This thesis is a study of Lenin and his ideas and actions during the first five months that he was political leader of Russia. Its primary purpose is to discover the particular relationships between theory and expediency as roles in influencing Lenin's actions as head of state for that period, hoping that a basic understanding of the mind of Vladimir I. Lenin will evolve.

<p><strong>Summery</strong></p><p>The main objective of this essay is to analyze the challenges caused by today’s modern phenomenon of change in our society and to discuss it in relationship to the process of migration. In doing so I focus on questions like, “what does it really mean when a person becomes a migrant and what does it mean to be the host country?” Becoming a migrant or a host country is a complex process which involves variety of challenges both for individuals and the locality. New inventions are made in the field of science and technology. Societies and social institutions are subjected to change and we undergo several changes or modifications to fit in to this changing system. This makes intigration process more difficult and complex. I feel that the process of accepting and adopting begins from the very first moment in the new society. The one who comes in also brings in new cultural perspectives, new ideologies and beliefs. This establishes the background of plurality which has both positive and negative consequences.    </p><p>I believe that every factor from bigger social institutions to minute incidents associated with an individual are of equal importance in understanding society as a whole. So I approach my research question here by considering both micro and macro theorists. I have also referred to migrations history of Sweden which provides general idea of types and mode of migration in the past few decades.   </p>

<p>Att utnyttja flygstridskrafter har sedan tidernas begynnelse varit en effektiv metod att påtvinga motparten sin egen vilja. Sättet man använt flygstridskrafterna på har debatterats under historiens gång. Inom ämnet luftmakt finns det en rad kända och inflytelserika luftmaktsteoretiker som alla har sin idé om hur man bäst utnyttjar flygstridskrafter. Hur ser vår svenska doktrin ut gällande teorier kring luftmakt? Vilka luftmaktsteorier genomsyrar grundtanken bakom hur vi idag vägleder våra luftoperationer? Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka generella och centrala luftmaktsteorier som återfinns i den svenska doktrinen. För att kunna svara på mina valda frågeställningar och tillgodose syftet med uppsatsen har jag valt att dela in uppsatsen i två delar. Den första delen är en beskrivande del där jag helt enkelt redogör för vad luftmakt är, presenterar centrala luftmaktsteoretiker och deras teorier samt redogör för vad vår doktrin säger angående luftmakt. Därefter kommer en komparation mellan centrala tankar och teorier kring luftmakt och svensk doktrin för luftoperationer. Resultatet i uppsatsen visar tydliga exempel på att doktrinen återspeglar det bästa hos flera av de centrala luftmaktsteoretikerna. Det centrala i doktrinen är effekttänkandet och utnyttjandet av indirekt metod. Avslutningsvis ser jag en begränsning gällande svensk doktrin och luftmaktsteorier kring strategiska mål och medel nu när Försvarsmakten gått från invasions- till insatsförsvar och därmed minskat på personal och resurser. Frågan är om vi har möjlighet att effektivt verka strategiskt som enskilt land eller om vi är beroende av andra nationer?</p> / <p>To use air power has always been an effective way to affect your opponent. The way you use air power has been debated throughout history. There are a number of famous and influential air power theorists who all have their idea of how to best use air power. How does the Swedish air doctrine describe air power? Which airpower theories work as guidelines for our air operations today? The purpose of this paper is to examine general and central air power theories which can be found in the Swedish doctrine. To be able to answer my questions and to achieve the objective of this paper, I have chosen to divide the paper into two parts. The first part is a descriptive part where I simply describe what air power is, present well known air-power theorists and their theories and outline what our doctrine says about air power. The second part is a comparison between the central ideas and theories about air power and the Swedish airdoctrine. The result of this paper shows that the Swedish air doctrine has been influenced by several air-power theorists. Central in the doctrine are effects-based operations and the use of indirect methods. Finally, I see a limitation in the Swedish air doctrine and strategic air power theories now that the Armed Forces have reorganized, which means less personnel and resources. The question is whether we can effectively operate on a strategic level as a single country or if we are dependent on other nations?</p>

Att utnyttja flygstridskrafter har sedan tidernas begynnelse varit en effektiv metod att påtvinga motparten sin egen vilja. Sättet man använt flygstridskrafterna på har debatterats under historiens gång. Inom ämnet luftmakt finns det en rad kända och inflytelserika luftmaktsteoretiker som alla har sin idé om hur man bäst utnyttjar flygstridskrafter. Hur ser vår svenska doktrin ut gällande teorier kring luftmakt? Vilka luftmaktsteorier genomsyrar grundtanken bakom hur vi idag vägleder våra luftoperationer? Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka generella och centrala luftmaktsteorier som återfinns i den svenska doktrinen. För att kunna svara på mina valda frågeställningar och tillgodose syftet med uppsatsen har jag valt att dela in uppsatsen i två delar. Den första delen är en beskrivande del där jag helt enkelt redogör för vad luftmakt är, presenterar centrala luftmaktsteoretiker och deras teorier samt redogör för vad vår doktrin säger angående luftmakt. Därefter kommer en komparation mellan centrala tankar och teorier kring luftmakt och svensk doktrin för luftoperationer. Resultatet i uppsatsen visar tydliga exempel på att doktrinen återspeglar det bästa hos flera av de centrala luftmaktsteoretikerna. Det centrala i doktrinen är effekttänkandet och utnyttjandet av indirekt metod. Avslutningsvis ser jag en begränsning gällande svensk doktrin och luftmaktsteorier kring strategiska mål och medel nu när Försvarsmakten gått från invasions- till insatsförsvar och därmed minskat på personal och resurser. Frågan är om vi har möjlighet att effektivt verka strategiskt som enskilt land eller om vi är beroende av andra nationer? / To use air power has always been an effective way to affect your opponent. The way you use air power has been debated throughout history. There are a number of famous and influential air power theorists who all have their idea of how to best use air power. How does the Swedish air doctrine describe air power? Which airpower theories work as guidelines for our air operations today? The purpose of this paper is to examine general and central air power theories which can be found in the Swedish doctrine. To be able to answer my questions and to achieve the objective of this paper, I have chosen to divide the paper into two parts. The first part is a descriptive part where I simply describe what air power is, present well known air-power theorists and their theories and outline what our doctrine says about air power. The second part is a comparison between the central ideas and theories about air power and the Swedish airdoctrine. The result of this paper shows that the Swedish air doctrine has been influenced by several air-power theorists. Central in the doctrine are effects-based operations and the use of indirect methods. Finally, I see a limitation in the Swedish air doctrine and strategic air power theories now that the Armed Forces have reorganized, which means less personnel and resources. The question is whether we can effectively operate on a strategic level as a single country or if we are dependent on other nations?

Summery The main objective of this essay is to analyze the challenges caused by today’s modern phenomenon of change in our society and to discuss it in relationship to the process of migration. In doing so I focus on questions like, “what does it really mean when a person becomes a migrant and what does it mean to be the host country?” Becoming a migrant or a host country is a complex process which involves variety of challenges both for individuals and the locality. New inventions are made in the field of science and technology. Societies and social institutions are subjected to change and we undergo several changes or modifications to fit in to this changing system. This makes intigration process more difficult and complex. I feel that the process of accepting and adopting begins from the very first moment in the new society. The one who comes in also brings in new cultural perspectives, new ideologies and beliefs. This establishes the background of plurality which has both positive and negative consequences.     I believe that every factor from bigger social institutions to minute incidents associated with an individual are of equal importance in understanding society as a whole. So I approach my research question here by considering both micro and macro theorists. I have also referred to migrations history of Sweden which provides general idea of types and mode of migration in the past few decades.

O dogma da neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional nasce juntamente com o Estado moderno liberal como corolário do princípio da separação dos poderes e como tentativa de minimização da influência do subjetivismo do julgador sobre as decisões tomadas. Naquela época, acreditava-se que somente julgamentos pautados estritamente nos comandos legais é que seriam justos, porque respeitariam a vontade popular expressa nas normas. Entretanto, ao lado desse imperativo, que ainda se faz presente na atualidade, parece haver uma crise do sistema democrático, que vê reduzida paulatinamente sua representatividade, com a consequente perda da legitimidade das leis, até então expressão da vontade popular. Diante desse quadro, o presente trabalho se propôs a problematizar, filosoficamente, o imperativo de neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional, indagando a respeito de sua adequação ao contexto social brasileiro contemporâneo. Para tanto, recorreu-se à obra de LUIS ALBERTO WARAT, jusfilósofo que, dentre outras contribuições, desenvolveu a concepção de senso comum teórico dos juristas, como tentativa de evidenciar a existência de uma série de representações, imagens e crenças consolidadas na ciência e na prática do Direito, que são tidas como enunciados científicos mas que não passam de mero senso comum cristalizado e carregado de ideologia. Assim, a partir da obra waratiana, situada no contexto da Filosofia da Linguagem, tentou-se responder à seguinte questão: é possível cogitar de neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional se os magistrados, em sua prática cotidiana, lidam com um saber jurídico repleto de ideologia e se o próprio ato de conhecer não parece sujeito a critérios de objetividade? A conclusão a que se chegou é que a atuação judicial não é, e nem pode ser, neutra. E, também, que a neutralidade no exercício da magistratura, frente a um cenário de profundas desigualdades sociais, não é desejável, porque implica a manutenção e reprodução do senso comum teórico dos juristas, com a consequente perpetuação do status quo e o aniquilamento do potencial transformador da magistratura. / The dogma of neutrality in adjudication comes together to the Modern liberal state as a corollary of the principle of separation of powers, in attempt to minimize the influence of the subjectivism of the magistrates on the decisions taken. At that time, it was believed that only judgments based strictly on the ruled legal commands were fair, because they respected the popular will expressed in their standards. However, alongside this imperative, which is still present nowadays, there seems to be a crisis of the democratic system, which loses gradually its representativeness, so that the laws are not more expression of the will of the people. Considering this situation, this work intended to question, philosophically, the need for neutrality in adjudication, asking about their adequacy to Brazilian contemporary social context. Therefore, appealed to the work of LUIS ALBERTO WARAT, author that, among other contributions, developed the concept of theorist common sense of jurists in an attempt to prove the existence of a series of representations, images and beliefs statements in science and practice of Law, which are regarded as scientific statements but are only common sense crystallized and loaded with ideology. Thus, from WARATs work, which is situated in the context of Philosophy of Language, we tried to answer the following question: Is it possible for judges to act with neutrality if they, in their daily practice, deal with a legal knowledge full of ideology and the act of knowing cannot reach objectivity? The conclusion reached is that the judicial action is not and cannot be neutral. And, also, that the neutrality of the magistrates is not desirable, considering the scene of deep social inequalities in Brazil contemporary, because it involves the maintenance and reproduction of common sense theory of lawyers, with the consequent perpetuation of the status quo and the annihilation of the transforming potential from the judiciary.

O dogma da neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional nasce juntamente com o Estado moderno liberal como corolário do princípio da separação dos poderes e como tentativa de minimização da influência do subjetivismo do julgador sobre as decisões tomadas. Naquela época, acreditava-se que somente julgamentos pautados estritamente nos comandos legais é que seriam justos, porque respeitariam a vontade popular expressa nas normas. Entretanto, ao lado desse imperativo, que ainda se faz presente na atualidade, parece haver uma crise do sistema democrático, que vê reduzida paulatinamente sua representatividade, com a consequente perda da legitimidade das leis, até então expressão da vontade popular. Diante desse quadro, o presente trabalho se propôs a problematizar, filosoficamente, o imperativo de neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional, indagando a respeito de sua adequação ao contexto social brasileiro contemporâneo. Para tanto, recorreu-se à obra de LUIS ALBERTO WARAT, jusfilósofo que, dentre outras contribuições, desenvolveu a concepção de senso comum teórico dos juristas, como tentativa de evidenciar a existência de uma série de representações, imagens e crenças consolidadas na ciência e na prática do Direito, que são tidas como enunciados científicos mas que não passam de mero senso comum cristalizado e carregado de ideologia. Assim, a partir da obra waratiana, situada no contexto da Filosofia da Linguagem, tentou-se responder à seguinte questão: é possível cogitar de neutralidade na prestação jurisdicional se os magistrados, em sua prática cotidiana, lidam com um saber jurídico repleto de ideologia e se o próprio ato de conhecer não parece sujeito a critérios de objetividade? A conclusão a que se chegou é que a atuação judicial não é, e nem pode ser, neutra. E, também, que a neutralidade no exercício da magistratura, frente a um cenário de profundas desigualdades sociais, não é desejável, porque implica a manutenção e reprodução do senso comum teórico dos juristas, com a consequente perpetuação do status quo e o aniquilamento do potencial transformador da magistratura. / The dogma of neutrality in adjudication comes together to the Modern liberal state as a corollary of the principle of separation of powers, in attempt to minimize the influence of the subjectivism of the magistrates on the decisions taken. At that time, it was believed that only judgments based strictly on the ruled legal commands were fair, because they respected the popular will expressed in their standards. However, alongside this imperative, which is still present nowadays, there seems to be a crisis of the democratic system, which loses gradually its representativeness, so that the laws are not more expression of the will of the people. Considering this situation, this work intended to question, philosophically, the need for neutrality in adjudication, asking about their adequacy to Brazilian contemporary social context. Therefore, appealed to the work of LUIS ALBERTO WARAT, author that, among other contributions, developed the concept of theorist common sense of jurists in an attempt to prove the existence of a series of representations, images and beliefs statements in science and practice of Law, which are regarded as scientific statements but are only common sense crystallized and loaded with ideology. Thus, from WARATs work, which is situated in the context of Philosophy of Language, we tried to answer the following question: Is it possible for judges to act with neutrality if they, in their daily practice, deal with a legal knowledge full of ideology and the act of knowing cannot reach objectivity? The conclusion reached is that the judicial action is not and cannot be neutral. And, also, that the neutrality of the magistrates is not desirable, considering the scene of deep social inequalities in Brazil contemporary, because it involves the maintenance and reproduction of common sense theory of lawyers, with the consequent perpetuation of the status quo and the annihilation of the transforming potential from the judiciary.

En 1977, Philippe Thomas (1951-1995) débute un travail qui se situe entre l’art et la littérature et qui conservera cette double dimension d’une œuvre procédant tant du voir que du lire. Il l’élabore en lui donnant une dimension narrative dont l’intermédialité, le réseau de ramifications intertextuelles et l’accumulation de travaux qui relèvent du dispositif construisent un récit à la forme discontinue. Participant d’une écriture des événements et s’appuyant sur une mise en parallèle de la présentation artistique et de l’énonciation, le projet de Thomas est celui d’une fiction du faire qui cherche à éprouver la frontière entre les mondes réel et fictionnel. Notre étude souhaite répondre aux objectifs d’une première monographie d’artiste et s’attache à décrire l’ensemble de l’œuvre de Thomas afin d’en reconstruire le parcours à l’aide d’un certain nombre de notions clés. Elle prend sa source dans la bibliothèque de cet artiste qui définit l’art comme un processus de recherche, comme une expérimentation du langage. C’est l’œuvre en train de se faire que nous observons, en nous intéressant à sa genèse et à ses conditions de réalisation. Et ce, afin de définir la posture d’auteur qui se dessine dans la spécificité d’une pratique artistique demandant la prise en compte tant de l’œuvre que de ses marges. Si le projet de Thomas met en place la disparition de l’auteur par le biais d’un protocole de signature de ses ready-mades, notre thèse rappelle qu’il s’agit d’une absence toute paradoxale : l’artiste caché par ses personnages demeure omniprésent et par là, participe de la redéfinition de l’auteur malgré la déclaration de sa mort une décennie plus tôt. / In 1977, Philippe Thomas (1951-1995) begins a practice situated between art and literature, and his works will conserve this dual dimension by proceeding both from the act of seeing and from the act of reading. Through intermediality, a network of intertextual offshoots, and an apparatus formed by the accumulation of works, he constructs a discontinuous narrative. Participating in event-based writing and relying on parallels between artistic presentation and enunciation, Thomas’ project is a fiction of making that seeks to test the frontier between real and fictional worlds. This study seeks to fulfill the need of a first monograph on the artist, and it describes the entirety of Thomas’ oeuvre so as to reconstruct his artistic career with the aid of a certain number of key notions. My first source is the library of this artist, who defines art as a research process like an experimentation of language. I observe the oeuvre as it is being constructed, by focusing on its genesis and on the conditions of its production. I do this in order to define an authorial posture shaped by the specificity of an artistic practice which requires consideration of both the works it produces and its margins. If Thomas’ project carries out the death of the author through a protocol of signatures of his readymades, my dissertation emphasizes that this is a paradoxical absence: the artist hidden by his personas remains omnipotent, participating in the redefinition of the author in spite of the declaration of his death a decade earlier.

This dissertation examines the practice of writing military history in conjunction with military theory. It shows that in the pursuit of establishing military theory, military history is often actively distorted and manipulated by military theorists. Those military theorists who, consciously or subconsciously, succumb to this practice are identified here as "theorist-historians". The effect of this manipulation, its implications and consequences for the field of study as a whole are examined, as is the didactic nature of military history in the light of historical accuracy. In conclusion the role and effect of the military theorist~historians are evaluated against those of purely academic historians. The unique didactic needs of military history are also highlighted. Two twentieth century British military theorists, B. H. Liddell Hart and J. F. C. Fuller, were chosen as being representative of the military theorist-historian group. / Political Science / M.A. (International Politics)

This dissertation examines the practice of writing military history in conjunction with military theory. It shows that in the pursuit of establishing military theory, military history is often actively distorted and manipulated by military theorists. Those military theorists who, consciously or subconsciously, succumb to this practice are identified here as "theorist-historians". The effect of this manipulation, its implications and consequences for the field of study as a whole are examined, as is the didactic nature of military history in the light of historical accuracy. In conclusion the role and effect of the military theorist~historians are evaluated against those of purely academic historians. The unique didactic needs of military history are also highlighted. Two twentieth century British military theorists, B. H. Liddell Hart and J. F. C. Fuller, were chosen as being representative of the military theorist-historian group. / Political Science / M.A. (International Politics)