Migration is a phenomenon wherein individuals relocate from one country to another, albeit temporarily or permanently, for numerous reasons. The State of Qatar is a highly diverse nation with a large population of foreign residents. According to Priya D’Souza, as of 2017, 60 percent of the resident population in Qatar are from South Asia. Growing up in this environment, third culture kids develop a unique, hybrid culture through experiencing multiple cultures. This research investigates a dichotomy of belonging from the perspective of South Asians in Qatar. A series of hybridized spinning tops were produced in collaboration with a South Asian artisan. These hybridized artifacts are infused with sensory materials in order to elicit an emotive response, engage memory, and celebrate the merging of diverse cultures.

AbstractThe aim of this essay is to identify English out-of-school activities among students with an immigrant background to find out to what extent English out-of-school activities have an impact on the students’ results at the National Test of English.An additional aim is to find out if English out-of-school activities are a way of integration outwards or vice versa if the lack of English out-of-school activities is a sign of integration inwards. The present study is based upon a questionnaire with closed questions, which was filled in by 54 third graders enrolled in the Child and Recreation Programme. The informants are divided into two groups, one of which is a control group of native Swedish students. The study showed a tendency that students with an immigrant background who are not involved in English out-of-school activities obtain lower grades in English and that they integrate inwards by using their native language on the Internet, listening to music and watching films from their home country. Furthermore, the study showed that there is a slight difference between native Swedish students and students with an immigrant background as regards computer habits.Keywords: English out-of-school activities, integration, third language acquisition, informal learning, computer habits, National Test of English, the third culture

A presente pesquisa trabalha principalmente Freyre e o iberismo. Foi possível concluir que o sociólogo saiu em defesa dos valores luso-hispânicos como responsáveis por alçar o país à categoria de modelo de civilização. Com base em documentos produzidos à época, identificamos que o sociólogo pernambucano, de modo muito particular, desenvolve a ideia que sinaliza para o Brasil, principal representante do catolicismo ibérico, como terceira força cultural ou terceira solução, capaz de ombrear culturalmente com as principais potências que marcaram as disputas ideológicas na Guerra Fria. / This research aims at analyzing, primarily, Freyre and Iberianism. It is right to say that Luso-Hispanic values were asserted by the sociologist as responsible to raise Brazil as a way of civilization. Based on historical documents, I have identified that Gilberto Freyre, in a very particular way, formulates an idea for Brazil, main Iberian Catholicism representative, as the third cultural force or the third solution, capable of equalizing itself, from a cultural viewpoint, in relation with the world powers, which marked the ideological disputes throughout the Cold War period.

This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in order to better understand the multiple multicultural educational experiences TCKs have as a result of their unwanted/unpredictable international moves. The transcendental approach included semistructured face-to-face interviews based on a questionnaire with 12 TCK students at an international school in Korea. Students were asked to share their emotional, academic, and social experiences. The three research questions underpinning the questionnaire were: What are the emotional experiences of TCK high school students at a Korean international school who had multiple school disruptions? What are the academic experiences of TCK high school students at a Korean international school who had multiple school disruptions? What are the social experiences of TCK high school students at a Korean international school who had multiple school disruptions? The participants had attended at least three different schools K-12 and had attended schools in at least two different countries. Results revealed that although TCKs are fearful of moving to a new school in a new country they are excited about the new experiences they will have as they transition to a new place and new school. Academically, the International Baccalaureate Programme is the curriculum TCKs prefer and find the most suitable to their international experiences. The most unique experiences TCKs face moving from one school to another in a different country revolve around relationships. The most difficult part about moving is leaving friends and family behind. While TCKs moving to a new school in a new country face complex challenges forming close relationships, they are open-minded and are able to relate to people from a variety of different backgrounds and nationalities.

Syftet med studien var att sammanställa tidigare forskning om multikulturalismen och identitet för att studera multikulturalismens påverkan på individens identitetsutveckling. Studiens frågeställningar var ”Hur påverkar kultur formandet av individens identitet? och ”Hur hanterar individen upplevelsen/upplevelserna av att leva mellan olika kulturer?”. Den metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie och åtta artiklar valdes ut genom elektroniska databassökningar i OneSearch och ProQuest. För att tolka det empiriska materialet användes Andrafiering som teoretiskt begrepp samt R/CID modellen. Studiens resultat visar att nackdelarna av att uppleva brist på tillhörighet i båda sina kulturer och anpassningen till den ena kulturen skapar en isolering av den andra. När individen känner sig trygg i sin identitet tar man avstånd från den etnocentristiska mentaliteten och inser att man är en blandning av olika kulturer och försöker förena dessa istället för att skifta identitet. Studien visade vidare att individerna uppskattar resan de gjort igenom stegen då de inser alla fördelarna med sina erfarenheter. Tredje kulturs individer anser att tillhörigheten kommer från delade upplevelser med folk i sin omgivning snarare än land, kultur och etnicitet. Slutsatsen av studien var att den identitetsutvecklingen som Third Culture Individuals genomgår bidrar till att de blir mer öppensinnade och fördomsfria. Att inte ha en säker omgivning, och vara delad mellan flera kulturer, gör det svårt för individen att nå en trygg identitet och därför skiftar individerna identiteter beroende på vilket sammanhang de befinner sig i. / The aim of the study was to compile previous research about multiculturalism and identity to study multiculturalism's effects on identity development. Our research questions were: “How does culture affect the construction of the individual’s identity?” and “How does the individual cope with the experiences of living between different cultures?”. The method chosen was a literature review and eight articles were selected through electronic database searches in OneSearch and ProQuest. The theoretical framework used to analyze the result was “Otherization” and the R/CID model. The study highlights the disadvantages of the lack of belonging to both cultures and how adaptation to one culture creates isolation to the other. When the individual feels safe in their identity, they abandon the ethnocentric mentality and realize that they are a mix of cultures and try to unite these. The study showed that individuals appreciate the journey through the levels as they benefit from the experience. TCI:s believe that belonging comes from shared experiences with people in their surrounding rather than country, culture and ethnicity. The study concludes that the identity development that TCI:s fulfill contributes to them becoming more open-minded and unbiased. Also, lacking a stable environment and being in the middle of several cultures makes it difficult for the individual to reach a secure and confident identity, and therefore TCI:s shift their identity depending on the context in which they find themselves.

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Svenska Third Culture Kid (Tredje Kultur Barn) påverkas vardagligen utav deraserfarenheter av att leva i olika världar. När TCKs återvänder till Sverige söker de eftersvar på vem de är och var de tillhör. Denna uppsats undersöker effekterna av att växaupp i olika kulturer i relation till identitet och tillhörighet. Syftet är att förstå hur TCKsuppfattar sig själva och deras identitet och hur detta påverkar deras känsla avtillhörighet. Den här uppsatsen är baserad på multipla fallstudier som undersökerlivshistorier från elva TCKs som alla levt utomlands och nu har återvänt till Sverige.Studien är baserad på befintlig litteratur om TCKs och Vuxna Tredje Kultur Barn(ATCKs), där vi sedan behandlar problem som känsla av tillhörighet och identitet, därvi diskuterar nationalism, hemmet, traditioner och språket. Första-hands informationsamlades ihop dels genom ett frågeformulär och dels genom att semi-struktureradedjupintervjuer utfördes. Sedan länkades tillgänglig litteratur och TCKs’ personligaerfarenheter ihop och utvecklades. Resultatet av vår undersökning är att tillhörighet fören TCK är att veta vem de är som en unik person och de finner en känsla av hem i derasrelation med familj och vänner snarare än en plats. / Everyday lives of Swedish Third Culture Kids (TCK) are characterized by theirexperiences of living among worlds. As the Swedish TCKs return to Sweden they try tofind a sense of who they are and where they belong. This thesis examines the effects ofgrowing up among cultures in connection to identity and belonging. The purpose is tounderstand how TCKs perceive themselves and their identity and how this affects theirsense of belonging. The thesis is based on a multiple case study, which examines thelife stories of eleven TCKs who all have lived abroad and now returned to Sweden. Theresearch design was based on a review of the literature on TCKs and Adult ThirdCulture Kids (ATCKs), covering issues such as sense of belonging and identity. Withinthis context we discuss; nationalism, home, traditions and language. First hand datawere gathered through a questionnaire and in-depth semi-structured interviews wereconducted. Later links between the available literature and the personal experiences ofthe TCKs’ were developed. The result of our research is that belonging for a TCK is toknow who they are as a unique person and they find a sense of home in theirrelationships with family and friends rather than a place.

This study aims to examine how identity creation in young women is affected by living in an in-betweenship state. In addition, with the help of our interviewees' stories, we also want to highlight the advantages and disadvantages that the women themselves see in this phenomenon. The purpose of the study is to examine how women who experience in-betweenship and dual cultural affiliation describe that it affects their identity. To investigate this, a qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews is used. The interviewees consist of seven women between twenty and thirty years old with origins from the Middle East, who were all born or raised in Sweden. All interviews were thematized in connection with the transcript and the important themes selected have been limited to what answers the study's purpose and question.The results of the study showed that all interviewees have at some time felt various difficulties in finding and creating their identity between two cultures, which in many cases has led to some form of identity crisis. Several of the interviewees mention that there is a kind of rootlessness and an expressed wonder of "who am I". Another result that this study has shown is that the benefits of living in an intermediate relationship and with dual cultures are a deeper understanding of other people and cultures. / Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur unga kvinnors identitetsskapande påverkas av att leva i ett mellanförskap. Utöver det vill vi med hjälp av intervjupersonernas berättelser och erfarenheter också lyfta fram de för- och nackdelar som kvinnorna själva ser med detta fenomen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kvinnor med dubbel kulturtillhörighet som upplever ett mellanförskap beskriver att det påverkar deras identitet. För att undersöka detta används en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjupersonerna består av sju kvinnor mellan tjugo och trettio år med ursprung från mellanöstern, alla är födda eller har spenderat större delen av sin uppväxt i Sverige. Alla intervjuer transkriberades i samband med intervjuerna och de teman som valts ut relaterar till studiens syfte och frågeställning.Studiens resultat visar att alla intervjupersoner någon gång har känt svårigheter i att hitta och skapa sin identitet mellan två olika kulturer, vilket i många fall har lett till någon form av identitetskris. Flera av intervjupersonerna nämner en känsla av rotlöshet och en uttryckt undran över ”vem är jag”. En av de största fördelarna som gemensamt nämns av intervjupersonerna är att de tack vare en dubbel kulturtillhörighet har fått en djupare förståelse för andra människor och kulturer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Child labor is a complex global phenomenon. Though poverty is widely accepted as the primary cause of child labor, there are many dimensions of the phenomenon that still remain to be explored. Very little attention has been given to the policies that drive efforts to address child labor and how they are framed. Of particular interest is how we determine who is a child, and the notions of childhood underpinning these policies. Less attention has been given to the relationships and power dynamics underlying the policy-making process that surrounds this discourse. A qualitative method, namely, critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used to examine the discursive construction of children and childhood in child labor discourse. Underlying power dynamics through the analysis of diverse child labor-related policies at the global (ILO), regional (OAU/AU), sub-regional (ECOWAS), global/sub-regional (Harkin-Engel Protocol), and local (Ghana) levels was explored. Findings revealed that homogenized and hegemonic trends are visible in child labor discourse. While the ILO's discourse on child labor was either reproduced or referenced in the other policies, there was generally a homogenized definition of children based on Western social constructions and views of children. Child labor policies were not fully cognizant or sensitive to local constructions and conceptions of how we define children and what we determine are appropriate roles at various ages. In particular reference to Ghana, the Government of Ghana's child labor policies did not reflect the sociological and cultural realities of the nation. Findings of the study also suggest that for some organizations and countries, especially in the Global South, political and economic considerations influenced whose voices were included in child labor policy creation. Critical discourse implications for social work education, policy analysis, practice and research are discussed.

This exploratory study investigates how American and Canadian parents living in Saudi Arabia perceive enrolling their children in an online virtual school. This research is relevant to North Americans living and working overseas and how these parents access educational opportunities for their children. North American parents living in Saudi Arabia with children have limited local educational options. If parents decided not to enroll their child in traditional private local international education, alternatives include boarding school, homeschool, or online school. Of the surveyed participants, 68% of parents had enrolled their children in online education or expressed interest in enrolling their children in online education but many lack information and knowledge about online education. A qualitative study analyzed participants in semi-structured interviews. Besides academic satisfaction, the most common reasons for alternative education are the lack of available competitive sports and the arts, including theatre and music. Four themes emerged from the data. Parent satisfaction about their children's education shifts from positive to negative around 8th or 9th grade. Parents are, in general, unwilling to take a risk on an unproven online school. Local private international schools are the focal point of extra-curricular activities and social events, but families lack connections and a supportive environment within the local Saudi Arabian community. Overall, parents do view full-time online education as a viable option for K-12 education; however, perhaps not for their children. Though standalone online classes, within a traditional face-to-face school, was received positively by many families.