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In the present study, the topic under scrutiny is how Philanthropic Corporate Social Responsibility plays a role within the workplace. This study is being presented due to the fact that CSR is often researched with the frame of reference of marketing, whereas the managerial perspective is not often considered. The research question addressed will take a managerial perspective on CSR and examine if implementing Philanthropic CSR only affects extrinsic factors, or if it also has an intrinsic effect on employee motivation. In this research, the questions undergoing discussion to support the study are 1) To what extent does CSR motivate employees? 2) What involvement level of CSR is required for employee motivation? 3) What level does CSR fit into on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? This thesis focuses mainly on connecting Philanthropic CSR to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Other supporting theories that will be used include: Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, McGregor’s X and Y Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Motivational Crowding Theory. To conduct the research needed, the authors have conducted a deductive study through a comparative design, obtaining qualitative data by the means of semi structured skype interviews. These interviews focus on American for-profit companies that have CSR in their strategy but focus on profit. The data collected has then been analyzed through a thematic approach. The information obtained suggests that Philanthropic CSR plays a role within the workplace, however, it is not seen as an incentive by employees. Moreover, an employee must be personally involved within the company’s CSR program to fully feel the effects that the program has to offer. This is due to the emotional investments made while participating in the said philanthropy. The conclusion found from this study is that Philanthropic CSR does have an intrinsic effect on employees because of the ‘feel good feeling’ they benefit from when they do participate in the Philanthropic CSR. However, to fully understand the effects of the motivational aspects, further research must be conducted.

This dissertation presents the findings of a qualitative study on understanding the motivating factors underlying repeat attendance in market research studies and the ways in which repeat attendance participants are recruited to take part in such studies. The study was approached from an interpretivist paradigm, employing the self-determination theory and the theory of self-concept maintenance. Purposive sampling was applied. The data was collected by conducting eight semi-structured interviews with participants who had taken part in numerous market research studies. Through thematic analysis, sub themes were identified from the data, combined into second-level themes and grouped into the following three overarching themes: (1) participation motivation; (2) honesty/dishonesty; and (3) recruitment procedures. It was found that participants were not only motivated by extrinsic motivators such as incentives, but that intrinsic motivators were also present. Furthermore, a level of dishonesty was also evident, not only among the participants, but among the recruiters as well. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology with specialisation in Research Consultation)

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O uso assertivo e eficiente das estratégias de aprendizagem depende, muitas vezes, da compreensão e consideração de aspectos psicológicos e motivacionais. O adequado emprego de estratégias de aprendizagem se reflete no desempenho acadêmico, no domínio de construtos e modelos e no amadurecimento crítico e científico. A presente tese defende que há uma relação entre as estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada e as estratégias de aprendizagem autodeterminada predominantes em alunos de mestrado e doutorado em Contabilidade. O estudo se justifica, porquanto, porque além de inaugurar uma linha de pesquisa ainda inédita no contexto da Contabilidade Humana, seus resultados destacam um original entendimento da relação da aprendizagem com a regulação e a motivação pessoal. Tem como objetivo principal apresentar diagnóstico, dimensões e correlações das estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada e aprendizagem autodeterminada de alunos de programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Contabilidade no Brasil. Participaram do survey 516 respondentes, sendo 383 mestrandos e 133 doutorandos. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos psicométricos: Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (SRLS) e Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). O modelo operacional de pesquisa delineou a formulação de oito hipóteses, sendo que a primeira delas sustenta a defesa da tese, enquanto as demais defendem a influência das variáveis idade, gênero, tipo de curso, estágio no curso, tipo de instituição de graduação, nota do curso atribuída pela Capes e graus de instrução dos pais nos níveis de Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) e Self-Determination Theory (SDT). A partir da análise multivariada dos dados, os resultados corroboraram a tese e a influência do gênero no nível de SRL. A metaconclusão desta tese ratifica os estudos referenciados, confirmando que a aprendizagem pode ser dominada e controlada pelo indivíduo, ao se adotar estratégias individuais de regulação e motivação. Uma importante contribuição desta pesquisa consiste em oferecer conclusões empíricas que podem ajudar docentes, discentes, pesquisadores, instituições de ensino e programas de pós-graduação a compreender mais sistematicamente os aspectos da aprendizagem autorregulada e da aprendizagem autodeterminada que caracterizam o aluno de Contabilidade. Limitações importantes deste estudo podem ser vistas como oportunidades para pesquisas futuras: a amostra envolve um público específico, a pesquisa survey pode apresentar vieses de método comum e a baixa participação de alunos de mestrado profissional. Estudos futuros poderão adotar outras estratégias metodológicas e/ou envolver amostras mais diversificadas ou em maior lastro temporal / Assertive and efficient use of learning strategies often depends of the understanding and consideration of psychological and motivational aspects. Appropriate use of learning strategies is reflected in the academic performance, in the appropriation of constructs and models and in the critical and scientific maturity. This dissertation argues that there is a relationship between predominating self-regulated learning strategies and self-determined learning strategies in accounting master\'s and doctorate students. The study can be justified in view of, apart from inaugurating a research line within the context of Human Accounting, their results highlight a unique understanding of the relationship of learning with regulation and personal motivation. Its main goal is to present a diagnosis, the dimensions and the correlations of self-regulated learning and self-determined learning strategies of graduate Accounting students in Brazil. Five hundred and sixteen respondents participated in the survey, comprising 383 master\'s and 133 doctoral students. Two psychometric instruments were applied: the Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (SRLS) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The operating model research outlined the formulation of eight hypotheses, being that the first of them supports the thesis, while the others investigate the influence in the levels of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of age, gender, type of course, stage in the course, type of undergraduate institution (public or private), grade attributed by Capes to the course and parental formal education degrees. From the multivariate data analysis,the results support the thesis and that gender has influence in the SRL level. The metaconclusion of this thesis confirms the referenced studies, estating that learning can be dominated and controlled by individuals through the adoption of individual strategies of regulation and motivation. An important contribution of this study is to offer empirical conclusions that might help teachers, students themselves, researchers, educational institutions and graduate programs to understand more systematically the aspects of self-regulated learning and self-determined learning that characterize the Accounting graduate students. The major limitations of the present study can be seen as opportunities for future researches: the sample involves a particular audience, research can provide common methods bias and the low participation of professional master\'s degree students in the sample. Future studies can take further methodological strategies and/or involve more diversified samples or consider longitudinal approaches

This study aims to theoretically investigate the concepts of the interpersonal actions 'to motivate' and 'to manipulate' and also to examine possible differences and similarities between the two. The method used is a conceptual review based on the Self-Determination Theory, related to the concept of motivation, and Machiavellianism, related to the concept of manipu-lation. The results show that 'to motivate', according to Self-Determination Theory, concerns influencing the intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, where intrinsic motivation is related to the feeling of self-determination, inner locus of causality, being or feeling competent and exercise activities for the pleasure of it, whilst extrinsic motivation is related to external locus of cau-sality, external pressure and engaging in activities for the purpose of reaching a goal or re-ward. 'To manipulate' is according to Machiavellianism based on the manipulator doing whatever it takes to reach a certain goal and gain something for himself with no regard of what methods being used. The comparative analysis showed that the crucial difference in how an behaviour is interpreted as either, or both, motivating and manipulative is based on who is doing the interpretation, what information she has and which aspects that are focused on.

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De nombreuses études ont montré la pertinence de soutenir les besoins psychologiques d’autonomie, de compétence et d’affiliation des employés au travail, tel que postulé par la théorie de l’autodétermination. Or, une incertitude subsiste quant aux comportements qu’un gestionnaire devrait adopter pour offrir l’opportunité à ses employés de satisfaire leurs besoins psychologiques au travail. D’ailleurs, les recherches s’en tiennent aux connaissances issues de milieux autres que celui du travail. En conséquence, l’opérationnalisation et l’instrumentation du soutien aux besoins psychologiques des employés s’appuient principalement sur des modèles validés auprès d’autres populations, notamment les athlètes et entraîneurs, les élèves et enseignants ainsi que les enfants et parents. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre comment un gestionnaire peut concrètement, de par ses comportements, favoriser la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux d’autonomie, de compétence et d’affiliation de ses employés au travail. De plus, elle a pour objectif de développer un instrument psychométrique du soutien aux besoins psychologiques des employés, qui est valide pour le contexte organisationnel. Le premier article de la thèse décrit une étude à devis qualitatif. Celle-ci vise à identifier des comportements réellement émis par des gestionnaires en milieu de travail qui favorisent la satisfaction des trois besoins psychologiques des employés. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, trois groupes focus ont été conduits auprès d’employés et de gestionnaires. Une analyse de contenu qualitative a permis d’identifier 141 comportements regroupés en 12 pratiques de gestion. En plus d’apporter une compréhension plus approfondie de la façon dont s’expriment les pratiques de gestion préalablement proposées par la théorie de l’autodétermination, cette étude met en lumière de nouveaux comportements que peuvent adopter des gestionnaires pour favoriser la satisfaction des besoins d’autonomie, de compétence et d’affiliation des employés. Le deuxième article de la thèse décrit le développement et la validation d’un outil de mesure du soutien aux besoins psychologiques des employés, qui fut réalisé par l’entremise de deux études quantitatives. L’étude 1 (N = 312 travailleurs francophones canadiens) a permis d’établir, en adoptant une approche exploratoire, la structure factorielle de l’instrument. Elle a également permis d’étayer la validité critériée et la validité divergente de l’instrument, en investiguant ses relations avec trois concepts issus de la théorie de l’autodétermination, soit la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques, la motivation au travail ainsi que la perception de contrôle psychologique de la part du gestionnaire. L’étude 2, conduite auprès d’un second échantillon (N = 334 travailleurs francophones canadiens), a permis de vérifier la structure de l’instrument à l’aide d’une approche confirmatoire. De plus, elle a permis de soutenir la validité convergente de l’outil de mesure en vérifiant ses liens avec le leadership transformationnel et le leadership habilitant. Elle a également vérifié la validité critériée de l’instrument en investiguant ses liens avec trois indicateurs du fonctionnement de l’employé, soit l’engagement, la santé psychologique et la performance au travail. Les résultats suggèrent que le soutien aux besoins psychologiques des employés s’opérationnalise par cinq pratiques de gestion, soit de 1) reconnaître les forces et la contribution des employés, 2) laisser de la latitude aux employés quant à la façon et le moment de compléter son travail, 3) démontrer un souci envers les intérêts et le bien-être des employés, 4) guider les employés afin qu’ils réalisent efficacement leur travail, et 5) développer les compétences des employés par le biais de discussions et d’opportunités d’apprentissage. Cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en fournissant des bases qui permettront d’unifier la recherche sur le soutien aux besoins psychologiques des employés. / Many studies conducted within the framework of self-determination theory have shown the relevance of supporting the psychological needs of autonomy, competence and affiliation of employees at work. Because research is limited to knowledge from non-work environments, there remains uncertainty regarding the behaviours a manager should adopt to provide employees with the opportunity to meet their psychological needs at work. As a result, the operationalization and instrumentation of managerial need support rely primarily on those of need support validated with populations other than employees and managers, such as athletes and coaches, students and teachers, as well as children and parents. This dissertation aims to better understand how managers can concretely, through their behaviours, promote the satisfaction of employees’ psychological needs of autonomy, competence and affiliation at work. In addition, it aims to develop a psychometric instrument aligned with this operationalization of managerial need support that is ecologically valid for the organizational context. The first article of the thesis describes a qualitative study. This study aims to identify behaviours actually emitted by managers in the workplace that promote the satisfaction of the three psychological needs of employees. To meet this objective, three focus groups were conducted with employees and managers. A qualitative content analysis identified 141 management behaviours grouped into 12 management practices. In addition to providing a deeper understanding of management practices previously articulated by self-determination theory expressed in the workplace, this study highlights previously ignored practices and behaviours that can be adopted by managers to foster employees’ needs of autonomy, competence and affiliation at work. The second article of the thesis describes the development and validation of a measure of managerial need support through a series of two quantitative studies. Study 1 (N = 312 French-Canadian workers) establishes, by taking an exploratory approach, the structure of the instrument. Then, it verifies the criterion validity and the divergent validity of the instrument by investigating its relationship with three concepts rooted in self-determination theory: the satisfaction of employees’ psychological needs, employees’ work motivation as well as their perception of psychological control from their manager. Study 2, conducted with a second sample (N = 334 French-Canadian workers), takes a confirmatory approach in validating the structure of the instrument. In addition, it establishes the convergent validity of the measurement tool by verifying its links with transformational leadership and empowering leadership. It also verifies the criterion validity of the instrument by investigating its links with three indicators of employees’ functioning at work: engagement, psychological health and work performance. The results suggest that managerial need support is operationalized through five management practices, that is, 1) recognizing the strengths and contributions of employees, 2) offering flexibility to employees about how and when to complete one’s work, 3) demonstrating a concern for the interests and well-being of employees, 4) guiding employees to effectively perform their work, and 5) developing employees’ skills through discussions and concrete learning opportunities. This thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge by providing a common base that will unify research conducted on managerial need support.

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