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Plataforma fotônica integrada e suas aplicações em estudos de quantum dots e processos biológicos / Integrated photonic platform and applications on quantum dots and biological processes studiesThomaz, André Alexandre de, 1980- 27 March 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Lenz Cesar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:41:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A comunidade científica concorda que há grandes chances que a próxima revolução tecnológica virá do controle dos processos biológicos. Grandes mudanças são esperadas, desde como produzimos alimentos até como combatemos as doenças. O controle dos processos biológicos nos permitirá produzir carne sintética para alimentação, produzir biocombustíveis retirando CO2 da atmosfera, produzir órgãos inteiros para transplante e combater de forma eficiente doenças como câncer, por exemplo. Está claro para o nosso grupo que para se obter esses resultados é necessário entender a biologia na sua unidade mais básica: a célula. A partir do entendimento e domínio das reações químicas que acontecem dentro da célula, e mais especificamente do controle do DNA, é que vamos conseguir atingir essas previsões e revolucionar a maneira como vivemos hoje. Com esse pensamento em mente, o objetivo dessa tese foi desenvolver uma plataforma fotônica integrada para estudos de processos celulares. Nós acreditamos que as ferramentas fotônicas são as ferramentas que preenchem todos os requisitos para os estudos de processos celulares, pois possibilitam o acompanhamento dos processos em tempo real sem causar dano as células. As técnicas presentes são: fluorescência excitada por 1 ou 2 fotons, geração de segundo ou terceiro harmônico, pinças ópticas, imagem por tempo de vida da fluorescência e "fluorescence correlation spectroscopy" (FCS). Nesta tese demonstramos como montar essa plataforma integrada e mostramos sua versatilidade com resultados em várias áreas da biologia e também para o estudo de quantum dots. / Abstract: The scientific community believes there is a great chance that the next technological revolution is coming from the control of biological processes. Great changes are expected, from the way we produce food up to the way we fight diseases. The control of biological processes will allow us to produce synthetic meat as food, to produce biofuels extracting CO2 directly from the atmosphere, to produce whole synthetic organs for transplant and to fight diseases, like cancer, in more efficient ways. It is clear to our group that in order to obtain these results it is necessary to understand biology from its most basic unity: the cell. Only from understanding and controlling chemical reactions inside a cell, and more specifically from the DNA controlling, it will be possible to achieve these predictions and cause a revolution in the way we live nowadays. Bearing these thoughts in mind, the objective of this thesis was to develop an integrated photonic platform for study of cellular processes. We believe that photonic tools are the only tools that fulfill all the requeriments for studies of cellular processes because they are capable to follow processes in real time without any damage to the cells. The techniques integrated are: 1 or 2 photon excited fluorescence, second or third harmonic generation, optical tweezers, fluorescence lifetime imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this thesis we demonstraded how to assemble this integrated plataform and we showed its versatility with results from different areas of biology and quantum dots. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
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Microscopias ópticas de processos coerentes / Optical microscopies of coherent processesPelegati, Vitor Bianchin, 1982- 20 December 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Lenz César / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-01T03:43:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Técnicas de microscopias ópticas são as principais ferramentas capazes de observar células e tecidos biológicos em tempo real e com mínimo dano. Essa área foi revolucionada recentemente através das microscopias confocais de varredura a laser e as microscopias de óptica não linear, naturalmente confocais. Entre os processos não lineares temos, a fluorescência excitada por dois ou mais fótons, geração de segundo harmônico [Second Harmonic Generation - SHG] e terceiro harmônico [Third Harmonic Generation - THG]. SHG e THG são técnicas de óptica não linear coerentes, não necessitam de marcadores exógenos e permitem reconstrução de imagens em três dimensões com resolução espacial subcelular. As técnicas de fluorescência permitem visualizar estruturas específicas no espaço, mas não permitem discriminar as substâncias químicas nas estruturas celulares, e as técnicas de SHG e THG não possuem especificidade química. Espectroscopia Raman possui especificidade química através das propriedades vibracionais das moléculas e pode ser usada como mecanismo de contraste na aquisição de imagens. Comparada com a espectroscopia/microscopia infravermelho, a microscopia Raman traz a informação das vibrações moleculares do infravermelho para o visível, eliminando os problemas da baixa resolução espacial e opacidade das amostras. Entretanto a baixa sensibilidade dessa técnica implica em tempos de aquisição de imagens muito longos, da ordem de horas, inviabilizando acompanhar a dinâmica de processos celulares em tempo real. Como solução para essa baixa sensibilidade do espalhamento Raman espontâneo, surgiu a microscopia por espalhamento Raman Coerente anti-Stokes [Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering - CARS]. Comparado com Raman espontâneo, a microscopia CARS representa aumento de 4 a 5 ordens de grandeza na sensitividade da técnica, diminuindo os tempos de aquisição ao ponto de viabilizar a aquisição em taxas de vídeos (mais rápido do que 30 quadros por segundo) e estudos em tempo real. Essa tese é dedicada ao estudo experimental e teórico, assim como de algumas aplicações, das técnicas de óptica não linear, com destaque para processos de óptica não linear coerentes. Apresentamos de forma detalhada três sistemas experimentais para a aquisição de imagens de Raman coerente e um sistema integrado com várias técnicas de óptica não linear. Mostramos as primeiras imagens de CARS realizadas no Brasil. Além do CARS convencional, trabalhamos com outra técnica de CARS de ordem mais alta, o CARS cascata [cascade CARS - CCARS], e, no melhor do nosso conhecimento, apresentamos as primeiras imagens internacionais obtidas com essa metodologia. CCARS aumenta o contraste da técnica CARS, diminuindo o fundo não ressonante, um problema que aflige a comunidade científica dedicada ao uso dessa técnica. Além da diminuição do fundo não ressonante, a emissão do CCARS acontece em um comprimento de onda diferente de qualquer outro efeito não linear coerente, significando um acréscimo de complexidade mínimo para sua detecção quando comparado com o CARS. Por último mostramos algumas aplicações realizadas com o sistema experimental desenvolvido para integrar diversas modalidades ópticas em paralelo, especialmente da geração de harmônicos com a fluorescência excitada por dois fótons e suas variantes, como microscopia de tempo de vida de fluorescência (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging ¿ FLIM) / Abstract: Optical microscopies techniques are the main tools capable of observing cell and biological tissues in real time and with minimum damage. This area have recently been revolutionized by confocal laser scanning microscopies and non-linear microscopies, naturally confocal. Among the non-linear process we have, the two or more photons excited fluorescence, second harmonic generation [SHG] and third harmonic generation [THG]. SHG and THG are coherent nonlinear techniques, they do not require exogenous markers and allow three dimension imaging reconstruction with subcellular resolution. The fluorescence techniques allow visualizing specific structures in space, but do not allow discriminating the chemical substances in cellular structures, SHG and THG techniques do not have chemical specificity. Raman spectroscopy has chemical specificity through the vibrational properties of the molecules and can be used as a contrast mechanism for imaging acquisition. Compared to infrared spectroscopy/microscopy, Raman microscopy brings information about molecular vibration from infrared to visible, eliminating the low resolution and sample opacity problems. However, this technique low sensibility implies in very long imaging acquisition times, order of hours, making it not viable for following cellular process dynamics in real time. As an answer for the spontaneous Raman scattering low sensibility, the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering [CARS] emerged. Compared to spontaneous Raman, CARS microscopy presents an increase of 4 to 5 orders of magnitude in the sensitivity of the technique, lowering the acquisition times to the point of making video acquisition (faster than 30 frames per second) and real time studies possible. This thesis is dedicated to the experimental and theoretical study, as well as some applications, of the non-linear techniques, with emphasis on coherent non-linear optical processes. We present in detailed form three experimental systems for the acquisition of coherent Raman images, and a system with the integration of various non-linear techniques. We show the first CARS images acquired in Brazil. In addition to conventional CARS, we worked with other higher order CARS technique, the cascade CARS [CCARS], and, in the best of our knowledge, we present the first international image acquired with this methodology. CCARS increases the contrast from CARS technique, decreasing the non-resonant background, a problem that afflicts the scientific community dedicated to the use of this technique. Besides the decrease of the non-resonant background, the CCARS emission occurs in a different wavelength from any other non-linear coherent effect, meaning a minimum complexity increase for its detection when compared with CARS. Finally we show some applications performed with the experimental system developed to integrate several optical modalities in parallel, especially the generation of harmonics with two photons excitation fluorescence and their variants such as Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging [FLIM] / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências / 830406/2010 / CAPES
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Effective Nonlinear Susceptibilities of Metal-Insulator and Metal-Insulator-Metal Nanolayered StructuresHussain, Mallik Mohd Raihan 22 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Multi-transit Echo Suppression for Passive Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors Using 3rd Harmonic Unidirectional Transducers and Walsh-Hadamard-like ReflectorsRodriguez Cordoves, Luis Manuel 01 January 2017 (has links)
A passive wireless surface acoustic wave sensor of a delay-line type is composed of an antenna, a transducer that converts the EM signal into a surface acoustic wave, and a set of acoustic reflectors that reflect the incoming signal back out through the antenna. A cavity forms between the transducer and the reflectors, trapping energy and causing multiple unwanted echoes. The work in this dissertation aims to reduce the unwanted echoes so that only the main transit signal is left--the signal of interest with sensor information. The contributions of this dissertation include reflective delay-line device response in the form of an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. This may be used in the future to subtract out unwanted echoes via post-processing. However, this dissertation will use a physical approach to echo suppression by using a unidirectional transducer. Thus a unidirectional transducer is used and also optimized for 3rd harmonic operation. Both the directionality and the coupling of the 3rd harmonic optimized SPUDT are improved over a standard electrode width controlled (EWC) SPUDT. New type of reflectors for the reflective delay-line device are also presented. These use BPSK type coding, similar to that of the Walsh-Hadamard codes. Two types are presented, variable reflectivity and variable chip-lengths. The COM model is used to simulate devices and compare the predicted echo suppression level to that of fabricated devices. Finally, a device is mounted on a tunable antenna and the echo is suppressed on a wireless operating device.
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Neue Ansätze zur linearen und nichtlinearen optischen Charakterisierung molekularer und nanokristalliner Ensembles: Zusammenhang zwischen makroskopischer Funktion und Struktur auf mesoskopischer Längenskala technologisch relevanter MaterialienBock, Sergej 29 October 2020 (has links)
Durch neue Ansätze zur Charakterisierung molekularer und nanokristalliner Materialien
spiegelt die vorliegende Arbeit die Synergie von linearer Optik über Ultrakurzzeitphysik
zur nichtlinearen Optik wider.
Angefangen mit der linearen diffusen Reflektanz (Remission) zur Bestimmung des spektralen
Reflexionsvermögens von Pulverpartikeln, erlaubt die hier gezeigte alternative
Herangehensweise (s. Kapitel 2) nicht nur ein vereinfachtes Messen der Remission zur
Analyse von Materialzusammensetzungen, Verunreinigungen und Co-Dotierungen, sondern
eröffnet zudem über Monte-Carlo Simulationen, kombiniert mit der Kubelka-Munk
Theorie und der Mie Streuung, auch den Zugang zu dem ansonsten experimentell unzugänglichen
Absorptionskoeffizienten von nicht-transluzenten Proben. Die präsentierten
Mess- und Simulationsergebnisse an Pulvertabletten aus Rutil-Titandioxid (TiO2)
und Cer-dotierten Yttrium Aluminium Granat (YAG:Ce3+) sind mit den bisherigen in
der Literatur vorliegenden Ergebnissen konsistent oder zumindest vergleichbar. Auch
lassen sich nach Modifikation der Kubelka-Munk Funktion die Bandkanten-Energien
Eg der mikro- und nanokristallinen Pulverproben mittels so genannter Tauc Plots verifizieren.
Basierend auf einer starken Temperatur- und Konzentrationsabhängigkeit lassen sich
die Emissionsspektren der oben genannten YAG:Ce3+-Leuchtstoffe aufgrund von Überlappung
oder Verschiebung der energetischen Grundniveaus 2F5/2 und 2F7/2 variieren (s.
Kapitel 3). Während sich bei Tieftemperaturen um 19K die doppelbandige Natur der
Leuchtstoffe zeigt, verbreitern sich die Emissionsbanden bei Raumtemperatur zu einer
Einzelbande, womit eine spektral sehr breite Fluoreszenz einhergeht. Mathematische
Entfaltungen dieser Spektren zeigen jeweils den prozentualen Beitrag der Relaxation
aus dem untersten angeregten Zustand 5d1 in einen der beiden Grundzustände 2F5/2
und 2F7/2 und ebenso den Einfluss der Temperatur und Cer-Konzentration. Tatsächlich
führen die experimentellen Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zu der Erkenntnis, dass
eine der vier untersuchten YAG:Ce3+-Proben eine erhöhte Cer-Konzentration aufweisen
muss. Anders als bei den schwach konzentrierten YAG:Ce3+-Proben ist die spektrale
Doppelbande des stark konzentrierten Leuchtstoffs selbst bei 19K nur zu erahnen, während
der Beitrag des 5d1 --> 2F7/2 Übergangs auf die Gesamtfluoreszenz retrograd zum
5d1 --> 2F5/2 Übergang mit steigender Temperatur sogar abnimmt.
Im direkten Anschluss an die spektrale Vermessung der Proben folgen zeitaufgelöste
Lebensdauermessungen zur Bestimmung der Nachleuchtdauern dieser Leuchtstoffe
mittels Pikosekunden-Laserpulsen (ps-Pulse) (s. Kapitel 3.3). Auch hier stellen sich Unterschiede
zwischen den genannten YAG:Ce3+-Proben heraus und untermauern erneut
die Annahme unterschiedlicher Cer-Konzentrationen: Während die Nachleuchtdauer
der niedrig konzentrierten Leuchtstoffe von der Temperatur nahezu unberührt bleibt,
zeigt sich eine bemerkenswerte Temperaturabhängigkeit des 5d1 --> 2F5/2 Übergangs beim YAG:Ce3+ mit hohem Cer-Gehalt. Auf Basis sämtlicher experimenteller Erkenntnisse
und einer ausgiebigen Literaturrecherche kann schließlich eine Fremddotierung
der Leuchtstoff-Proben nahezu vollständig ausgeschlossen und ein Energieschema für
die vorliegenden YAG:Ce3+-Leuchtstoffe mit den wichtigsten optischen Übergängen erstellt
werden.
In Hinblick auf potentielle holographische Applikationen wie der optischen Datenspeicherung
oder Echtzeit-Holographie erweisen sich die in Polydimethylsiloxan eingebetteten
photoschaltbaren Ruthenium-Sulfoxide aufgrund der äußerst geringen Beugungseffizienz
von < 10−2 als nicht pragmatisch für die Praxis (s. Kapitel 4). Vergleichbare
photoschaltbare Materialien, wie zum Beispiel Natriumnitrosylprussiat, erreichen hingegen
Effizienzen von bis zu 100 %. Dennoch zeichnen sich die in Publikation 2 (s.
Anhang A.2) vorgestellten Resultate an OSO-PDMS durch ihre äußerst hohe Qualität
aus. Sowohl die dynamische Hologramm-Entstehung als auch die Rocking-Kurve
folgen den physikalischen Theorien einwandfrei und lassen sich mit den bekannten mathematischen
Anpassungen exakt wiedergeben, womit sich entsprechend intrinsische
Größen ableiten lassen. Zudem beeindruckt der experimentelle Aufbau mit der präzisen
Messung der oftmals nicht detektierbaren Nebenmaxima der gezeigten Rocking-Kurve
sowie des Winkel-Multiplexings. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem aus physikalischer Sicht
der immense Unterschied zwischen cw- und fs-Holographie. Hier deuten sich nichtlineare
Effekte an, die zu der Erkenntnis führen, dass sich die bekannten Theorien mit
cw-Lasern nicht ohne Weiteres deckungsgleich auf die Holographie mit ultrakurzen
Laserpulsen anwenden lassen. Ein möglicher Erklärungsansatz ist in Kapitel 4.1 beschrieben.
Einen praktischen Zweck zur Nutzung nichtlinearer Effekte erfüllt die vorgestellte Messmethode
zur Unterscheidung polarer und nicht-polarer Materialien mittels intensiver fs-
Puls-Anregung von sogenannten harmonischen (Upconversion-)Nanopartikeln (s. Kapitel
5). Denn anders als die zu Beginn behandelten Leuchtstoffe, weisen die harmonischen
Nanopartikel eine starke Anti-Stokes Verschiebung durch Frequenzkonversion
zweier oder dreier Photonen zu einem energiereicheren (kurzwelligen) Photon auf. Diese
als SHG (second harmonic generation) und THG (third harmonic generation) bekannte
Lichtemission wird spektral vermessen, wobei die zu Beginn der Arbeit beschriebenen
linearen diffusen Reflektanzmessungen den zu erwartenden Spektralbereich ohne nennenswerte
Absorption eingrenzen. Die eigens definierte Gütezahl fR, bestehend aus
dem integrierten SHG- und THG-Emissionsspektrum einer Probe, kategorisiert dann
die polare (fR > 1) oder nicht-polare (fR << 1) Natur des Materials.
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