L’élément L1 (Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 ou L1) est le seul rétrotransposon autonome et actif connu dans notre génome, représentant 17% de celui-ci. Capable de se répliquer grâce à un intermédiaire à ARN et un mécanisme de transcription inverse initiée au site d’intégration, il encode deux protéines ORF1p et ORF2p, qui s’associent à l’ARN L1 pour former une particule ribonucléoprotéique (RNP). L’élément L1 rétrotranspose préférentiellement en cis : un L1 défectif est complémenté en trans par un élément fonctionnel de façon inefficace. Ce travail s'intéresse à deux étapes clefs du cycle réplicatif du L1 : l'assemblage de la RNP L1 en cis ou en trans afin d’explorer le mécanisme de la cis-préférence et la spécificité de l’initiation de la reverse transcription initiée. Nous avons d’abord comparé deux méthodes d’analyse de l’activité RT. Puis, nous avons montré l’importance de la complémentarité entre queue poly(A) de l’ARN L1 et site d’intégration durant l’initiation de la RT, ainsi que l’impact de mésappariements terminaux éventuels. Enfin, nous avons étudié les bases biochimiques de la cis-préférence, à travers la coexpression et la purification de deux éléments distincts étiquetés, ce qui nous a permis de suivre l'assemblage et l'activité de leurs RNPs respectives. Nos données suggèrent que ORF1p et ORF2p peuvent lier en trans l’ARN L1 de façon efficace et que la cis-préférence pourrait nécessiter des quantités limitantes de L1. / The Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1 ou L1) is the only known active and autonomous retrotransposon in the human genome and constitutes around 17% of our genomic DNA. The L1 element is able to replicate through an RNA intermediate by a mechanism called target-primed reverse transcription and encodes two proteins ORF1p and ORF2p, which associate with the L1 RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP). L1 preferentially retrotranspose in cis: a defective L1 can only be rescued in trans at low levels by a replication-competent copy. During this work, we focused on two essential steps of the L1 replication cycle: the assembly of the L1 RNP in cis or in trans to explore the mechanism of the cis-preference and the specificity of L1 reverse transcription priming. First, we compared two different methods to detect L1 RT activity. Then, we showed the importance of base-pairing between the poly(A) tail of the L1 RNA and the integration site to prime reverse transcription and the impact of potential mismatches. Finally, we investigated the biochemical basis of the cis-preference through the coexpression and purification of two different tagged L1 elements, which allowed us to follow the assembly and activity of their RNP. Our data suggest that binding of ORF1p and ORF2p in trans is efficient and that the cis-preference might requires limiting L1 levels.

La transcriptase inverse (RT) est un hétéro-dimère p66/p51 avec des activités ADN polymérase et ribonucléase H qui jouent un rôle critique dans le cycle viral du VIH-1. La RT convertit l’ARN génomique viral simple brin en ADN proviral double brin dans le cytoplasme de la cellule infectée. L’efficacité de la RT est augmentée par la protéine de la nucléocapside (NC) grâce à son activité chaperonne vis-à-vis des acides nucléiques et/ou une coopération entre les deux protéines. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié par la technique de smFRET (single molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) les effets de la NC sur l’interaction entre la RT et un substrat d’ADN au niveau de deux sites de pause de la synthèse de l’ADN(+). Nous avons d’abord réalisé et validé le montage de smFRET. Lors de la validation du montage avec des fluorophores Cy3 encapsulés dans des vésicules lipidiques, nous avons mis en évidence deux mécanismes différents entrainant le photoblanchiment du Cy3. Ensuite, après avoir déterminé les propriétés de liaison à l’équilibre de la RT et la NC sur différents substrats amorce/matrice à l’aide de mesures d’ensemble en solution, nous avons confirmé par smFRET que la RT adopte plusieurs conformations sur son substrat d’ADN, incluant celle qui conduit à la polymérisation de l’ADN. En présence de la NC, nous n’avons observé qu’une réorganisation modérée des différentes conformations du complexe RT/substrat. Par contre, une réorganisation beaucoup plus importante est induite par la NC en présence du dNTP, avec une très forte exaltation des conformations compétentes pour la polymérisation. Nous avons également montré que la NC augmente l’efficacité de synthèse de l’ADN au niveau de sites de pause en diminuant ou en augmentant le temps de dissociation du complexe RT/substrat/dNTP selon le type de site de pause. L’ensemble de ces données permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes polyvalents par lesquels NC facilite l’activité de la RT. / The reverse transcriptase (RT) is a p66/p51 hetero-dimer with DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H activities which plays a critical role in the viral cycle of HIV-1. RT converts the viral genomic RNA to proviral DNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The efficiency of RT is increased by the nucleocapsid protein (NC) through its nucleic acids chaperone properties and/or via direct interaction with RT. In the present work, we investigated the effects of NC on the interaction between RT and its DNA substrate attwo pause sites during the synthesis of (+)DNA by using the smFRET (single molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) technique. In a first step, we implemented and validated the smFRET set-up. Within the validation step, using Cy3 fluorophores encapsulated, in lipid vesicles, we monitored the photobleaching of Cy3 dyes and found out that it was governed by two parallel mechanisms. In a second step, we determined the affinity of RT and NC to different primer/template substrates by using steady-state fluorescence. Then, we confirmed by smFRET that RT adopts different conformations on its DNA substrate, including the one that leads to DNA polymerization. In the presence of NC, we observed only a moderate reorganization of the different conformations of RT/substrate complex. However, NC was found to induce a more important reorganization in the presence of dNTP, with a very strong promotion of the polymerization-competent conformations. We also showed that NC increases the efficiency of DNA synthesis at pause sites by either decreasing or increasing the dissociation time of the RT/substrate/dNTP complex, depending on the type of pause site. Together, these data allow us to further elucidate the mechanisms by which NC facilitates the RT.

A genotipagem do vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é a principal ferramenta para prognóstico e tempo de tratamento. Dependendo do genótipo infectado existem diferentes esquemas e tempo de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver padronizar e validar um método de genotipagem por PCR em tempo real com base na análise da região NS5B. Esta região apresenta um grau de polimorfismo que permite identificar de modo mais acurado tanto os tipos como os subtipos do VHC. Para isto foram desenhados dois conjuntos de primers e sondas. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um método one-step modificado em uma reação triplex em que ocorre a identificação dos genótipos (1a, 1b, 3a) e em outro set a identificação dos genótipos (2a, 2b, 2c). Os resultados obtidos pelo método de genotipagem em tempo real concordaram em 100% com os resultados de seqüênciamento da região NS5B quando excluímos amostras que foram identificados como mistura de genótipos no método desenvolvido e classificados somente como um único genótipo no seqüênciamento. Houve uma boa concordância entre o método desenvolvido e o seqüênciamento da região NS5B pelo coeficiente de Kappa (k= 0,6222; p=0,0020). O método de desenvolvido conseguiu detectar 97,93% (190/194) do genótipo 1, 86,11% (31/36) do genótipo 2 e 100% (80/80) do genótipo 3. A média da sensibilidade foi de 97%. Quando comparamos a genotipagem por PCR em tempo real e LiPA nas 310 amostras analisadas não houve resultados discordantes em relação ao genótipo. Entretanto, 26,24% (79/301) das amostras analisadas apresentaram resultados discordantes em relação ao subtipo quando comparados os dois métodos. Foi determinada a sensibilidade analítica do método através de um ponto do painel da OptiQuant que foi diluído de modo seriado e a sensibilidade relativa foi realizada através de amostras de plasma de pacientes com carga viral determinada pelo Cobas Amplicor. O limite mínimo de detecção determinado foi de 125UI/ml para o genótipo 3a, 250 UI/ml para o genótipo 1b e 2b e 500 UI/ml para o genótipo 1a. Somados a isso, o método desenvolvido tem um custo de R$ 58,00, um valor nove vezes menor que o método comercial utilizado em nosso laboratório. Além disso, no método desenvolvido, o tempo trabalhado cai para menos de 2 horas sem a necessidade de manipulação constante em comparação com LiPA que necessita em torno de 16 horas, devido ao vários passos de hibridizações e lavagens. No presente trabalho o método de genotipagem por PCR em tempo real para o VHC mostrou-se eficiente e capaz de identificar de um modo acurado os diferentes genótipos e seus subtipos e contribuir para um entendimento melhor do verdadeiro papel dos genótipos e seus subtipos e da variabilidade genética na história natural da infecção do VHC. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is the most significant predictor of response to antiviral therapy. Depending on the infecting HCV genotyping different antiviral regimens have been proposed as well as the length of different treatment. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a new real time PCR of HCV genotyping based in NS5B region. This region has sequencing heterogeneity and can accurately identify both type and subtype of HCV. Furthermore, we compared the real time PCR with LiPA and sequencing of NS5B region. We developed a new one-step modified method in triplex reaction where we identified in two sets genotypes (1a, 1b, 3a) and (2a, 2b, 2c). Results obtained by real time PCR agreed 100% with those obtained by NS5B sequencing when excluded samples with mixed of HCV genotypes identified by real time PCR genotyping and in NS5B sequencing all samples were classified only as only one genotype. We found a good concordance for the analysis of genotype concordance between genotyping by real time and sequencing of NS5B region through the coefficient kappa (k= 0,6222; p=0,0020). The method developed detected 97,93% (190/194) of genotype 1, 86,11% (31/36) of genotype 2 and 100% (80/80) of genotype 3, with the overall sensitivity of this new method being 97%. Among 310 samples only two samples had discordant results at type level when comparing real time PCR and LiPA. However, 26,24% (79/301) had discordant results at subtype level when comparing LiPA and real time PCR genotyping of HCV. In order to measure the analytical sensitivity of the real time assay, one member of the panel OptiQuant HCV RNA was diluted. The relative sensitivity was determined by analysis the clinical specimens based upon the initial HCV RNA concentration determined by Cobas Amplicor. The lower limit of detection was estimated to be 125 IU/ml for genotype 3a, 250 IU/ml for genotype 1b and 2b, and 500 IU/ml for genotype 1a. Finally, the cost of each reaction are about R$ 58,00 nine fold lower than the commercial method available in Brazil. Manipulation time of real time PCR genotyping is about 2 hours, in comparison to LiPA that requires about 16 hours due to various hybridization steps and washing. This study was demonstrated an efficient method of identification in a accurate way. HCV genotyping which is important to understand the role of genotypes and subtypes, as well as of genomic variability in the natural history of HCV infection.

Les traitements actuels dirigés contre le VIH ne sont que partiellement efficaces en raison de l'apparition de mutations qui confèrent au virus une grande capacité de résistance aux antirétroviraux existants. Un moyen d'améliorer la lutte contre le virus consiste par conséquent à trouver de nouvelles stratégies d'inhibition. Le complexe de reverse transcription est une des principales cibles pour le développement de traitement anti-SIDA, il catalyse une étape obligatoire du cycle de réplication du virus. Cependant, l'ensemble des inhibiteurs de la transcriptase inverse sont limités par l'apparition rapide de souches résistances. Dans ce contexte, mes travaux de thèse ont permis de développer des inhibiteurs ciblant spécifiquement la reverse transcriptase (RT) du VIH-1, basée sur des fragments d'anticorps dérivés des anticorps chaînes lourdes de dromadaire appelés VHHs ou encore Nanobodies. Associé à une stratégie de vectorisation non invasive basée sur l'utilisation de peptides vecteurs pénétrants, les Nanobodies ont été délivré efficacement dans les cellules et par conséquent ils présentent tous une forte activité antivirale de l'ordre du nanomolaire. L'étude du mécanisme d'action du Nanobody leader NbRT20 montre qu'il agit en tant qu'inhibiteur conformationnel. Il interagit avec la forme intermédiaire inactive de la RT et empêche la mobilité du sous-domaine thumb requis pour le positionnement correct de la matrice/amorce sur la RT et inhibant l'incorporation des nucléotides dans la chaîne d'ADN naissante déstabilisant l'enzyme dans une conformation inactive, non processive. Pris ensemble, ces résultats montrent que la plate-forme Nanobody peut être très efficace pour générer des intracorps extrêmement puissants et sélectifs pour neutraliser la RT et la réplication virale.Mots clés : HIV-1, RT, Nanobodies, peptide vecteur pénétrant / The rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses against all approved HIV clinical drugs together with inaccessible latent virus reservoirs and side effects of currently used compounds have limited the potency of existing anti-HIV-1 therapeutics. Therefore, there is a critical need for new safer drugs, active against resistant viral strains. Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and remains a primary target of anti-HIV-1 drugs. To develop specific HIV inhibitors, we have elaborated a new strategy based on short antibody fragments derived from the unique Heavy-chain antibodies present in Camelidae called Nanobodies that targets RT-activation. The immunization of dromedaries with RT has lead to the isolation of a panel of Nanobodies that tightly bind the two subunits of RT and inhibit its DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity at nanomolar range. From that screen we have elaborated an intrabody (cell penetrating anti-RT Nanobody) NbRT20 that constitutes a potential interesting anti-HIV compound.We demonstrated that NbRT20 inhibits RT polymerase activity and exhibiting a potent antiviral activity with a subnanomolar IC50. NbRT20 binds the thumb subdomain and restricts its flexibility and mobility resulting in an inactive/non processive dimeric conformation of the enzyme. From a mechanistic point of view, we have showed that NbRT20 is a conformational inhibitor. it prevents proper binding of primer/template and of dNTP and destabilizes the enzyme in an inactive/non processive dimeric conformation.Taken together, these results demonstrated that, the Nanobody platform may be highly effective at generating extremely potent and selective intrabody to neutralize RT and HIV proliferation.Key words: HIV-1, RT, Nanobodies, cell penetrating peptide

No description available.

Le virus de l'immunodéficience humain de type 1 VIH-1 est un rétrovirus responsable d'une pandémie touchant actuellement 34 millions de personnes dont près de 25 millons en sont morts. En dépit des grands progrès réalisés dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments visant à bloquer la réplication de ce virus, l'émergence rapide de souches virales mutantes résistantes imposent l'urgence et la nécessité de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour combattre ce virus. La Reverse Transcriptase (RT) duVIH-1 joue un rôle majeur dans le cycle viral puisqu'elle est responsable de convertir l'ARN génomique simple brin en ADN double afin d'intégrer l'ADN génomique de la cellule hôte. La forme biologique de la RT est un hétérodimère formé de la sous unité p66 et la sous unité p51. Les sous unités sont constituées des sous domaines fingers, palm, « connection », thumb et RNase H, ce dernier étant absent sur la sous unité p51. L'activation de la RT est un processus en deux étapes : la première étape consiste en l'association rapide des deux sous unités, suivie d'une deuxième étape plus lente, correspondant à des changements conformationnels fins à l'interface entre p66/p51.Dans l'objectif d'inhiber la fonction de la RT, nous avons proposé une nouvelle stratégie fondée sur l'utilisation des peptides interfacials courts dérivant de séquences hautement conserver de la RT, capables de cibler efficacement les interactions protéine/protéine et de bloquer la dimérisation et l'activation par maturation de la RT. La dimérisation des deux sous unités implique leur interaction part les domaines de connexion. Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons criblé et isolé des peptides capables d'interférer avec cette interaction impliquant un « cluster » de résidus aromatiques. Nous avons identifié un peptide court PID4, et démontré que ce peptide induit un changement de conformation de la RT, entrainant la dissociation du complexe. La maturation implique l'interaction de résidus localisés au niveau de « hot spot » dans le domaine RNase H de p66 et thumb de p51. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons sélectionné un peptide court, P27, issus du domaine thumb pouvant inhiber l'étape de la « maturation » (P27). Ces deux classes de peptides bloquent la réplication virale et sont efficaces sur plusieurs souches virales et sur des mutants résistants aux NNRTIS et NRTIS.Les résultats obtenus sur nos deux classes d'inhibiteurs peptidiques, démontrent bien que la dimérisation et la maturation de la RT constituent des cibles de choix pour bloquer l'activité polymérase de la RT et ainsi stopper la prolifération virale par un nouvel concept moins exposer à l'émergence des mutation de résistance. / The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus responsible of a disease currently affecting 34 million people and caused the death of 25 million people from its discovery in the 1980s. Despite the great progresses made in the development of new drugs to block the replication of the virus, the rapid emergence of resistant mutant strains requires the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat this agent.The Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and remains a primary target of anti-HIV-1 drugs. The biologically active form of HIV-1 RT is a heterodimer of two subunits, p51 and p66, each consisting of distinct sub-domains: the fingers, the palm, the connection and the thumb are present in both of them. p66 contain also an RNAse H sub-domains. The formation of RT is a two-step mechanism, involving first the rapid association of the two subunits (Dimerization), followed by conformational changes (Maturation) yielding the biologically active form of the enzyme.In order to inhibit the function of RT, we have proposed and elaborated a new strategy based on short interfacial peptides that target protein-protein interfaces involved in RT- dimerization and activation. The dimerization of two subunits involves interaction between their connection domains. In the first part of this thesis, we screened and isolated peptides capable of interfering with the interaction, involving a "cluster" of aromatic residues. We identified a short peptide PID4, and demonstrated that induces a conformational change in the RT, resulting in dissociation of the heterodimer complex. Maturation involves the interaction of residues located at "hot spot" in the RNase H domain of p66 and the thumb domain of p51. The second part of this thesis is based on a screening of peptides, derived from the thumb domain of the enzyme. We have identified a short peptide (P27) which inhibits the maturation step and abolish replication of HIV-1 LAI. These two classes of peptides block viral replication and are effective in several viral strains and mutants resistant to NNRTIs and NRTIs.Taken together, the results of our two classes of peptides inhibitors, demonstrate that the dimerization and maturation of RT constitutes an attractive target for AIDS chemotherapeutics and for the design of more specific new antiviral drugs that can bypass resistance limitation.

O transporte de iodo para tireóide é mediado pelo simportador sódio-iodo (NIS), glicoproteína de 643 aminoácidos localizada na região basolateral da célula folicular que acopla a entrada de sódio e iodo para o interior da célula. A clonagem do gene NIS em 1996 foi o primeiro passo na investigação dos mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela diminuição da captação do radioiodo nos tumores benignos e malignos da tireóide. Estudos prévios sobre a expressão do gene NIS baseados em quantificação do transcrito e/ou análise imuno-histoquímica da proteína, mostraram resultados bastante divergentes. A maioria dos estudos com RT-PCR mostrou redução ou até ausência do transcrito do NIS. Os estudos mais recentes de imunohistoquímica, no entanto, mostraram aumento da expressão da proteína NIS, ao invés de diminuição. Poucos foram os estudos que fizeram análise do transcrito e da proteína concomitantemente nas mesmas amostras. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar o RNAm do gene NIS e avaliar a expressão e localização celular da proteína NIS, através das técnicas de RT-PCR em tempo real e exame imunohistoquímico, respectivamente. Foram estudadas 30 amostras de nódulos de tireóide, sendo 14 nódulos benignos e 16 nódulos malignos, sempre pareados com o tecido não-tumoral do mesmo paciente. Através de exame cintilográfico, verificouse que 100% dos nódulos malignos e 85,7% dos benignos eram hipocaptantes. Houve diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS em 78,6% dos nódulos benignos, em 81,2% dos carcinomas utilizando o gene PSMC6 como controle interno e em 100% dos carcinomas com o gene GAPDH como controle interno. O exame imunohistoquímico da proteína NIS revelou positividade da proteína NIS no citoplasma em 100% dos tecidos não-tumorais, 100% dos nódulos benignos e 93,75% dos nódulos malignos, não sendo estatisticamente diferentes entre si. A positividade na membrana basolateral ocorreu em 23,3% das amostras não-tumorais, em 14,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 12,5% dos nódulos malignos, não se detectando diferença significativa entre os grupos. A comparação da intensidade da imunoexpressão do NIS no citoplasma entre os nódulos versus os tecidos não-nodulares mostrou que esta foi maior em 64,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 87,5% dos malignos. Houve associação entre diminuição da quantificação gênica do NIS tumoral e aumento da imuno-expressão da proteína NIS no citoplasma tumoral em 50% dos nódulos benignos, 87,5% dos nódulos malignos, quando se utilizou o GAPDH como controle interno e, em 68,75% dos nódulos malignos quando se utilizou o PSMC6. A diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS associada a maior imuno-positividade intracitoplasmática da proteína NIS se deve a provável incapacidade de migração da proteína para a membrana plasmática. / The iodide uptake by epithelial thyroid cells requires the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), a transmembrane glycoprotein of 643 amino acids. NIS is located at basolateral plasma membrane of the thyroid follicular cells and couples the transport of iodide and sodium to this cells. NIS gene was cloned in 1996, being the first step of investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the lower uptake of radioiodide by benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Previous studies about expression of NIS gene based in quantification by RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry analysis showed divergent data. The majority of RT-PCR studies showed reduction or even absence of transcript of NIS in malignant tumors. Recent studies of immunostaining showed that many tumors overexpress rather than under express NIS. Only a few studies have made the analysis of the transcript and the protein at the same time in the same samples. The objective of this study was to investigate NIS transcript levels and the presence and location of NIS protein, using real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. It was included 30 samples of thyroid tumors, 14 benign and 16 malignant ones, always compared to adjacent non-tumoral samples. Scintigraphic findings showed that 100% of malignant tumors and 87.5% of benign ones were ?cold?. RT-PCR data revealed lower gene expression in 78.6% of the benign tumors, 81.2% of the carcinomas using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene and 100% of the carcinomas using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene, when paired to the normal tissue samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed presence of NIS protein in 100% of the nontumoral samples, 100% of the benign tumors and 93.75% of the malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. NIS protein was identified at basolateral membrane in 23.3% of non-tumoral samples, 14.3% of benign tumors and 12.5% of malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. Higher quantities of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein were detect in 64.3% of benign tumors and in 87.5% of malignant tumors when compared to non-tumoral samples. Association between lower gene expression and higher presence of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein was found in 50% of benign tumors, 87.5% of malignant tumors using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene and 68.75% of malignant tumors using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene. The reduced gene expression of NIS in thyroid tumors with strong intracytoplasmatic staining may be due to his incapacity in migrating to cellular membrane.

Résumé Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est l’agent pathogène responsable du Syndrome del’Immunodéficience Acquise (SIDA). A l’heure actuelle, le traitement des patients infectés par le VIH estbasé sur l’emploi de substances chimiques destinées à perturber les différentes étapes du cycle deréplication du virus (chimiothérapie). Même si elles permettent d’améliorer l’état de santé des patientset d’augmenter leur espérance de vie, ces thérapies restent coûteuses, contraignantes et imparfaites.La recherche de nouveaux composés plus efficaces reste donc d’actualité. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à la conception rationnelle et à l’étude d’inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques dela transcriptase inverse du VIH-1 (INNTI) une enzyme essentielle au cycle de réplication de ce virus.Les molécules étudiées dérivent du cycle 2-pyridinone dont sont déjà issues plusieurs familles d’INNTIdécrites dans la littérature. La conception rationnelle de molécules d’intérêt pharmaceutique nécessite une bonne compréhensiondes interactions mises en jeu entre la macromolécule cible et ses ligands. Etant donné qu’aucunestructure cristallographique d’un complexe TI-pyridinone n’est disponible dans la littérature, la premièrepartie de ce travail est consacrée à la proposition d’un mode d’interaction TI-pyridnone et à larationalisation des relations structure-activité liées à cette famille de molécules. Les informationsrecueillies lors de cette étude théorique sont ensuite exploitées dans le but d’aider au développementd’une nouvelle série d’inhibiteurs. Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent of Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS). Treatment of HIV-infected patients is currently based on the use of chemicalcompounds that interfere with various steps of the viral replication cycle (chemotherapy).Although these therapies allow for a significant improvement of a patient’s health, theynonetheless remain imperfect and expensive. Research for new and improved anti-HIVcompounds is therefore necessary. This Ph. D. thesis is dedicated to the rational design and analysis of new non nucleosideinhibirors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), a key enzyme in HIV lifecycle. Most of thestudied compounds are derived from the 2-pyridinone ring, that is part of several NNRTIfamilies. Rational drug design usually requires a good understanding of the main interactions betweenthe macromolecular target (RT) and its ligands. However, no crystal structure of a RT-pyridinone complex has been reported yet. Our first objective was therefore to build atheoretical model describing RT-pyridinone interactions and providing a better understanding ofstructure-activity relationships among pyridinones. The information obtained in this theoreticalmodel was then used in order to develop new and potent inhibitors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paolla Mendes do Vale de Abreu.pdf: 1824788 bytes, checksum: 68f75796e85ff3e4e63667cc51384d6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04 / O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) é uma das fruteiras mais cultivadas e o mamão uma das frutas mais consumidas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de mamão e os estados do Espírito Santo e da Bahia são responsáveis por mais de 70% da área brasileira produtora deste fruto. As doenças, no entanto, constituem os principais fatores limitantes da produção. A meleira do mamoeiro, causada pelo Papaya meleira virus (PMeV), de genoma de RNA fita-dupla (dsRNA), é uma das que ainda não possui uma cultivar resistente. Uma via de resistência às viroses em plantas é ativada por moléculas de dsRNA. Após perceber a presença do dsRNA, a célula inicia uma rota de degradação de moléculas de RNA, que podem ser virais, impedindo, assim, o progresso da infecção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a indução de resistência ao PMeV em mudas de mamoeiro utilizando moléculas de dsRNA extraídas do genoma viral. Quatro diferentes tratamentos foram avaliados qualitativa e quantitativamente por meio do diagnóstico molecular do vírus por RT-PCR convencional e RT-PCR em tempo real, respectivamente, em amostras de folha. As mudas de mamoeiro inoculadas apenas com PMeV mostraram intensa infecção pelo vírus logo nos primeiros dias pós-inoculação, enquanto as mudas inoculadas simultaneamente com PMeV e dsRNA do mesmo vírus mostraram uma infecção viral mais atenuada, o que sugere uma redução no sucesso infeccioso pelo vírus causador da meleira. A inoculação combinada em mudas de mamoeiro do PMeV com o dsRNA viral reduziu o progresso da infecção

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mc_me_araca.pdf: 187442 bytes, checksum: e5c382aecfe4bb38f157a656bfad5f2a (MD5) / As análises antigênica e genética são ferramentas importantes para o estudo da epidemiologia da raiva em uma região. A recuperação e reisolamento viral a partir de amostras conservadas por longos períodos em temperatura de congelamento é essencial para estudos retrospectivos. Porém, o tempo de conservação, associado a repetidos ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento, promove uma perda significativa na viabilidade do vírus, condição esta que pode ser contornada com a utilização de técnicas de biologia molecular, como a RT-PCR. Com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade e detectar o RNA do vírus rábico, 95 amostras com diagnóstico positivo e armazenadas por 4 a 13 anos a –20 e –80ºC foram avaliadas por inoculação intracerebral em camundongos e RT-PCR. Apenas 33,6% (32/95) das amostras inoculadas em camundongos foram positivas, enquanto que a RTPCR detectou o genoma viral em 65,3% (62/95). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,0001) na viabilidade das amostras e na detecção do genoma viral na amostras armazenadas por mais de 10 anos, sendo a porcentagem de positividade de 22,1% e 59,7%, respectivamente. O presente estudo confirma a importância da RT-PCR na detecção do genoma viral em amostras conservadas por longo período de tempo, incluindo aquelas em estado visível de decomposição. / The antigenic and genetic analyses are important tools for retrospective study of rabies epidemiology in a region. The recovery and viral re-isolation from samples conserved for long periods in freezing temperature are essential for these studies. However, time conservation, associated with temperature variations, causes a significative virus viability loss. On the other hand, molecular tools, such as RT-PCR, can overcome this condition. For this purpose, 95 positive samples stored for 4 to 13 years at -20 and -80ºC were evaluated by intracerebral inoculation in mice and RT-PCR. Of this total, only 33,6% (32/95) had been positive in the intracerebral inoculation, while RT-PCR detected the viral genoma in 65.3% (62/95). It had a significant difference (p>0,0001) in the viability of the samples and the detention of the viral genoma from those samples store for more than 10 years and the percentage of positivity reached 22,1% and 59,7%, respectively. The present study confirms the importance of the RT-PCR technique for detection of viral genoma in old samples, including those in apparent state of decomposition.