Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and explain how older employees are motivated in their work.   Method: The study was designed as a case study with a qualitative. Seven semi-structured interviews with leaders in a staffing company were carried out on Zoom and supplemented afterwards with internal-and external documents and news articles.   Results and Conclusion: The results showed that older employees are motivated through autonomy, solidarity, and competence in their work, which are the starting points for intrinsic motivation. Likewise, they were motivated by extrinsic motivation and motivational factors such as praise, responsibility, recognition, and financial aspects. Older employees' motivation is also promoted when leaders maintain a good working relationship with them and take their interests into account. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och förklara hur äldre medarbetare motiveras i sitt arbete. Metod: Studien utformades som en fallstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare i ett bemanningsföretag utfördes på Zoom och kompletterades i efterhand med interna-och externa dokument samt nyhetsartiklar. Resultat och Slutsats: Resultatet visade på att äldre medarbetare motiveras genom autonomi, samhörighet och kompetens i sitt arbete som är utgångspunkter i inre motivation. Likaså motiverades de genom yttre motivation och motivationsfaktorer såsom berömmelse, ansvar, erkännande och ekonomiska aspekter. Äldre medarbetares motivation främjas även när ledare upprätthåller god arbetsrelation till dem samt tar hänsyn till deras intressen.

Syfte Syftet med detta arbete var att ur före detta tävlings-fäktares perspektiv undersöka orsakerna bakom de omfattande avhopp som sker i övergången mellan ungdoms- och seniorklass i svensk fäktning, samt vad föreningar och förbund kunnat göra för att motverka dessa avhopp. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vilka åtgärder föreningar och förbund kan göra för att främja återupptagandet av tävlande enligt före detta tävlings-fäktare. Vilka orsaker ser före detta värj-fäktande ungdomar till varför de slutade tävla? Vilka åtgärder kunde föreningar och förbund vidtagit enligt före detta värjfäktare för att förhindra deras avhopp ifrån tävlande som ungdomar? Vilka åtgärder kan enligt före detta värjfäktare föreningar och förbund vidta för att främja återupptagande av tävlande? Metod Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är motivationsteorin self-determination theory (SDT) och är genomförd med en kvalitativ ansats. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med före detta fäktare. Intervjuerna har analyserats med tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat Respondenterna upplevde ett kompetensbekräftande genom tävlandet samt en stark känsla av tillhörighet och när dessa faktorer försvann eller minskade i omfattning ledde det till avhopp. Vidare framkom att avhoppen hade kunnat förhindrats. Därutöver framkom att fäktarna kan ställa sig positiva till att återuppta tävlandet som motionärer ifall det skulle finnas en attraktiv breddverksamhet vad gäller både tävlingar och träningar. I ett återupptagande av tävlandet hade det sociala sammanhanget varit högt prioriterat men också möjligheten att få mäta sig mot fäktare på liknande nivå som de själva i anpassade tävlingsformer. Slutsats Det fanns ett starkt samband mellan avhoppen och att de psykologiska behoven upphörde att uppfyllas av deltagande i sporten. Svensk fäktning kunde under ungdomsåren starkt uppfylla behoven kopplade till att känna samhörighet och kompetens och även i viss mån autonomi men misslyckades med att tillgodogöra de grundläggande psykologiska behoven när fäktarna blev äldre. Vidare visar detta vikten av att föreningar och förbund arbetar aktivt med att tillgodose de grundläggande psykologiska behoven för motivation ifall avhoppen ska minskas och för att främja till återupptagandet av tävlande. / Aim The aim of this study was to investigate, from the perspective of former competitive fencers, the reasons behind the high level of drop outs that occur in the transition between youth and senior levels in Sweden, as well as what clubs and federations could have done to counteract these drop outs. The study also aimed to investigate what measures clubs and federations can take to promote the resumption of competing according to former competitive fencers. - What reasons do former épée fencing youths give as why they stopped competing? - According to former épée fencers, what measures could clubs and federations have taken to prevent youth drop out? - According to former épée fencers, what measures can clubs and federations take to promote the resumption of competing? Method The study's theoretical framework was the self-determination theory (SDT) and the research body was qualitative. Six semi-structured interviews have been conducted with former fencers. The interviews have been analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results The results showed that the former fencers had experienced a confirmation of competence through competitions, as well as a strong sense of belonging to their teammates and friends in the sport. When these factors disappeared or decreased, it led to drop outs. It also emerged that these drop outs could have been prevented. In addition, it emerged that the fencers are positive about resuming competition recreationally if there is an wide range of activities in terms of both competitions and training targeted at recreational fencers. For the resumption of competing, social context has been identified as a high priority. Another high priority is the opportunity to compete against fencers of a similar level to themselves in adapted forms of competition. Conclusions There was a strong correlation between the drop out of youth fencers and their psychological needs not being fulfilled in the sport. During childhood of the respondents, participation in fencing strongly fulfilled the need for a sense of belonging and feeling of competence, and to a certain extent autonomy. Fencing in Sweden however failed to provide this as the fencers got older. Furthermore, if drop outs are to be reduced and the competing is to be resumed, the study demonstrates the importance of clubs and confederations working actively to meet the psychological needs of the athletes.

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[pt] Essa pesquisa investigou a motivação para aprender de jovens alunos do ensino médio da Rede Pública Estadual do Rio de Janeiro frente às adversidades vivenciadas durante o isolamento social imposto pela pandemia de covid-19 e ao uso das TIC e/ou de material impresso para continuar, de forma remota, os estudos no ano de 2020. Para tanto, olhamos para o campo delimitado - alunos de nove escolas de ensino médio da rede pública de ensino do Rio de Janeiro -, pelos preceitos da Teoria da Autodeterminação, que afirma que existem três necessidades psicológicas básicas – de autonomia, competência e pertencimento (vínculo) – cuja satisfação é imprescindível para a motivação e o bem-estar, mas podem sofrer influências contextuais. A pesquisa consistiu de 3 estudos articulados: um estudo quantitativo, realizado com alunos que estudaram majoritariamente pelo uso do aplicativo Classroom; um estudo quantitativo com alunos que fizeram uso de material impresso; um estudo de base qualitativa, com alunos de ambos os grupos, realizado a partir de entrevistas. Os materiais dos dois estudos de base quantitativa foram submetidos a análises estatísticas psicométricas; as entrevistas foram submetidas a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da literatura sobre motivação, especificamente a Teoria da Autodeterminação, e da literatura sobre cultura escolar. De modo geral, os resultados indicam que as condições de estudo em 2020 não favoreceram as percepções dos alunos quanto ao atendimento das necessidades psicológicas associadas à motivação para aprender (autonomia, vínculo e competência), principalmente o vínculo. Indicam, ainda, a falta de letramento digital e de autorregulação da aprendizagem. / [en] This research investigated the motivation to learn of young high school students from the State Public Network of Rio de Janeiro in face of the adversities experienced during the social isolation imposed by the covid-19 pandemic and the use of ICT and/or printed material to remotely continue the studies in the year 2020. Therefore, we look at the delimited field - students from nine high schools in the public education system in Rio de Janeiro -, according to the precepts of the Self-Determination Theory, which states that there are three basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence and belonging (bond) – whose satisfaction is essential for motivation and well-being but may suffer contextual influences. The research consisted of 3 articulated studies: a quantitative study, carried out with students who studied mainly through the use of the Classroom application; a quantitative study with students who used printed material; a qualitative-based study, with students from both groups, carried out through interviews. The materials from two quantitatively-based studies were subjected to psychometric statistical analyses; interviews were subjected to content analysis. Results were discussed from the perspective of the literature on motivation, specifically the Self-Determination Theory, and the literature on school culture. Overall, the results indicate that study conditions in 2020 did not favor the student s perceptions of meeting the psychological needs associated with the motivation to learn (autonomy, bonding and competence), especially bonding. They also indicate the lack of digital literacy and self-regulation of learning.

Introduktion: Många människor i Sverige är medlemmar i idrottsföreningar och håller sig fysiskt aktiva genom att idrotta, i detta fall handlar studien om idrotten bordtennis. Många av idrottsföreningarna och idrottsorganisationerna använder sig av Facebook för att engagera sina medlemmar men frågan är om bordtennisspelares användning av bordtennispecifika Facebooksidor och grupper kan påverka deras motivation till att spela bordtennis? Syfte: Att undersöka om det fanns samband mellan att använda bordtennisrelaterade Facebooksidor/grupper och motivation till att idrotta. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätundersökning där programmet SPSS har använts som analysverktyg. Analysen har gjorts genom att jämföra medianer av allmän motivation och olika motivationstyper (inneboende integrerad, identifierad, introjicerad, extern och amotivation) i förhållande till frekvens att använda bordtennisrelaterade Facebooksidor och grupper (BFSG). Även korrelationsanalys har gjorts med de variablerna. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det inte finns något samband mellan allmän motivation och användning av BFSG. Däremot finns ett samband mellan att läsa på BFSG och integrerad motivation samt amotivation. Inget samband fanns mellan att skriva på BFSG och olika motivationstyper. Slutsats: Att använda Facebook och specifikt läsa på BFSG kan till viss del öka motivationen för att idrotta hos licensierade bordtennisspelare i Sverige. Detta kan vara bra för idrottsorganisationer och klubbar att dra nytta av genom att vara aktiva på Facebook och dela information och andra medier för att öka motivationen hos sina medlemmar. / Introduction: Many people in Sweden are members of sports associations and stay physically active by playing sports, this study is about table tennis. Many sport associations and organizations use Facebook to engage their members, but the question is if the use of table tennis-related Facebook pages and groups affects their motivation to play table tennis. Aim: To investigate whether there was a connection between using table tennis-related Facebook pages /groups and motivation to play. Method: A quantitative survey where SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. The analysis has been achieved by comparing medians of general motivation and different types of motivation (intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external and amotivation) in relation to the frequency of using table tennis-related Facebook pages and groups (BFSG). Correlation analysis has also been performed with these variables. Results: The results show that there is no connecion between general motivation and the use of BFSG. However, there is a connection between reading in BFSG and integrated motivation and amotivation. There was no connection between writing on BFSG and different types of motivation. Conclusion: Using Facebook and specifically reading BFSG can increase the motivation to play among licensed table tennis players in Sweden. This can be good for sports organizations and clubs to take advantage of, i.e. by being active on Facebook and sharing information and other media can increase the motivation of the members.

The rise of crowdsourcing practices has revolutionized the way in which organizational tasks can be performed. One application of crowdsourcing that has been receiving growing attention over the past decade is using the crowd to collect environmental data that is needed to monitor, manage and predict environmental events. Most projects are still in their initial stages and since these projects often require high levels of citizen participation, there is a need to better understand the motivations for individuals to(dis)engage in these crowdsourcing projects, especially when long-term participation is required. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to explore the motivations of individuals that participated in a crowdsourcing project for environmental data collection. Building on Self-Determination Theory, Social Exchange Theory and Social Identity theory, a case was studied of an organization that successfully motivated citizens from all over the world to use their drones to collect geographic climate data. In total, ten interviews were conducted with the drone-operators. The findings suggest that participants felt intrinsically motivated to engage because they wanted to do good, cared about climate change and were passionate about flying drones. Additionally, they experienced extrinsic motivations such as the possibility of gaining future job offers, recognition, and experience. Moreover, since participation was deemed relatively easy and straightforward, costs of participation were low and outweighed by the benefits. Finally, feeling part of a wider community made the participants more motivated to engage. Using crowdsourcing to collect environmental data on a wider spatiotemporal scale can help guide policy-making that mitigates or manages the impacts of climate change. Future projects would benefit from more and diversified research that support the design of long-term participation schemes, as the success of the projects depends on the level of citizen engagement.

The amount of open-source information – that is, data, images, and footage that is openly available to the public - is growing exponentially. With it, so is the number of citizens analysing this data to form open-source intelligence (OSINT). Using the 2022 invasion of Ukraine as a case study, this study highlights the motivations behind the citizen OSINT analysts who are uncovering events on the frontline and verifying significant amounts of data from such events. Through interviews with 10 citizen OSINT analysts – all voluntarily contributing to OSINT in relation to the invasion of Ukraine, as well as other major OSINT projects – this study demonstrates the motivations behind this growing community. The findings reflect a new era of participation and advocacy and are a demonstration of self-determination theory. The findings demonstrate citizens’ sceptic views towards traditional media but also, that with a more analytical approach, with improved transparency and collaboration there is reason to be optimistic about the future of journalism and audience engagement.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Nos valeurs sont au cœur de notre personnalité et de notre identité, servant de principes directeurs pour notre vie. La théorie de l’autodétermination (TAD) fait la distinction entre les valeurs intrinsèques (VI; p.ex., les relations intimes épanouissantes, la connaissance de soi et l’esprit de communauté) et les valeurs extrinsèques (VE; p.ex., la richesse, la beauté et la célébrité). Les premières seraient les seules à répondre directement aux besoins psychologiques fondamentaux innés et universels des êtres humains. L’adolescence étant une période clef pour le développement des valeurs, l’objectif de la présente thèse était d’enrichir les connaissances relatives aux VI et aux VE pendant cette période de vie en clarifiant leurs relations avec le bien-être et la prise de risque (Étude 1), ainsi qu’en examinant comment les trois composantes délétères du parentage s’y relient (Étude 2). Les études passées ayant souvent étudié les valeurs des adolescents en agrégeant les VI et les VE, cette thèse a plutôt cherché à établir leurs contributions respectives aux associations. La thèse s’est aussi intéressée à la fois à l’importance accordée aux valeurs (valorisation) et au niveau auquel les valeurs sont mises en pratique (implantation). À ces fins, 647 adolescents âgés entre 14 et 17 ans ont été recrutés afin de remplir un questionnaire en ligne. Les résultats de l’Étude 1 ont d’abord montré, tel qu’attendu, que la valorisation des VI par les adolescents était associée à un plus grand bien-être alors que la valorisation et l’implantation de leurs VE étaient associées positivement à la prise de risque. L’Étude 1 a aussi examiné les interactions entre la valorisation et l’implantation des valeurs et a révélé que d’une part, l’importance accordée aux VE n’était jamais reliée au bien-être, peu importe à quel point les adolescents accordaient d’importance aux VI. D’autre part, chez les adolescents mettant moins en pratique les VI, l’implantation des VE était associée à un plus grand bien-être, alors qu’elle n’y était pas reliée chez ceux qui mettaient davantage en pratique les VI. Des analyses exploratoires ont toutefois montré que les bénéfices affectifs observés chez certains adolescents implantant davantage de VE se limitaient à des aspects plus éphémères du bien-être (c’est-à-dire, les affects positifs et la vitalité), en contraste avec les bénéfices associés aux VI (c’est-à-dire, davantage d’affects positifs, de vitalité, de satisfaction de vie et de présence de sens). Dans le cadre de l’Étude 2, nous nous sommes d’abord intéressées aux associations directes entre le parentage et les valeurs des adolescents et ensuite, au possible rôle modérateur du parentage dans l’association entre les valeurs parentales et les valeurs des adolescents. Un accent a été mis sur les trois composantes du parentage délétère : le parentage rejetant, chaotique et contrôlant. Lorsque ces trois composantes étaient prises en compte, seul le parentage contrôlant était associé significativement aux valeurs des adolescents. Plus les adolescents percevaient leurs parents comme contrôlants, plus ils étaient susceptibles d’accorder de l’importance aux VE. Ensuite, nous avons observé que seul le parentage chaotique modérait la correspondance entre les valeurs des parents et celles de leurs adolescents. Plus les parents étaient perçus comme ayant des pratiques parentales chaotiques, moins le niveau d’importance accordée aux VE des adolescents était similaire à celui de leurs parents. Ces résultats suggèrent que les parents peuvent influencer l’adoption des valeurs de leurs adolescents de façon directe, via un parentage contrôlant, de même que de façon indirecte, via un parentage chaotique. En somme, les résultats des deux études de la thèse contribuent à enrichir les connaissances au sujet des valeurs à l’adolescence et à clarifier certaines associations ambigües dans la littérature. Alors que l’Étude 1 de la thèse appuie l’idée qu’il serait bénéfique pour la santé psychologique et physique des jeunes de favoriser leur adoption de VI, tout en limitant celle de VE, l’Étude 2 de la thèse fournit des pistes de stratégies potentielles pour le faire. Mises ensemble, les deux études de la thèse nous orientent vers l’implantation d’interventions aidant les parents à adopter des pratiques parentales moins contrôlantes et moins chaotiques afin de favoriser un développement sain des valeurs chez les jeunes. / Our values are at the heart of our personality and identity, serving as guiding principles throughout our life. Self-determination theory (SDT) makes the distinction between intrinsic values (IV; e.g., close relationships, self-knowledge, and community feeling) and extrinsic values (EV; e.g., wealth, beauty, and fame). Only IV would allow the direct satisfaction of our basic psychological needs which are innate and universal in human beings. Adolescence being a key period for value development, the goal of this dissertation was to advance knowledge regarding IV and EV during this life period by clarifying their associations with well-being and risk-taking (Study 1) and by examining how the three detrimental parenting components relate to them (Study 2). As past studies have often studied adolescents’ values by aggregating IV and EV, the present dissertation aims instead to establish their respective contributions to observed associations. This dissertation has also taken interest in the importance given to values (talk) as well as the degree to which values are put into practice (walk). To these ends, 647 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years old were recruited to complete an online survey. The results of Study 1 first showed, as expected, that adolescents’ talking of IV was associated with greater well-being, whereas the talking and walking of EV were associated with more risk-taking. Study 1 also examined the interactions between values’ talk and walk and revealed that, on the one hand, the talking of EV was never related to well-being, no matter how much adolescents gave importance to IV. On the other hand, among adolescents who put less IV into practice, the walking of EV was associated with more well-being, whereas it wasn’t related to it among those who put more IV into practice. Exploratory analyses however showed that the observed wellness benefits observed among some adolescents putting more EV into practice were limited to more fleeting aspects of well-being (i.e., positive affect and vitality), in contrast to the benefits related to IV (i.e., more life satisfaction, presence of meaning, positive affect and vitality). In Study 2, we were interested in the direct associations between parenting and adolescents’ values and to the potential moderating role of parenting in the association between parental values and adolescents’ values. We focused on the three components of detrimental parenting: rejecting, chaotic, and controlling parenting. When these three components were taken into account, only controlling parenting was significantly related to adolescents’ values. The more adolescents perceived their parents as controlling, the more they were susceptible to give importance to EV. Next, we also observed that only chaotic parenting moderated the correspondence between parents’ and adolescents’ values. The more parenting was perceived as chaotic, the lower the similarity was between the degree of importance given to EV by adolescents and their parents. Results suggest that parents can influence adolescents’ value adoption in a direct manner, through controlling parenting, as well as in an indirect manner, through chaotic parenting. In sum, results from the two studies of this dissertation contribute to enrich knowledge regarding values in adolescence and to clarify certain ambiguous associations in the literature. While Study 1 supports the idea that it would be beneficial for adolescents’ psychological and physical wellness to foster their adoption of IV, while limiting that of EV, Study 2 provides potential strategies to accomplish that. Together, the present dissertation’ studies recommend the delivery of interventions helping parents to adopt less controlling and chaotic parenting practices to foster a healthy development of values in adolescents.

La majorité des femmes ayant été traitées pour un cancer du sein sont physiquement inactives alors que l’activité physique (AP) pourrait atténuer les conséquences néfastes du cancer et des traitements. Le soutien à l’autonomie par les professionnels de la santé peut améliorer l’adhésion et le maintien de l’AP. Or, peu d’études portent sur les populations en cancer et la plupart utilisent des devis qui limitent l’inférence causale. L’objectif du présent mémoire est de déterminer, à l’aide d’une approche en inférence causale, si la perception du soutien à l’autonomie (PSA) par des professionnels de la santé est associée à l’AP d’intensités légère, modérée et vigoureuse chez des femmes ayant été traitées pour un cancer du sein. Les données ont été collectées dans le cadre de l’étude longitudinale « Life After Breast Cancer : Moving On » (n=199). La PSA a été mesurée par le questionnaire Healthcare Climate Questionnaire. L’AP a été mesurée à l’aide d’accéléromètres triaxiaux GT3X. L’association entre la PSA et l’AP a été estimée à l’aide régressions linéaires et les estimations ajustées ont été obtenues par pondération par l’inverse de la probabilité de traitement (IPTW). Les résultats montrent l’absence d’associations entre la PSA et l’AP d’intensités légère (β^(95%IC) = -0,09 (-0,68 ; 0,49)), modérée (β^(95%IC) = -0,03 (-0,17 ; 0,11)) ou vigoureuse (β^(95%IC) = 0,00 (-0,03 ; 0,02)). D’autres formes de soutien à l’AP par les professionnels de la santé pourraient être envisagées pour encourager les femmes ayant été traitées pour un cancer du sein à adopter et maintenir une pratique régulière d’AP. / The majority of women that have been treated for breast cancer are physically inactive although physical activity (PA) could attenuate some of the adverse consequences of cancer and treatment. Autonomy support from health care professionals may improve PA adherence and maintenance. However, few studies on this topic focus on people treated for cancer and most use designs that limit causal inference. This master’s thesis aimed to determine, using a causal inference approach, whether or not perceived autonomy support (PAS) from health care professionals is associated with light, moderate, and vigorous intensity PA among women treated for breast cancer. Data were from the longitudinal study “Life After Breast Cancer: Moving On” (n=199). PAS was measured with the Healthcare Climate Questionnaire. PA was measured using the GT3X triaxial accelerometers. Associations between PAS and PA were estimated with linear regressions and adjusted estimations were obtained using propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW). Results reveal no association between PAS and PA of light (β^(95%CI) = -0.09 (-0.68, 0.49)), moderate (β^(95%CI) = -0.03 (-0.17, 0.11)), or vigorous (β^(95%CI) = 0.00 (-0.03, 0.02)) intensity. Other forms of support for PA by health care professionals could be examined to encourage women to adopt and maintain regular PA.

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