Submitted by David Fernandes de Carvalho Gomes (dvdgomes@gmail.com) on 2014-09-08T11:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EESP]Dissertação_David Gomes_Banca_V3.pdf: 1221952 bytes, checksum: c70f947903c277271f3fdecf9c44b90f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-09-08T13:37:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EESP]Dissertação_David Gomes_Banca_V3.pdf: 1221952 bytes, checksum: c70f947903c277271f3fdecf9c44b90f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-08T13:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 [FGV-EESP]Dissertação_David Gomes_Banca_V3.pdf: 1221952 bytes, checksum: c70f947903c277271f3fdecf9c44b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-07 / One of the daily challenges present in different kinds of companies is to valuate with reasonable precision the dynamic of the price of its assets and liabilities. Frequently those prices have commodities as underlying, given its relevance as production inputs and in financial derivatives. In this context, this work proposes to evaluate a model of stochastic volatility using trading strategies. That put, we propose to compare different trading strategies to evaluate the financial profit and loss resulting from the adoption of the model adopted. There are several stochastic volatility models, each presenting upsides and downsides. For this work, the adopted model was the one proposed by Oztukel and Wilmott (1998), for it is consecrated and was adopted and tested by Bodra (2012) and Salvador (2013) for the Brazilian market. / Um dos desafios diários enfrentados nas diferentes empresas é avaliar com razoável precisão a dinâmica dos preços de seus ativos e passivos. Em muitos casos esses preços estão atrelados ao preço de commodities, devido a sua presença tanto como insumos produtivos quanto em derivativos financeiros. Nesse contexto o presente trabalho se propõe a avaliar um modelo de volatilidade estocástico através da aplicação de estratégias de trading. Desta forma busca-se comparar diferentes estratégias de negociação para avaliar o resultado financeiro obtido a partir da adoção do modelo proposto.

Le but de cette thèse est de répondre au vrai besoin de prédire les fluctuations futures des prix d'actions. En effet, l'aléatoire régissant ces fluctuations constitue pour des acteurs de la finance, tels que les Market Maker, une des plus grandes sources de risque. Tout au long de cette étude, nous mettons en évidence la possibilité de réduire l'incertitude sur les prix futurs par l'usage des modèles mathématiques appropriés. Cette étude est rendue possible grâce à une grande base de données financières et une puissante grille de calcul mises à notre disposition par l'équipe Automatic Market Making de BNP Paribas. Dans ce document, nous présentons uniquement les résultats de la recherche concernant le trading haute fréquence. Les résultats concernant la partie basse fréquence présentent un intérêt scientifique moindre pour le monde académique et rentrent par ailleurs dans le cadre des résultats confidentiels. Ces résultats seront donc volontairement omis.Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons le contexte et les objectifs de cette étude. Nous présentons, également, les différentes méthodes utilisées, ainsi que les principaux résultats obtenus. Dans le chapitre 2, nous nous intéressons à l'apport de la supériorité technologique en trading haute fréquence. Dans ce but, nous simulons un trader ultra rapide, omniscient, et agressif, puis nous calculons son gain total sur 3 ans. Les gains obtenus sont très modestes et reflètent l'apport limité de la technologie en trading haute fréquence. Ce résultat souligne l'intérêt primordial de la recherche et de la modélisation dans ce domaine.Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions la prédictibilité des prix à partir des indicateurs de carnet d'ordre. Nous présentons, à l'aide des espérances conditionnelles, des preuves empiriques de dépendances statistiques entre les prix et les différents indicateurs. L'importance de ces dépendances résulte de la simplicité de la méthode, éliminant tout risque de surapprentissage des données. Nous nous intéressons, ensuite, à la combinaison des différents indicateurs par une régression linéaire et nous analysons les différents problèmes numériques et statistiques liés à cette méthode. Enfin, nous concluons que les prix sont prédictibles pour un horizon de quelques minutes et nous mettons en question l'hypothèse de l'efficience du marché.Dans le chapitre 4, nous nous intéressons au mécanisme de formation du prix à partir des arrivés des évènements dans le carnet d'ordre. Nous classifions les ordres en douze types dont nous analysons les propriétés statistiques. Nous étudions par la suite les dépendances entre ces différents types d'ordres et nous proposons un modèle de carnet d'ordre en ligne avec les observations empiriques. Enfin, nous utilisons ce modèle pour prédire les prix et nous appuyons l'hypothèse de la non-efficience des marchés, suggérée au chapitre 3. / The aim of this thesis is to address the real need of predicting the prices of stocks. In fact, the randomness governing the evolution of prices is, for financial players like market makers, one of the largest sources of risk. In this context, we highlight the possibility of reducing the uncertainty of the future prices using appropriate mathematical models. This study was made possible by a large base of high frequency data and a powerful computational grid provided by the Automatic Market Making team at BNP Paribas. In this paper, we present only the results of high frequency tests. Tests are of less scientific interest in the academic world and are confidential. Therefore, these results will be deliberately omitted.In the first chapter, the background and the objectives of this study are presented along with the different methods used and the main results obtained.The focus of chapter 2 is on the contribution of technological superiority in high frequency trading. In order to do this, an omniscient trader is simulated and the total gain over three years is calculated. The obtained gain is very modest and reflects the limited contribution of technology in high frequency trading. This result underlines the primary role of research and modeling in this field.In Chapter 3, the predictability of prices using some order book indicators is studied. Using conditional expectations, the empirical evidence of the statistical dependencies between the prices and indicators is presented. The importance of these dependencies results from the simplicity of the method, eliminating any risk of over fitting the data. Then the combination of the various indicators is tested using a linear regression and the various numerical and statistical problems associated with this method are analyzed. Finally, it can be concluded that the prices are predictable for a period of a few minutes and the assumption of market efficiency is questioned.In Chapter 4, the mechanism of price formation from the arrival of events in the order book is investigated. The orders are classified in twelve types and their statistical properties are analyzed. The dependencies between these different types of orders are studied and a model of order book in line with the empirical observations is proposed. Finally, this model is used to predict prices and confirm the assumption of market inefficiency suggested in Chapter 3.

Submitted by Deborah Zilberman Macret (deborahzmacret@gmail.com) on 2018-09-25T19:14:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1537286 bytes, checksum: f1bb5a8163dfd02ec20db0c08ec775ca (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde, Deborah, Para que possamos aprovar, deve incluir a Ficha catalográfica da mesma maneira que lhe foi enviada (o texto fora do quadro deve aparecer também). A única alteração é o número de folhas. Obrigada. on 2018-09-27T17:55:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Deborah Zilberman Macret (deborahzmacret@gmail.com) on 2018-09-27T18:03:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1537669 bytes, checksum: 180f3aff1d92d2c2a5b1aeea63f1aca0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-27T18:39:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1537669 bytes, checksum: 180f3aff1d92d2c2a5b1aeea63f1aca0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-28T13:49:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1537669 bytes, checksum: 180f3aff1d92d2c2a5b1aeea63f1aca0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T13:49:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1537669 bytes, checksum: 180f3aff1d92d2c2a5b1aeea63f1aca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / O presente trabalho procura identificar padrões na volatilidade intraday no mercado de ações brasileiro e, em seguida, traçar uma estratégia trading baseada neles. Em alguns estudos, o comportamento da volatilidade é associado ao comportamento do volume negociado. Este, por sua vez, segue o formato em ’U’ durante o dia - maiores negociações nas horas iniciais e finais, sendo relativamente menor no período intermediário. A partir da análise de ações da carteira Ibovespa, concluímos que o mercado brasileiro segue, também, este comportamento. A estratégia escolhida , então, é vender volatilidade no início do dia e comprá-la no período intermediário. Para isso, utilizamos strangles. / This work seeks to identify patterns in intraday volatility in the Brazilian stock market and then outline a trading strategy based on them. In some studies, the behavior of volatility is associated with the behavior of the volume traded. This, in turn, follows the ’U’ format during the day - larger negotiations in the initial and final hours, being relatively smaller in the intervening period. Based on the analysis of shares of the Ibovespa portfolio, we conclude that the Brazilian market also follows this behavior. The strategy chosen, then, is to sell volatility early in the day and buy it in the intervening period. For this, we use strangles.

[pt] A paridade do poder de compra da moeda (“PPP”), uma das teorias mais discutidas no meio acadêmico, sustenta que a taxa de câmbio nominal entre duas moedas deve ser igual à relação dos níveis de preços agregados entre os dois países, de modo que uma unidade de moeda de um país terá o mesmo poder de compra em um país estrangeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a validade da teoria de PPP e a inovação que trazemos para a literatura é a aplicação desta teoria para o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia quantitativa de compra/venda de pares de moedas utilizando as séries diárias de preços calculadas pela PriceStats. Os resultados encontrados aqui sugerem que, apesar de identificarmos uma relação entre o diferencial de inflação e movimentos da taxa de câmbio nominal nas séries do PriceStats, observamos um desempenho quantitativo pior das nossas estratégias de investimento em moedas baseadas no modelo de Paridade do Poder de Compra da Moeda (PPP) vis à vis outros modelos padrão dentro da literatura financeira. Por outro lado, para pares específicos de moedas, encontramos números interessantes quando baseamos nossa estratégia nos modelos de PPP, observando Hit Ratio superior a 50% e retorno acumulado positivo da estratégia. / [en] The Purchasing power parity (PPP), one of the most consolidated theories in academia, holds that the nominal exchange rate between two currencies must be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between the two countries, so that a currency unit of one country will have the same purchasing power in a foreign country. The objective of this work is to investigate the validity of the PPP theory and the innovation that we bring to the literature is using this theory to the develop a quantitative strategy to buy/sell currency pairs using the daily price series calculated by PriceStats. The results found here suggest that, despite identifying a relationship between the inflation differential and nominal exchange rate movements in the Price Stats series, we observe a worse quantitative performance of our currency investment strategies based on the Power Parity model of Purchase vis a vis the standard models within the financial literature. On the other hand, for specific currency pairs, we found interesting numbers when we based our strategy on PPP models, observing a Hit Ratio above 50% and a positive cumulative return of the strategy, results very similar to those found for the reference models already mentioned within the financial literature.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between accounting earnings and stock prices. It consists of three empirical papers, all using a sample of firms listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (1990-2008). The first paper documents the existence of a drift in stock prices subsequent to quarterly earnings announcements. Two interesting empirical observations are that the drift is only significant for longer holding periods and that the drift on the short position, i.e. after bad earnings news, is negligible. The lack of downward drift on the short position is interpreted as an indication of the post-earnings announcement drift, at least partly, being explained by investors demanding a compensation for a risk factor that is omitted in the test design. The second paper illustrates under what conditions information risk in the earnings signal might explain a low announcement reaction and a price drift in the post-announcement period. It is hypothesized that two earnings signals – based either on GAAP earnings or core earnings – have different levels of information uncertainty with respect to how they depict the value creation of the firm. In the empirical sections, it is concluded that the low immediate announcement reaction and high post-announcement drift for the GAAP earnings signal is due to this signal being perceived by investors as containing more uncertainty than the core earnings signal. It is argued that this uncertainty might be due to GAAP earnings encompassing items that prior research has shown more likely to be manipulated and/or to contain estimation error. The positive association between information risk and expected return is further investigated in the third paper, where information risk is measured by earnings quality metrics. Using a new approach to estimate the implied cost of capital, it is found that Swedish investors demand a higher expected return for firms with poor earnings quality, i.e. firms associated with higher information risk. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

Conic finance is a brand new quantitative finance theory. The thesis is on the applications of conic finance on South African Financial Markets. Conic finance gives a new perspective on the way people should perceive financial markets. Particularly in incomplete markets, where there are non-unique prices and the residual risk is rampant, conic finance plays a crucial role in providing prices that are acceptable at a stress level. The theory assumes that price depends on the direction of trade and there are two prices, one for buying from the market called the ask price and one for selling to the market called the bid price. The bid-ask spread reects the substantial cost of the unhedgeable risk that is present in the market. The hypothesis being considered in this thesis is whether conic finance can reduce the residual risk? Conic finance models bid-ask prices of cashows by applying the theory of acceptability indices to cashows. The theory of acceptability combines elements of arbitrage pricing theory and expected utility theory. Combining the two theories, set of arbitrage opportunities are extended to the set of all opportunities that a wide range of market participants are prepared to accept. The preferences of the market participants are captured by utility functions. The utility functions lead to the concepts of acceptance sets and the associated coherent risk measures. The acceptance sets (market preferences) are modeled using sets of probability measures. The set accepted by all market participants is the intersection of all the sets, which is convex. The size of this set is characterized by an index of acceptabilty. This index of acceptability allows one to speak of cashows acceptable at a level, known as the stress level. The relevant set of probability measures that can value the cashows properly is found through the use of distortion functions. In the first chapter, we introduce the theory of conic finance and build a foundation that leads to the problem and objectives of the thesis. In chapter two, we build on the foundation built in the previous chapter, and we explain in depth the theory of acceptability indices and coherent risk measures. A brief discussion on coherent risk measures is done here since the theory of acceptability indices builds on coherent risk measures. It is also in this chapter, that some new acceptability indices are introduced. In chapter three, focus is shifted to mathematical tools for financial applications. The chapter can be seen as a prerequisite as it bridges the gap from mathematical tools in complete markets to incomplete markets, which is the market that conic finance theory is trying to exploit. As the chapter ends, models used for continuous time modeling and simulations of stochastic processes are presented. In chapter four, the attention is focussed on the numerical methods that are relevant to the thesis. Details on obtaining parameters using the maximum likelihood method and calibrating the parameters to market prices are presented. Next, option pricing by Fourier transform methods is detailed. Finally a discussion on the bid-ask formulas relevant to the thesis is done. Most of the numerical implementations were carried out in Matlab. Chapter five gives an introduction to the world of option trading strategies. Some illustrations are used to try and explain the option trading strategies. Explanations of the possible scenarios at the expiration date for the different option strategies are also included. Chapter six is the appex of the thesis, where results from possible real market scenarios are presented and discussed. Only numerical results were reported on in the thesis. Empirical experiments could not be done due to limitations of availabilty of real market data. The findings from the numerical experiments showed that the spreads from conic finance are reduced. This results in reduced residual risk and reduced low cost of entering into the trading strategies. The thesis ends with formal discussions of the findings in the thesis and some possible directions for further research in chapter seven. / Thesis (MSc (Risk Analysis))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Conic finance is a brand new quantitative finance theory. The thesis is on the applications of conic finance on South African Financial Markets. Conic finance gives a new perspective on the way people should perceive financial markets. Particularly in incomplete markets, where there are non-unique prices and the residual risk is rampant, conic finance plays a crucial role in providing prices that are acceptable at a stress level. The theory assumes that price depends on the direction of trade and there are two prices, one for buying from the market called the ask price and one for selling to the market called the bid price. The bid-ask spread reects the substantial cost of the unhedgeable risk that is present in the market. The hypothesis being considered in this thesis is whether conic finance can reduce the residual risk? Conic finance models bid-ask prices of cashows by applying the theory of acceptability indices to cashows. The theory of acceptability combines elements of arbitrage pricing theory and expected utility theory. Combining the two theories, set of arbitrage opportunities are extended to the set of all opportunities that a wide range of market participants are prepared to accept. The preferences of the market participants are captured by utility functions. The utility functions lead to the concepts of acceptance sets and the associated coherent risk measures. The acceptance sets (market preferences) are modeled using sets of probability measures. The set accepted by all market participants is the intersection of all the sets, which is convex. The size of this set is characterized by an index of acceptabilty. This index of acceptability allows one to speak of cashows acceptable at a level, known as the stress level. The relevant set of probability measures that can value the cashows properly is found through the use of distortion functions. In the first chapter, we introduce the theory of conic finance and build a foundation that leads to the problem and objectives of the thesis. In chapter two, we build on the foundation built in the previous chapter, and we explain in depth the theory of acceptability indices and coherent risk measures. A brief discussion on coherent risk measures is done here since the theory of acceptability indices builds on coherent risk measures. It is also in this chapter, that some new acceptability indices are introduced. In chapter three, focus is shifted to mathematical tools for financial applications. The chapter can be seen as a prerequisite as it bridges the gap from mathematical tools in complete markets to incomplete markets, which is the market that conic finance theory is trying to exploit. As the chapter ends, models used for continuous time modeling and simulations of stochastic processes are presented. In chapter four, the attention is focussed on the numerical methods that are relevant to the thesis. Details on obtaining parameters using the maximum likelihood method and calibrating the parameters to market prices are presented. Next, option pricing by Fourier transform methods is detailed. Finally a discussion on the bid-ask formulas relevant to the thesis is done. Most of the numerical implementations were carried out in Matlab. Chapter five gives an introduction to the world of option trading strategies. Some illustrations are used to try and explain the option trading strategies. Explanations of the possible scenarios at the expiration date for the different option strategies are also included. Chapter six is the appex of the thesis, where results from possible real market scenarios are presented and discussed. Only numerical results were reported on in the thesis. Empirical experiments could not be done due to limitations of availabilty of real market data. The findings from the numerical experiments showed that the spreads from conic finance are reduced. This results in reduced residual risk and reduced low cost of entering into the trading strategies. The thesis ends with formal discussions of the findings in the thesis and some possible directions for further research in chapter seven. / Thesis (MSc (Risk Analysis))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

This study aimed to analyze financial time series grounded on a perspective of time measure changing, based on accumulation of volatility of returns relative to the prices observed. Such a scale was used for two reasons: the first one is related to Ludwig Von Mises’ proposition of time concept in an economic system and the second one is related to the acceleration of convergence in Gaussian distribution of a sequence of random variables, according to Lévy sections theorem. By means of implementation of this new timeline, we designed a type of trading asset strategy which its resulting average returns and risk were compared to a strategy using daily time unit. Results suggested reflection about statistical and measurement procedures applied to the data. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar séries temporais financeiras fundamentadas em uma perspectiva de alteração de medida de tempo, baseada no acúmulo de volatilidade dos retornos relativos aos preços observados. Esta escala foi utilizada por dois motivos: o primeiro está relacionado à proposta de Ludwig von Mises sobre a ideia de tempo em um sistema econômico e o segundo está associado à capacidade que tal medida tem de acelerar o processo de convergência de distribuição de uma sequência de variáveis aleatórias para a Gaussiana, de acordo com o teorema das seções de Lévy. Com base nesta nova escala temporal, foi elaborado um tipo de estratégia de negociação de ativos tendo seus retornos médios e risco sido avaliados em comparação com uma estratégia utilizando o tempo em unidades diárias. Os resultados obtidos motivaram a reflexão sobre as estatísticas utilizadas e os procedimentos para a mensuração de desempenho de cada estratégia.

Les marchés financiers évoluent plus ou moins rapidement et fortement au gré des différents types d’information diffusés au cours des périodes d’étude. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à mesurer l’influence de tous types d’information sur des portefeuilles d’arbitrage systématique « euro neutres » multi-classes d’actifs, issus soit d’une diversification « naïve » (« 1/N ») soit d’une diversification optimale. Dans le cadre de nos recherches sur l’allocation tactique systématique, ces divers flux informationnels sont regroupés sous le terme de données hétérogènes (données de cotation et « autres informations de marché »). Les données de cotation sont des prix de clôture quotidiens d’actifs tandis que les « autres informations de marché » correspondent à trois types d’indicateurs : de conjoncture, de sentiments et de volatilité. Nous mesurons l’impact d’une combinaison de données hétérogènes sur nos portefeuilles d’arbitrage pour une période de tests incluant la crise des subprimes, à l’aide d’analyses de données (ACP) et de techniques probabilistes de quantification vectorielle. L’influence des données hétérogènes sur les portefeuilles d’arbitrage est mesurée notamment au travers d’une hausse de la rentabilité, d’un accroissement du ratio rentabilité/volatilité post crise des subprimes, d’une baisse de la volatilité ou d’une baisse des corrélations entre classes d’actifs. Ces découvertes empiriques permettent d’envisager la prise en compte des « autres informations de marché » comme élément de diversification du risque d’un portefeuille. Nous formalisons des éléments de réponse au défi posé par l’allocation tactique multi-classes d’actifs (Blitz et Vliet, 2008), en intégrant des variables « prédictives » à un processus systématique de market timing qui incorpore de manière quantitative des données hétérogènes. / Financial markets evolve more or less rapidly and strongly to all kind of information depending on time period of study. In this context, we intend to measure a broad set of information influence on systematic multi-assets classes “euro neutral” arbitrage portfolios either for “naive” diversification and optimal diversification. Our research focuses on systematic tactical asset allocation and we group these information under the name of heterogeneous data (market data and “other market information”). Market data are “end of day” asset closing prices and “other market information” gather economic cycle, sentiment and volatility indicators. We assess the influence of a heterogeneous data combination on our arbitrage portfolios for a time period including the subprimes crisis period and thanks to data analysis and quantization algorithms. The impact of a heterogeneous data combination on our arbitrage portfolio is materialized by increasing return, increasing return/volatility ratio for the post subprimes crisis period, decreasing volatility and asset class correlations. These empirical findings suggest that “other market information” presence could be an element of arbitrage portfolio risk diversification. Furthermore, we investigate and bring empirical results to Blitz and Vliet (2008) issue on global tactical asset allocation (GTAA) by considering “predictive” variables with a systematic market timing process integrating heterogeneous data thanks to a quantitative data processing.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze and implement selected option pricing models using statistical software. The first chapter introduces theoretical basics of options as financial instruments ideal for hedging and speculation. The second chapter constitutes the core part of this thesis since it unveils theoretical concepts of risk-neutral pricing and at the same time analyze some basic, as well as highly sophisticated option pricing models. In addition, each model is accompanied by a practical example of their effective implementation. The final chapter characterize the most widely used option trading strategies and defines the ideal expected market development linked to each strategy.