the World Bank for the Judiciary of Latin America and Caribbean, and, in particular, to Brazil. / O presente trabalho tem o escopo de realizar uma investigação do ponto de vista histórico a respeito da Globalização e os seus efeitos ao derredor do mundo. Busca, para tanto, informações que precedem em muito as navegações dos Séculos XV e XVI, perpassando ao longo das eras em retroação até alcançar o ano 3.200 A.C. Trata-se de um fenômeno antiquíssimo e que vem influenciando o mundo nos mais variados modelos de economia e, sobretudo, atingindo os governos de países chamados de periféricos por força da condução de práticas por países que são conhecidos como centrais . Economias de vários países são regidas por fatores globalizados que trazem ou levam capitais por meio de investimentos, desde que as grandes corporações econômicas encontrem condições adequadas, de modo a assegurar o seu direito de propriedade e, assim, os direitos autorais, em torno dos quais giram as suas atividades financeiras. Assim, sua preferência recai sobre países que tenham um sistema judiciário estável e que proporcionem a necessária segurança para o caso de assegurar-lhes o retorno de seus investimentos, de modo que existe uma preocupação cada vez mais crescente com o aperfeiçoamento do sistema judicial, a ponto de o Banco Mundial buscar pesquisadores que se entreguem à análise de sistemas judiciais. Foi apresentada, para a América Latina e Caribe, por meio do Documento n. 319, uma proposta de modelo de Poder Judiciário. A proposta trouxe para alguns países da América Latina, Caribe, e também para o Brasil, um modelo por meio do qual foi adotada a política econômica neoliberal, de modo a se estabelecer um estado mínimo . Com isso, gerou um sistema capaz de proporcionar mudanças claras e precisas a ponto de se estabelecer uma grande reforma no Poder Judiciário Brasileiro, segundo sugestões apresentadas no Documento n. 319, do Banco Mundial. O Judiciário Brasileiro está experimentando uma nova realidade no âmbito da prestação jurisdicional por meio da adoção de uma mesclagem entre os sistemas common law e civil law, com a edição de um novo Código de Processo Civil, visando dar celeridade à entrega da prestação jurisdicional, de modo a garantir o proferimento de decisões judiciais previamente conhecidas em virtude da adoção do sistema de precedentes e, ainda, da edição de súmulas com efeito vinculante pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, de modo que todos os órgãos do Judiciário até os Juízes de primeiro grau de jurisdição, a administração pública direta e indireta dos Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios, estarão vinculados ao conteúdo decisório dessas decisões. Em síntese, é a verticalização da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal e, assim, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça vinculando os Tribunais de 2º grau e os Juízos de primeiro grau de jurisdição. Para efeito de se buscar uma alternativa que seja capaz de se permitir a exclusão do julgamento de casos concretos desse sistema de precedentes, apresenta-se uma possibilidade de análise dos fatos que sustentam as pretensões deduzidas perante o Judiciário e assim nas suas raízes, viabilizando uma abordagem que seja diversa dos precedentes adotados. Trata-se do distinguinsh, ou seja, de distinguir os fatos quanto àqueles que geraram e sustentam o sistema de precedentes. Resta a clara conclusão de que, na verdade, o efeito vinculante é um esforço no sentido de se evitar a continuidade da fragmentação do sistema jurídico nacional, por força da quebra da independência jurídica da Magistratura Nacional. Ao mesmo tempo em que, inversamente, atinge gravemente o exercício dos direitos e garantias fundamentais no que tange à busca da prestação jurisdicional, por força da própria edição de súmulas, enunciados e adoção do sistema precedentalista. Examina-se a Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 08 de dezembro de 2004 que, por sua natureza e conteúdo, suprime e enfraquece o exercício da cidadania por meio do acesso à jurisdição, ferindo o inciso IV, do § 4º, do artigo 60, da Constituição da República, rotulada de cidadã . As várias medidas adotadas por meio dessa Emenda n. 45/2004 são visíveis no Documento n. 319, do Banco Mundial, de autoria da pesquisadora Maria Dakolias, mormente no que tange ao sistema de fiscalização e disciplina do Poder Judiciário, demonstrando, claramente, a receita estruturante do Banco Mundial para o Poder Judiciário da América Latina e Caribe e, em especial, para o Brasil.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) is critical in the proper functioning of South Africa’s criminal justice system and upholding of the rule of law. And for it to play this critical role it must be independent from any external influence and manipulation and carry out its functions without fear, favour and prejudice. Once it allows external interference in its prosecutorial function it runs the risk of functioning with fear and favour of powerful forces in the society, thereby losing its independence. This may result in loss of trust in and support by the public of the rule of law. However, in recent history the NPA has taken decisions that raise questions about its independence. These questionable decisions involve high profile politicians and government officials who are, allegedly, involved in illegal and corrupt activities and practices, but are either not prosecuted, or credible cases against them are being suspiciously withdrawn. This state of affairs has caused uncomfortable allegations and counter allegations, all of which question the independence of the NPA, and these can no longer be ignored. State institutions, especially the security cluster, are allegedly heavily involved and the judiciary is threatened overtly when certain decisions go against some politicians. The study, therefore, is designed to investigate the extent to which the alleged interferences impact negatively with the administration of justice. It then assesses and evaluates the constitutional and legislative safeguards guaranteeing the independence of the NPA in order to determine if they are adequate enough to prevent the NPA from external executive and political interference in its prosecutorial decision-making function. To achieve this, the charging, prosecution and dropping of charges against Jacob Zuma, on various counts of corruption and other related matters will, inter alia, be the primary focus of the study. The study comes up with set of recommendations aimed at strengthening the integrity of the NPA, in particular, and the criminal justice system in general.

The dissertation aims to explore the impact of rape on human security and hence to drawn conclusions about rape as a national security concern in South Africa. The dissertation puts forward six propositions to be explored and tested: · Forcible rape undermines human security. · The extent of rape in South Africa constitutes a widespread threat to the personal safety of especially women and children. · The constitutional commitment to gender equality, the empowerment of women, the rights of children and the right to security of the person are indicative of the severity with which South African society views rape. · These factors combine to render rape a national security concern in South Africa during the past decade, requiring direct measures to be undertaken. · This situation obliges a coordinated government strategic interpretation of the impact of rape on constitutional rights and stability, and evaluation of government policy in this regard. · An integrated government strategy that entails close cooperation with civil society is required to enable the countering and reduction of rape and the ultimate construction of a rape-safe culture in South Africa. The dissertation begins with a conceptual exploration of the concepts of rape, violence, gender violence, human and national security, and then provides an outline of how these concepts have been applied in the post-1994 South African context. Human security is identified as a core element of South African national security. Against the background of the conceptual definitions of terminology used in the dissertation, and the outline of the application of these concepts in South Africa, the extent and nature of rape is described and analysed. The dissertation avoids over-utilisation of statistics given that rape statistics are based to a large extent only on those cases that are reported to the police, and there is a range of factors that result in the under-reporting of rape. The dissertation then describes and comments on the government’s response to rape in the period 2000-2003, outlining the inter-departmental strategies that have been initiated by Cabinet. Through this analysis, the seriousness with which government and parliamentary representatives have viewed rape has been indicated, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the governmental response to rape. This has enabled an indication of certain key aspects of governmental response that must be addressed if the security risk of rape is to be contained. The dissertation concludes that the propositions are indeed supported by the both exploration of the South African policy on rape, human and national security, as well as the operational practice of the relevant government departments. The dissertation indicates a strong emphasis on the criminal justice prosecution of rape cases, and an imbalance in the social crime prevention dimension of government’s response to rape. It is argued that for a successful strategy to combat rape and to achieve a rape-safe culture in South Africa, an integrated governmental response, with a close social compact with civil society, balancing both improved efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice prosecution of rape cases, and social crime prevention that addresses the causes of rape, is required. / Dissertation (M (Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Political Sciences / unrestricted