Datorer, mobiltelefoner och iPads är exempel på digitala verktyg som används dagligen i samhället och skolan är inget undantag. Tidigare forskning beskriver att attityder, normer och upplevelser hos den enskilda läraren har stor betydelse för valet av digitala verktyg. Syftet med vår studie är att öka kunskapen om förutsättningarna för lärarens användning av digitala verktyg i matematikundervisningen i årskurs 4-6. Vilka yttre och inre faktorer upplever läraren existerar? Hur beskriver och motiverar läraren sina val mellan traditionella eller digitala verktyg? För att svara på frågorna använde vi intervjuer som konstruerades med utgångspunkt från Theory of planned behavior. Vår studie indikerar att det är fler yttre än inre faktorer som påverkar lärarens användning av digitala verktyg, varav fler underlättar än hindrar användandet. Resultaten är komplexa och svårtolkade men vi drar slutsatsen att framtiden för användning av digitala verktyg i matematikundervisningen ser ljus ut.

No / In light of the growing interest in "ethically questionable" consumer behavior, this study explores possible explanations of the occurrence of such behaviour, and subsequently develops a theoretical framework. The study is based upon data collected from 72 U.K. consumers, acquired from a projective approach with scenarios. Taking the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as an initial analytical framework, attitude, social influence, opportunity (as perceived behavioral control in TPB) and perceived unfairness are identified as the antecedents of ethically questionable behavior (EQB). Social influence is extended to include a broader range of external influences from subjective norm in TPB. Opportunity is considered to represent an aspect of perceived behavioral control as available resource to engage in EQB. Perceived unfairness is presented as an additional component and refers to the extent to which an actor is motivated to redress an imbalance that is perceived as unfair. Binary logistic models suggest that attitude and social influence consistently impact on EQB, as TPB would predict. Analysis of variance suggests that perceived unfairness and opportunity, though context specific, also show signs of significant influence on the acceptance and practice of this behavior. Additional to the construct of TPB, this study develops the dimension of perceived unfairness in the context of EQB decision-making. In the context of TPB, it provides further insight into our understanding of EQB, helping to provide a theoretical framework.

Yes / Rationale: The Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) developed out of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior but has not yet been widely applied to understanding health behaviors. The present research employed the RAA in a prospective design to test predictions of intention and action for groups of protection and risk behaviors separately in the same sample. Objective: To test the RAA for health protection and risk behaviors. Method: Measures of RAA components plus past behavior were taken in relation to eight protection and six risk behaviors in 385 adults. Self-reported behavior was assessed one month later. Results: Multi-level modelling showed instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, descriptive norms, capacity and past behavior were significant positive predictors of intentions to engage in protection or risk behaviors. Injunctive norms were only significant predictors of intention in protection behaviors. Autonomy was a significant positive predictor of intentions in protection behaviors and a negative predictor in risk behaviors (the latter relationship became non-significant when controlling for past behavior). Multi-level modelling showed that intention, capacity, and past behavior were significant positive predictors of action for both protection and risk behaviors. Experiential attitude and descriptive norm were additional significant positive predictors of risk behaviors. Conclusion: The RAA has utility in predicting both protection and risk health behaviors although the power of predictors may vary across these types of health behavior. / Data collection for this research was funded by a grant from the British Academy to the first three authors.

Yes / Background: Reasoned action approach (RAA) includes subcomponents of attitude (experiential/instrumental), perceived norm (injunctive/descriptive), and perceived behavioral control (capacity/autonomy) to predict intention and behavior. Purpose: To provide a meta-analysis of the RAA for health behaviors focusing on comparing the pairs of RAA subcomponents and differences between health protection and health-risk behaviors. Methods: The present research reports a meta-analysis of correlational tests of RAA subcomponents, examination of moderators, and combined effects of subcomponents on intention and behavior. Regressions were used to predict intention and behavior based on data from studies measuring all variables. Results: Capacity and experiential attitude had large, and other constructs had small-medium-sized correlations with intention; all constructs except autonomy were significant independent predictors of intention in regressions. Intention, capacity, and experiential attitude had medium-large, and other constructs had small-medium-sized correlations with behavior; intention, capacity, experiential attitude, and descriptive norm were significant independent predictors of behavior in regressions. Conclusions: The RAA subcomponents have utility in predicting and understanding health behaviors.

This study is a novel application of I/O Psychology principles to the U.S. swine industry. The Swine Health Information Center (SHIC) recently identified caretaker motivation related to compliance with biosecurity behaviors as a priority needing to be better understood. This exploratory study seeks to identify if there is indeed a worker motivation issue within the industry that is impacting compliance with biosecurity, and if so, establish both a baseline of motivation and a better understanding of the primary influencing factors. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Job Demands/Resources Model of Burnout as a framework, an online survey was developed using items, adapted or in original form, from previous research and established measures. A total of 139 caretakers from five pork production companies participated in the survey and form the study's sample population. Results suggest the swine industry's problem with biosecurity compliance is not a motivationally driven issue, but findings were unable to provide evidence supporting a conclusive determination. Results for attitude (TPB) and job resources (JD-R) suggest further investigation into the rewards, supervisor support, and performance feedback categories of job resources could be promising avenues for continuing to explore what drives biosecurity non-compliance. Valuable insight was obtained about the swine industry and the caretaker role, and results are promising for improving quality of data collected as the research continues applying I/O theories and models to the swine industry for the purpose of investigating worker resources and attitudes. Continuing this research will help one of the largest industries in the United States to better understand the interactions and motivations behind worker attitudes and perceptions towards biosecurity adherence and to enhance positive outcomes for employees, farms, and consumers.

OBJECTIVE: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and implementation intentions have been used effectively to explain and influence diet in middle-class, but not exclusively low SES populations. Furthermore, dietary research among low SES populations requires intake measures that are feasible and acceptable. Using three lines of research we evaluated 1) the utility of the TPB to explain fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, 2) efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of an implementation intention intervention to improve FV intake, and 3) agreement, feasibility, and acceptability of 2 dietary intake measures of FV intake in low SES women. DESIGN: Participants were adult female residents of Boston Public Housing. Study 1: Using a cross-sectional survey (n=144), we evaluated the utility of the TPB to explain FV intake. Study 2: We conducted a pilot randomized controlled implementation intention intervention to promote FV intake (n=20), and semi-structured interviews to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of the intervention (n=8). Study 3: We administered 2 24-hour recalls, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and structured interviews (n=36) to determine agreement, feasibility and acceptability dietary intake measures. RESULTS: Study 1: The TPB construct perceived behavioral control significantly predicted intention to consume FV (OR=2.55,95%CI:1.23,5.27) and with BMI, FV intake (βPBC=0.37,t(1)=2.29,p=0.0235; βBMI= -0.02,t(1)= -2.41,p=0.0174; R2=.08,F[2,130]=5.72,p=0.0042). Study 2: Feasibility goals were met for retention and days to follow up, but not recruitment. Participants characterized the intervention as enjoyable. Limited hypothesis testing showed no significant increase in mean FV intake within (control (n=11):+0.50, 95% CI:-0.56,1.58 servings; intervention (n=9):+0.17, 95% CI:-0.85,1.20 servings) or between groups (control group +0.33, 95% CI:-1.06,1.73 servings). Study 3: Feasibility targets were met for contacts and retention, but not for enrollment. There was no significant association between 24-hr recall and FFQ measures for fruit (r=0.32, p=0.09) or vegetable (r=0.16, p=0.40) intake and no marked preference for method (35% FFQ; 31% 24-hour recall). CONCLUSION: The TPB may be useful to explain FV intake. Although acceptable, an implementation intention intervention may not be feasible or effective to influence FV intake. We demonstrated limited feasibility and association but generally equal preference between dietary measures of FV intake in low SES women.

It is widely recognized that human-wildlife conflicts can reduce farmers’ support for long-term species conservation. The subject of human-elephant conflicts is highly relevant in villages around Babati District in North Central Tanzania because of the closeness to Tarangire National Park. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine local farmers’ attitudes toward elephants and the attitudes’ effects on conservation efforts. Primary data was collected through a qualitative approach of semi-structured interviews with twelve farmers in four villages around Babati, with Wildlife Officer Nashon Macokesha at Babati District Council and with Allan Carlson, Nature Conservation Expert at WWF. A thematic analysis was done to make comparisons between the answers from farmers, Macokesha and Carlson. The Theory of Planned Behavior and the Value-Belief-Norm theory were also used to analyze the underlying factors of the farmers’ attitudes.   The results of this study show that around half of the farmers have positive attitudes toward elephants, while the other half think negatively of them. Elephants were identified as the most problematic species and crop-raiding as the most problematic type of human-elephant conflict. The problems that farmers experience do to crop-raiding and other types of human-elephant conflicts include the direct effects of lost livelihood and income and indirect effects like health impacts and security issues. The result also indicates that factors affecting farmers’ attitudes toward elephants include: 1) the proportion of available land affected by elephants, 2) the closeness of farmers’ fields to Tarangire National Park, 3) the lack of compensation, 4) the ability to affect the decision-making concerning the human-elephant conflicts and 5) the information about and knowledge of elephants and their importance. The underlying cause of the human-elephant conflicts is identified to be the spatial overlap of the two species. To prevent human-elephant encounters in the first place, thereby reducing the risk of human-elephants conflicts, better land use planning can be used to avoid settlement and cultivation close to protected areas. Buffer zones can be established around national parks and reserves to reduce the overlap between humans and wildlife. Mitigation through preventive and deterrent methods like lighting fires, making noises, using chili-dung or chili-grease to scare elephants off farmers’ fields can also be used. Another alternative is to switch from growing high-risk crops that elephants prefer to crops like chili or sesame which rarely gets eaten by elephants. / Att konflikter mellan människor och djurliv kan minska bönders stöd för artbevarande åtgärder är välkänt bland forskare. Konflikter mellan människor och elefanter är vitt förekommande i byar i Babati-distriktet i norra Tanzania på grund av närheten till nationalparken Tarangire. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka bönders attityder till elefanter och attitydernas effekter för bevarandeåtgärder. Primärdata samlades in genom ett kvalitativt upplägg med semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolv bönder i fyra byar i Babati, med Wildlife Officer Nashon Macokesha på Babati District Council samt med Allan Carlson, naturvårdsexpert på WWF. En tematisk analys utfördes för att jämföra svaren mellan bönderna, Macokesha och Carlson och the Theory of Planned Behavior samt the Value-Belief-Norm theory användes för att analysera de underliggande orsakerna bakom böndernas attityder.   Resultatet från denna studie visar att ungefär hälften av bönderna har positiva attityder till elefanter, medan den andra hälften har negativa åsikter om dem. Elefanter identifierades som den mest problematiska arten för bönderna och förstörandet av grödor som den mest problematiska typen av konflikt mellan människor och elefanter. Problemen som bönderna upplever till följd av dessa konflikter inkluderar direkta effekter som förlorad inkomst och försämrade försörjningsmöjligheter, men också indirekta effekter som hälso- och säkerhetsproblem. Faktorer som enligt resultaten i denna studie kan påverka böndernas attityder till elefanter innefattar: 1) andelen tillgänglig mark som påverkas av elefanter, 2) närheten från böndernas mark till nationalparken Tarangire, 3) bristen på kompensation, 4) möjligheten att påverka beslutsprocessen gällande konflikten mellan människor och elefanter samt 5) information och kunskap om elefanter och deras betydelse. Den underliggande orsaken till konflikterna mellan människor och elefanter identifieras vara överlappet i användnings­områden mellan de båda arterna. För att förhindra möten mellan människor och elefanter, och därmed minska risken för konflikter, behövs bättre markanvändningsplanering så att bosättning och jordbruk undviks i närheten av skyddade områden. Buffertzoner kan också anläggas runt nationalparker och reservat för att minska överlappet mellan människor och djur. Avskräckande åtgärder, som att tända eldar, göra oväsen, tända chilibriketter eller sätta upp chili-rep, för att hålla elefanter borta från böndernas åkrar kan också användas. Ett annat alternativ är att bönderna byter från att odla högriskgrödor som elefanter föredrar till att odla grödor som chili eller sesam, vilka sällan eller aldrig äts av elefanter.

Den här undersökningen utgår från teorier om riskperception och Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Syftet med studien var att, med utgångspunkt i teorier om riskperception och Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), undersöka individers riskperception och säkerhetsbeteende gentemot trafikolyckor. Undersökningen ville också studera om riskperceptionen och säkerhetsbeteendet är varierar beroende på vem som riskeras att utsättas för risken och vem som ska utföra ett visst beteende. Vidare kopplas det till bakgrundsvariabler som kön och tidigare erfarenheter. Studien utfördes i svensk kontext. Metoden var av kvantitativ ansats och datainsamlingsmetod var enkätstudier. Enkäten var konstruerad utifrån teorierna och undersökningen syfte. Enkäten spreds på Facebook och hade ett bekvämlighetsurval. Totalt svarade 102 personer på enkäten. Studien kom fram till att tidigare erfarenheter har en mycket liten inverkan på individens riskperception av trafikolyckor, både vad gäller risken för individen personligen men också risken för människor i allmänhet. Kön däremot påverkar individens riskperception i högre grad. En annan slutsats var att tidigare erfarenheter har mycket liten påverkan på människors säkerhetsbeteende, både för individens eget beteende men också för individens benägenhet att uppmana människor i allmänhet att bete sig på ett visst sätt. Vidare visade det sig att kön har större påverkan på säkerhetsbeteendet, både vad gäller individen eget beteende men också individens tendens att uppmana människor i allmänhet. En sista upptäckt var att studien fann att riskperception och beteende inte är oberoende av varandra där den ena påverkas av den andra utan snarare är de beroende av och påverkar varandra.  En notis är att undersökning fann att lagar kan skapa ett medvetet säkerhetsarbete. Det innebär att den nya lagen om mobilanvändning vid bilkörning i Sverige är rätt väg att gå för att skapa ett säkert beteende. / This study is based on theories of risk perception and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The purpose of the study was to investigate individuals' risk perception and safety behavior in relation to traffic accidents, based on theories of risk perception and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The survey also wanted to study whether risk perception and safety behavior vary depending on who is at risk of being exposed to the risk and who should perform a certain behavior. Furthermore, it is linked to background variables like gender and previous experiences. The study was conducted in Swedish context. The method was quantitative and data method was questionnaire. The survey was based on the theories and the investigation purpose. Furthermore, the survey was spread on Facebook and had a comfort check. In total, 102 people answered the questionnaire. The study found that past experience has a very small impact on individuals' risk perception of traffic accidents, both in terms of the individual's risk but also the risk for people in general. Gender, on the other hand, affects the individual's risk perception to a greater extent. Research also found that previous experiences have a very small impact on the safety behavior of individuals, both in terms of the risk of the individual's own behavior but also regarding the individual's requests for people in general. Furthermore, it has been shown that gender has an influence on safety behavior, both regarding the risk of the individual's own behavior, but also regarding the individual's requests for people in general. Finally, the study found that risk perception and behavior are not independent of each other where one is influenced by the other, but rather they depend on and affect each other. One note is that the study showed that laws can create a conscious security work. This means that the new law on mobile use when driving in Sweden is the right way to go to manifest safe behavior.

I dagens samhälle är användningen av sociala medier större än någonsin och den ökar för varje år. Med den stora användningen följer många positiva effekter som till exempel sociala interaktioner, lättillgänglig information, samt nytta och nöje. Det finns också negativa effekter som till exempel att användarnas välmående påverkas. Tidigare forskning visar på att det finns både psykiska och fysiska negativa följder vid överdriven användning av sociala medier. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar digital natives beteende och användarupplevelse vid användning av sociala medier, samt hur ett verktyg kan utvecklas för att öka användarens upplevda beteendekontroll. Studien grundar sig i ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av användarupplevelse, Theory of planned behavior och Persuasive technology, vilka tillsammans bidrar till en djupare förståelse av användarna. Med ett kvalitativt arbetssätt genomfördes fyra dagboksundersökningar och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare som identifierar sig som kvinnor. Tidigare forskning visar på att kvinnor i större omfång än män drabbas av negativa effekter vid användning av sociala medier, vilket är anledningen till att urvalet endast bestod av kvinnor i denna studie. Alla studiedeltagare var även digital natives, det vill säga personer som vuxit upp med teknologi och besitter stora tekniska kunskaper. Resultatet visade på att användning av sociala medier till stor del påverkas av attityder gentemot dem, subjektiva normer och av den upplevda beteendekontrollen. Den sociala pressen av användningen, påverkan av vänner och familj samt den egna upplevda kontrollen över användningen var starka mönster som framkom i undersökningarna. Ett automatiserat beteende där användningen inte alltid skedde medvetet var en återkommande faktor som togs i beaktande vid utvecklingen av gränssnittet. Med hjälp av termen användarupplevelse samt Theory of planned behavior kunde studiedeltagarnas beteende och upplevelser förstås och tolkas. Denna förståelse tillsammans med Persuasive technology bidrog till ett förslag på ett hjälpmedel i form av ett gränssnitt där fokus ligger på att försöka förbättra användarupplevelsen och den upplevda beteendekontrollen, vilket i sin tur kan minska de negativa effekter som kan uppstå vid användning av sociala medier. / In today's society the use of social media is greater than ever and it increases every year. With this extensive use there are some positives, such as social interactions and easily accessible information, as well as uses for business and pleasure. There are also negative effects such as the well-being of users being compromised. Previous research shows that there are both negative psychological and physical consequences associated with excessive use of social media. The aim of the study was to examine what factors influence digital natives’ behavior and user experience when using social media, as well as how to develop a tool that increases the user’s perceived behavioral control. The study is based on a theoretical framework consisting of User Experience, Theory of Planned Behavior and Persuasive Technology, that together contribute to a deeper understanding of the users. With a qualitative approach, four diary studies and six semi-structured interviews were carried out with participants identifying as women. Previous research shows that women to a greater extent than men suffer from adverse effects following the use of social media, which is why the participants consisted of women in this study. All participants were digital natives, that is, people who grew up with technology and hold great technical knowledge. The results indicated that the use of social media was largely influenced by attitudes towards it, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The social pressure of usage, the influence of friends and family as well as the perceived control of use were strong patterns found in the surveys. An automated behavior where usage was not always a conscious choice was a recurring factor that was taken into account in the development of the interface. With the help of the term user experience and Theory of planned behavior, the behavior and user experiences of the informants could be understood and interpreted. This understanding, along with Persuasive technology, contributed to a proposal for an interface focusing on trying to improve user experience and perceived behavioral control, which in turn can reduce the negative effects that may occur when using social media.

Soja är en av världens viktigaste proteingrödor och används bland annat till foder och livsmedel. Den globala efterfrågan på soja har gjort att stora ytor mark har exploaterats under en relativt kort tidsperiod. Eftersom det inte finns någon utbredd sojaodling eller några processanläggningar för soja inom Sverige idag importeras soja från andra länder. För att öka Sveriges självförsörjningsgrad och resiliens inom proteingrödor och livsmedel skulle baljväxter som soja kunna odlas i större utsträckning. Forskare menar att det går att odla soja i Sverige men intresset från både jordbrukarnas och allmänhetens sida är svalt. För att ta reda på om möjligheterna och utmaningarna att etablera en kommersiell sojaodling i Sverige skiljer sig ur ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med både forskare och jordbrukare som har kunskap/erfarenhet av soja. Theory of Planned Behavior användes som ett verktyg för att få en djupare förståelse för vilka av teorins komponenter attityd, subjektiv norm och upplevd kontroll som påverkar jordbrukarna i deras beslutfattande. Resultatet från studien pekar på att varken möjligheter eller utmaningar skiljer sig nämnvärt ur ett praktiskt och teoretiskt perspektiv. Både jordbrukare och forskare menar att en svensk soja till foder är uteslutet eftersom den inte skulle kunna konkurrera prismässigt med den importerade sojan. Därtill menar de att ekonomiska aspekter samt det svenska klimatet är en utmaning. Däremot menar jordbrukarna och forskarna att en svensk soja till livsmedel är en möjlighet, det skulle kunna skapa ett mervärde och således kunna konkurrera med den importerade sojan, framförallt den färska sojabönan edamame. Vidare menar de att det ökande intresset för vegetabilisk kost utgör en möjlighet som i framtiden kan skapa en större efterfrågan på svensk soja. Resultatet visar också att jordbrukarnas beslutsfattande påverkas av det teoretiska ramverkets komponent attityd i störst utsträckning. / The Soybean is one of the world's most important protein crops and is used, among other things, for food and animal feed. The global demand for soy has led to large areas of land being exploited in a relatively short period of time. As there is no widespread soy cultivation or any processing plants for soy within Sweden today, soy is imported from other countries. To increase Sweden's degree of self-sufficiency and resilience in protein crops and food, legumes such as soy could be grown to a greater extent. Researchers believe that it is possible to grow soy in Sweden, but the interest from farmers is at the moment low. To find out whether the possibilities and challenges of establishing a commercial soybean cultivation in Sweden differs from a theoretical and practical stance, a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews was conducted with both researchers and farmers. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework to gain a deeper understanding of which of the theory's components attitude, subjective norm and perceived control influences the farmers in their decision-making. The results from the study indicates that neither possibilities nor challenges differ significantly from a practical and theoretical stance. To begin with, both farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for animal feed can be excluded because it would not be able to compete, in terms of price, with the imported soy. In addition, they believe that the economic aspects and the Swedish climate are challenges. On the other hand, farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for food is an opportunity. It could create added value and thus be able to compete with the imported soy, especially the fresh soybean edamame. In addition, they believe that the growing interest in plant-based diets is an opportunity that in the future can create a greater demand for Swedish soy. The results also show that farmers' decision-making is, to a greater extent influenced by the component attitude, based on the theoretical framework.