Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aracely Xavier.pdf: 1248463 bytes, checksum: 6f67f1bc387267c82d1c82d4276243a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetiva-se compreender as ações, lutas, estratégias e desafios do movimento de defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes no Espírito Santo e sua relação com o processo de participação desde o inicio dos anos 1980 até o período atual. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações de diferentes espaços de participação política e militância, tais como Fórum de Defesa dos Direitos das Crianças e Adolescentes, Conselho Estadual de Defesa dos Direitos das Crianças e Adolescentes, Movimento de Meninos e Meninas de Rua do Espírito Santo; e também entrevistas semiestruturadas e abertas com destacados atores e com militantes de movimento de defesa dos direitos da Criança e do Adolescente do referido estado. Este movimento fortaleceu-se durante os anos 1980, no contexto de reabertura política e redemocratização do país, denunciando, exercendo pressionamentos e exigindo do Estado investigação de crimes e violações cometidos contra esse público e também a implementação de políticas públicas. Essas movimentações culminaram na produção e promulgação do ECRIAD, legislação que passa a reconhecer crianças e adolescentes como sujeitos de direitos e que orienta as políticas e ações do Estado pela diretriz ético-política da Doutrina de Proteção Integral. Durante os anos 1990, ocorreram várias mudanças na sociedade. Viveu-se um processo de aprofundamento das relações econômicas e políticas neoliberais, com impactos negativos à promoção de políticas defensoras e promotoras de direitos, concomitantemente a conquistas de vários direitos civis, políticos, econômicos, sociais e culturais, no âmbito jurídico, com a aprovação da Constituição Federal de 1988 e do ECRIAD. Essas mudanças influenciaram as estratégias de luta dos movimentos de defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. Passam a atuar em diferentes espaços deliberativos, como os Conselhos de Direitos, e também são chamados a executar políticas e projetos do Estado, participando da gestão pública, sendo suas ações mais voltadas para a gerência dos parcos recursos e insuficientes políticas de atendimento atualmente promovidas pelo Estado. Se essas transformações na participação política dos movimentos de defesa têm significado, por um lado, conquista de espaços, influência política e democratização das políticas públicas, por outro parece ter arrefecido ações de luta e pressionamento político ao Estado e aos próprios canais de participação no que se refere à promoção e defesa de direitos e denúncia de violações quando sofridas. De maneira que os próprios militantes indagam-se sobre seu papel na conjuntura atual, demonstram certas angústias quanto aos rumos do movimentos de defesa e sua efetividade no novo contexto macropolítico, e detêm clarezas variadas tanto sobre as dificuldades e desafios para a utilização dos instrumentais de participação em sua potencialidade, quanto sobre o caráter pontual e insuficiência de grande parte das políticas e projetos que executam. É preciso que a conquista da execução de políticas não substitua as ações vinculadas a pressionamento e exigibilidade de promoção e defesa de direitos pelo Estado, mas, sim que as duas frentes de ação sejam articuladas complementarmente. Integração essa que, se enfraquecida, facilita o reducionismo da participação social à simples gerência de parcos recursos às custas de malabarismos técnicos e assunção de culpabilizações pela insuficiência dos intentos de promoção e defesa de direitos / Aimed to understand the actions, struggles, strategies and challenges of the movement to defend the rights of children and adolescents in the Espírito Santo and its relation to the process of participation since the beginning of the 1980s to the current period. To that end, there were observation from various places of political participation and activism, such as Forum for Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents, the State Board of Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents, Movement of Street Boys and Girls of the Espírito Santo. And also semi-structured and open interviews with prominent actors and activists of the movement defending the rights of the Child and Adolescent . This movements strengthened over the 1980s, in the context of politics re reopening of the country, denouncing, exerting pressure and demand of the state investigation of crimes and abuses committed against the public and also the implementation of public policies. As a result, there was the production and promulgation of ECRIAD, passing legislation to recognize that children and adolescents as subjects of rights and that directs the actions of state policies and guidelines for the ethical and political doctrine of Full Protection. During the 1990s, there were many changes in society. There was a process of deepening economic relations and neoliberal policies, with negative impacts on the promotion of political rights defenders and promoters of, concurrently the achievements of several civil rights, political, economic, social and cultural rights, the legal environment, with the approval of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and ECRIAD. These changes have influenced the strategies to combat the movement of defending the rights of children and adolescents. They act in different deliberative spaces, and are also called to execute policies and projects of the state, participating in public management. Their actions are more focused on the management of scarce resources and insufficient policies currently promoted by State. If these changes in the political participation of the movements of defense are meaningless, on the one hand, conquest of space, political influence and democratization of public policies on the other seems to have cooled actions of political struggle and pressing the government and the own channels to participate in refers to the promotion and protection of rights and accusations of violations when incurred. In a manner that even the activists ask itself about its role in the current juncture, show some anxieties about the direction of movement of defense and its effectiveness in the new context macropolitical, and have some clarity on both the difficulties and challenges to the use of instruments of participation in its potential, as on the insufficient and occasional help of a large part of policies and projects that run. Its necessary that the conquer of implementation of policies do not replace the actions linked to pressing and call for the promotion and protection of rights by the state, but that the two fronts of action should be articulated complement. if this integration failed, it will be easier to occur reductionism of social participation to simple management of scarce resources at the expense of technical juggling and assumption of guilty by the inadequacy of intent for the promotion and protection of rights

Orientador: Agueda Bernardete Bittencourt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wohnrath_ViniciusParolin_M.pdf: 3536089 bytes, checksum: fabe74818d1658ee5692c11422271286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa objetiva compreender as condições sociais que possibilitaram os debates públicos sobre o afeto familiar. Isto porque, atualmente, tramitam pelo Congresso Nacional projetos de lei para positivar a necessidade dos pais amarem seus filhos - recurso jurídico que ainda não consta na letra da legislação brasileira. Assim, inserida nos espaços de estudos sobre a organização familial e sobre os direitos infanto-juvenis, esta dissertação buscou pelos discursos fundadores, pelas estratégias, pelas redes e pelas ações práticas mobilizadas pelos militantes interessados em legitimar esse novo direito de família. Para descortinar os repertórios articulados por esses agentes, foram tomados como fontes de pesquisa as suas biografias dispostas nos dicionários especializados (origens familiares, habitus, formação acadêmica, atuação profissional, ligações nacionais e internacionais, etc.), os documentos institucionais, a produção memorialística, os projetos de lei, os discursos dos parlamentares e as composições das comissões selecionadas. Ao inquerir a construção social da obrigatoriedade do afeto, relacionando-a com as trajetórias dos militantes que fazem circular determinados padrões, buscamos desnaturalizar o direito - iluminando as disputas, existentes nos campos jurídico e político, para oficializar específicos modos de convivência doméstica nas últimas três décadas. / Abstract: This research's aim is to comprehend the social conditions that allowed the public debate about parental affection. Presently, there are three law projects following the legal channels. Their intent is to turn into a positive law the need of the parents to love their children - a juridical resource that hasn't been integrated to the Brazilian legislation yet. Inserted in the space that studies family organization and children's rights, this dissertation searched for the founding speeches, for the strategies, for the connections and for the practical actions mobilized by these militants who are interested in legitimate this new family law. In order to reveal the repertory articulated by these agents, were taken as research sources their biographies, available in specialized dictionaries (family origin, habitus, academic formation, professional actuation, national and international relations, etc.), the institutional documents, the memoir production, the Law projects, the parliamentarians speeches and the composition of the selected committees. As we inquire the social construction of the affection imposed as an obligation, relating it with the trajectories of the militants who put into circulation determined patterns, we try denaturalizing the Law - bringing light to the disputes placed in the juridical and political fields to officialize specific ways of domestic acquaintanceship in the last three decades. / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

No description available.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Doctor Legum - LLD / In Africa generally, orphaned and vulnerable children are traditionally cared for by their relatives or close family friends; this is an abiding practice even in contemporary times. This was historically considered to be a moral obligation binding on different relatives in different ways or at differing levels. In the face of the increasing complexities and changing demographics in African societies, high levels of poverty and socioeconomic inequalities as well as the incidence of HIV and AIDS, among others, the traditional family continues to undergo structural changes and experience various challenges which make child rearing responsibilities difficult to cope with especially in the context of loss of parental care. Nonetheless, the extended family system still bears the greatest burden in caring for such children, despite the obligation of governments to provide alternative care for children without parental care. The care of children who have become deprived of parental care by other relatives/family members or family friends is generally described as kinship care. This study seeks to examine kinship care against the background of international children’s rights law as encapsulated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Guidelines on the Alternative Care of Children and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, among others. Thus, this research seeks answers to a number of related research questions such as: Does the international children’s rights framework recognise or provide for kinship care as a measure of alternative care for children deprived of a family environment? What is the history and practice of kinship care in Africa and what are the challenges confronting kinship care in contemporary African societies? What is the relationship between kinship care and the child protection system? And what forms of support are available for kinship care at both the international and national levels? Four main themes are considered in separate chapters of the thesis as follows: the contextual and historical background to kinship care in Africa; the international and regional legal framework on the right to alternative care; the conceptualisation of kinship care as alternative care; and the law and practice of kinship care in selected domestic jurisdictions. South Africa and Namibia are the main focus of this study in the chapter on the status of kinship care at the domestic level. This is mainly because both countries have made some progress in the attempts at (legally) providing for kinship care and addressing some of its attendant challenges, with a particular emphasis on the provision of support for kinship care.

Magister Legum - LLM

The international dilemma of child soldiers is a humanitarian concern throughout the world. The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSUCS) began in 1998 and is currently the leading collaborative movement to address the issue. However, because of its emphasis on a universal 'Straight 18' approach and support of the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Rights of a Child (CRC), the CSUCS ignores contextual realities that affect the implementation ofthe international legislation and the development of norms concerning child soldiers. This research project will examine the current international nongovernmental organization (INGO) response to child soldiers- focusing on the CSCUS - and formulate suggestions for potential avenues to further INGO involvement with policies and projects. The argument is based on a neoliberal institutionalist platform that argues in favour ofiNGOs' ability to successfully influence actions taken by state actors to address human right issues. Highlighting the successful INGO influence on states during the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, I will present this example as a potential model for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, and explore the feasibility of this model whilst making suggestions for more effective involvement of INGOs with regard to the issue of child soldiers.

SAMMANFATTNING Nyckelord: barnröntgen, patientinformation, röntgensjuksköterska, barnkonventionen Bakgrund: För röntgensjuksköterskor är det utmanande att informera barnpatienter utifrån barnkonventionens riktlinjer, som är svensk lag sedan 2020.  Syfte: Syftet med denna enkätstudie var att ta reda på vilken patientinformation som röntgensjuksköterskan ansåg var viktig att ge till barnpatienter i samband med konventionell skelettröntgenundersökning samt vilka förutsättningar som var viktiga för att kunna tilldela den informationen. Ett ytterligare syfte var att ta reda på om röntgensjuksköterskan hade kännedom om barnkonventionen och dess betydelse i samband med barnröntgenundersökning samt om det fanns någon skillnad mellan röntgensjuksköterskor verksamma på sjukhus A och sjukhus B gällande deras uppfattning om information till barnpatienter.  Metod: En empirisk kvantitativ enkätstudie genomfördes. Urvalet bestod av röntgensjuksköterskor med erfarenhet att utföra konventionella skelettundersökningar på barn. Totalt 35 enkäter analyserades.  Resultat: Som viktigaste information valdes allmän strålsäkerhet och varför barnet ska ligga/sitta stilla. De viktigaste förutsättningarna för att ge information ansågs vara förberedda föräldrar, förberett röntgenlabb samt att vända sig till barnet vid samtal. Majoriteten svarade att röntgenmottagningarna inte erbjöd en barnanpassad miljö och instämde delvis till att kommunikationen skulle underlättas på ett barnanpassat labb. Röntgensjuksköterskorna instämmer till stor del att de har kännedom om barnkonventionens riktlinjer och att dessa har stor betydelse vid barnröntgenundersökningar. Ingen signifikant skillnad visades mellan sjukhusen. Slutsats: Respondenterna från sjukhusen enades om att viktigast att informera om var strålsäkerhet och vikten av att vara still. Röntgenmottagningarna ansågs inte ha en barnanpassad miljö. Röntgensjuksköterskornas kännedom om barnkonventionen behöver ständigt aktualiseras och diskuteras i vårdsammanhang. / ABSTRACT Key words: pediatric radiography, access to information, radiographer, Convention on the Rights of the Child Background: It is challenging for radiographers to inform pediatric patients based on the guidelines of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Swedish law since 2020.  Purpose: The purpose was to find out what radiographers from two hospitals considered to be important information and conditions for providing it to pediatric patients undergoing x-ray examinations. The aim was also to investigate whether the radiographers carry knowledge of the CRC and its significance regarding child radiographs as well as to compare the perception of radiographers from hospital A and B on what information is of importance. Method: An empirical quantitative survey study was made.The sample included radiographers experienced in performing x-ray examinations of children. In total 35 surveys were analyzed.  Results: Information about general radiation safety and why the patient should keep still was considered most important.  The main conditions for providing information were considered to be a prepared lab, prepared parents and paying attention to the child. The majority replied that radiology clinics did not offer a child-friendly environment. The radiographers broadly agree that they are aware of the CRC’s guidelines and that these are of great importance in x-ray examinations. No significant difference was shown between the hospitals. Conclusion: Respondents agreed that informing pediatric patients about radiation safety and the importance of being still is most important. Radiology clinics were not considered to have a well-adapted environment. Radiographers’ knowledge of the CRC needs to be constantly updated.

Bakgrund: Flyktingfrågan blev högaktuell under 2000-talet. Detta då en allt större andelen samkommande ungdomar ankom Europa samtidigt som synen alltmer utgår från att dessa urholkar den nationella kulturen, sammanhållning och social välfärd. År 2020 initierades en offentlig utredning där huvuduppdraget innebar att utreda hur en “långsiktigt hållbar” migrationspolitik kan skapas. I samband med detta föreslogs i nämnda utredning bland annat att endast bevilja tillfälliga uppehållstillstånd. Flyktingar uppfattas alltmer som ett hot mot den nationella kollektiva identiteten. De samhälleliga förändringarna och paradigmskiftet påverkar i allra högsta grad nyanlända barn och ungdomar. För den ensamkommande gruppen av barn innebär flykten i sig en särskilt otrygg situation utan egen familj och det skyddsnät som denna utgör. För denna grupp är därför anskaffandet av ett arbete, som är enviktig del av en lyckad integration, av särskilt stor vikt med tanke på att det i många fall avgör möjligheterna att stanna i Sverige.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ensamkommande ungdomar upplever anskaffandet av ett arbete i Sverige, samt att i denna process undersöka vilket stöd som ungdomarna anser vara mest betydelsefullt. Följande frågeställningar bearbetas i studien: ● Vilka utmaningar upplever de ensamkommande ungdomarna när det gäller att erhålla ett arbete i Sverige? ● Vilka underlättande faktorer upplever de ensamkommande ungdomarna när det gäller att erhålla ett arbete i Sverige? ● Vilket vuxenstöd anses av ungdomarna som mest betydelsefullt på vägen mot anskaffandet av ett arbete? Metod: Kvalitativ metod användes i studien och data producerades genom att tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med ensamkommande individer som rekryterades via ett bekvämlighetsurval (privata kontakter), på grund av det rådande pandemiläget. Intervjuerna genomfördes i samverkan med en annan medstudent. Det teoretiska ramverket bestod av ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Intervjuerna transkriberades och en tematisk analys gjordes utifrån ett perspektiv på integration.  Resultat och slutsatser: De ensamkommande ungdomarnas upplevelser sammanställdes efter tematisk analys, och presenterades i fem olika teman. Språk, avsaknad av körkort och en upplevd rasism skapade hinder för inträde på arbetsmarknaden, samtidigt som de ensamkommande ungdomarna framförde vikten av att uppnå självständighet och att inte ge upp som styrkor. Kontaktnät och att ha ett socialt stöd upplevdes av ungdomarna som avgörande för att finna ett arbete. Juridiska hinder och den oro som dessa skapar, var något som i detta sammanhang stack ut på ett negativt sätt i ungdomarnas berättelser. Området för studien är relativt outforskat, och betoningen på ungdomarnas egna upplevelser bidrar med en ny dimension till barn- och ungdomsforskningen på detta område, där fokus ligger på forskning med i stället för om ungdomarna. När ungdomarnas eget perspektiv lyfts i förhållande till möjligheten till inträde på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, blir detta ett bidrag till den samlade bilden av det praktiska integrationsarbetet. Background: The refugee issue became highly topical during the 2000s. This is due to the fact that an increasing number of unaccompanied minors arrived to Europe, but also the more and more widespread view that they erode the national culture, cohesion and social welfare. In 2020, a public inquiry was initiated in which the main task was to investigate how a “sustainable” migration policy can be created. During this time, it was proposed in the saidinquiry, among other things, to grant only temporary residence permits. Refugees are increasingly perceived as a threat to the national collective identity. The societal changes and the paradigm shift affect newly arrived children and young people to a very high degree. Fort he unaccompanied group of children, escape in itself means a particularly insecure situation without one's own family and the safety net that this constitutes. For this group, therefore, the acquisition of a job, which is an important part of a successful integration, is of particular importance, given that in many cases it determines the possibilities of staying in Sweden. Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate how unaccompanied minors experience the acquisition of a job in Sweden, and in this process to investigate which support the group considers most important. The following issues are addressed in the study: What challenges do the unaccompanied minors experience when it comes to getting a job in Sweden? What facilitating factors do the unaccompanied minors experience when it comes to getting a job in Sweden? Which adult support is considered most significant by the unaccompanied minors, when it comes to acquiring a job?  Method: Qualitative method was used in the study and data were produced by conducting twelve semi-structured interviews with unaccompanied individuals who were recruited via a convenience sample (private contacts), due to the prevailing pandemic situation. The interviews were conducted in collaboration with another fellow student. The theoretical framework consisted of a phenomenological perspective. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic analysis was implemented, using an integrational perspective.  Results and conclusions: The experiences of unaccompanied young people were compiled after implementing the thematic analysis, and presented in five different themes. Language, lack of driving licenses and a perceived racism created obstacles for entry to the labor market, while the unaccompanied young people emphasized the importance of achieving independence and not giving up as strengths. Contact networks and having social support were perceived by the young people as crucial for finding a job. Legal obstacles and the anxiety they create was something that in this context stood out in a negative way in theyoung people’s stories.  The area of the study is relatively unexplored, and the emphasis on young people's own experiences contributes a new dimension to child and youth research in this area. When the young people's own perspective is illustrated in relation to the possibility of entering the Swedish labor market, this also becomes a contribution to the overall picture of the practical integration work.

Bakgrund: Prematurfödda eller sjuka nyfödda barnet som vårdas på neonatalavdelningar utsätts regelbundet för separationer från sina föräldrar trots att forskning visar på en mängd negativa konsekvenser för både barnet och föräldern till följd av separationen. Syfte: Att undersöka vårdpersonalens inställning till nollseparation och vilka faktorer som främjar respektive hindrar nollseparation mellan barn och förälder under den neonatala perioden. Syftet var dessutom att undersöka vårdpersonalens inställning till nollseparation i relation till Barnkonventionen. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv design. Mixad metod användes för att svara på studiens frågeställningar. Totalt deltog 16 vårdpersonal i studien. Enkätstudien kompletterades med en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Viktigaste faktorerna som främjade nollseparation mellan barn och förälder var hud-mot-hudkontakt, föräldramedverkan i vården, samvård och möjlighet att utföra lättare neonatalvård hos föräldrarna på BB- avdelning. Viktiga faktorer som hindrade nollseparation var vårdmiljön som inte var anpassad för nollseparation, bristande tillgång på övernattningsmöjligheter för föräldrarna, personalbrist samt kompetens-och kunskapsbrist hos vårdpersonalen. Vårdpersonalens inställning till nollseparation i relation till Barnkonventionen varierade. Slutsats: Stor del av vårdpersonalen ansåg att separation mellan barn och föräldrar bör undvikas. Dock utmanades vårdpersonalens arbete mot nollseparation av ett stort antal hinder så som faktorer rörande vårdorganisation, vårdpersonal, föräldrar och barn. För framtidens neonatalvård blir det därför viktigt att identifiera och eliminera dessa hinder för att möjliggöra nollseparation mellan barn och föräldrar i alla lägen, samt för att uppfylla Barnkonventionen. / Background: Preterm or newborn babies in need of neonatal care are often separated from their parents. However, research show that separation are associated with negative consequences for both child and parental health. Aim: To examine nurses’ beliefs about factors that promote and hinder zero separation between parent and child during the neonatal period. The aim was also to examine nurses’ perceptions about zero separation in relation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Method: A mixed methods, cross-sectional study. A total of 16 nurses completed a survey. In addition, a supplemental literature overview was conducted. Results: Important factors that positively impacted zero separation between parent and child were skin-to-skin care, parental participation in nursing of the child and the possibility to perform minor neonatal care at the maternity unit. Important factors that negatively impacted zero separation were the environment not being optimal, lack of overnight accommodations, staff shortages and lack of competence and knowledge in the staff. There was a variation in the thoughts about zero separation in relation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Conclusions: Most part of the nursing staff believed that separation of the child from the parent should be avoided. Nevertheless, minimising separation was challenging because of various obstacles such as factors regarding organisation, staff, parents and child. Neonatal units must identify and eliminate these obstacles in order to make zero separation between parent and child possible and to fulfill the guidelines of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.