<p><p> </p></p><p> </p><p><p>Dagens mångkulturella samhälle kräver en ökad kunskap och förståelse för olika kulturer. Forskning visar att sjuksköterskor upplever att det är svårt att relatera till patienten på grund av språkliga och kulturella skillnader. Brist på kulturell kompetens leder till konflikter orsakade av missförstånd och misstolkningar. Sjuksköterskor uttrycker en önskan att utveckla kunskap i transkulturellt vårdande. Utan denna kunskap är det svårt för sjuksköterskor att utveckla en vårdande relation med patienten, vilket i längden kan leda till ett bristande förtroende för sjukvården från patientens sida. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bemöta patienter med olika kulturell bakgrund. Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie. Analysen av insamlade data skedde enligt Evans metod. Resultatet mynnade ut i tre övergripande teman; <em>Känslor av otillräcklighet relaterade till kultur och religion</em>, <em>Strävan efter att kunna kommunicera</em> samt <em>Vilja och möjlighet till kunskapsutveckling</em>. I vårdandet av patienter från andra kulturer upplevde sjuksköterskor att kultur och religion hade stor inverkan. Språkliga barriärer sågs som det största hindret i att vårda på ett kulturellt kompetent sätt. Sjuksköterskor uttryckte en vilja och ett behov till kunskapsutveckling i transkulturellt vårdande. Slutsatsen var att bristen på transkulturell kunskap påverkade kvaliteten på vården av patienter från olika kulturer.</p></p> / <p>Today’s multicultural society demands an increased knowledge and understanding of different cultures. Research shows that nurses experience difficulties in relating to patients due to linguistic and cultural differences. A lack of cultural competence leads to conflicts, caused by misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Nurses utter a wish of developing knowledge in transcultural caring. Without this knowledge it’s difficult for nurses to develop a caring relationship with the patient, which in the long run can lead to patients lacking confidence in the healthcare services. The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients from different cultural backgrounds. The method used was a literature review. Evans’ method was used to analyze the collected data. Finally the result emerged into three major themes; <em>Feelings of insufficiency related to culture and religion</em>,<em> A strive for the ability to communicate</em> and <em>A will and opportunity for developing knowledge</em>. In caring for patients from other cultures nurses experienced that culture and religion had great influence. Language barriers were seen as the major obstacle for cultural competent caring. Nurses expressed a desire and a need for developing knowledge in transcultural caring. The conclusion was that a lack of transcultural knowledge influenced the quality of the care provided for patients from different cultures.</p>

Dagens mångkulturella samhälle kräver en ökad kunskap och förståelse för olika kulturer. Forskning visar att sjuksköterskor upplever att det är svårt att relatera till patienten på grund av språkliga och kulturella skillnader. Brist på kulturell kompetens leder till konflikter orsakade av missförstånd och misstolkningar. Sjuksköterskor uttrycker en önskan att utveckla kunskap i transkulturellt vårdande. Utan denna kunskap är det svårt för sjuksköterskor att utveckla en vårdande relation med patienten, vilket i längden kan leda till ett bristande förtroende för sjukvården från patientens sida. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bemöta patienter med olika kulturell bakgrund. Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie. Analysen av insamlade data skedde enligt Evans metod. Resultatet mynnade ut i tre övergripande teman; Känslor av otillräcklighet relaterade till kultur och religion, Strävan efter att kunna kommunicera samt Vilja och möjlighet till kunskapsutveckling. I vårdandet av patienter från andra kulturer upplevde sjuksköterskor att kultur och religion hade stor inverkan. Språkliga barriärer sågs som det största hindret i att vårda på ett kulturellt kompetent sätt. Sjuksköterskor uttryckte en vilja och ett behov till kunskapsutveckling i transkulturellt vårdande. Slutsatsen var att bristen på transkulturell kunskap påverkade kvaliteten på vården av patienter från olika kulturer. / Today’s multicultural society demands an increased knowledge and understanding of different cultures. Research shows that nurses experience difficulties in relating to patients due to linguistic and cultural differences. A lack of cultural competence leads to conflicts, caused by misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Nurses utter a wish of developing knowledge in transcultural caring. Without this knowledge it’s difficult for nurses to develop a caring relationship with the patient, which in the long run can lead to patients lacking confidence in the healthcare services. The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients from different cultural backgrounds. The method used was a literature review. Evans’ method was used to analyze the collected data. Finally the result emerged into three major themes; Feelings of insufficiency related to culture and religion, A strive for the ability to communicate and A will and opportunity for developing knowledge. In caring for patients from other cultures nurses experienced that culture and religion had great influence. Language barriers were seen as the major obstacle for cultural competent caring. Nurses expressed a desire and a need for developing knowledge in transcultural caring. The conclusion was that a lack of transcultural knowledge influenced the quality of the care provided for patients from different cultures.

This study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis derived from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS) that the existence of extended families in developing countries contributes to the more favorable course and outcome of schizophrenia in these countries in comparison with industrial countries. For this purpose, we compared data from the 5- and 10-year follow-up obtained within the IPSS at Cali, Colombia with data from two 5 to 8-year follow-up studies of former schizophrenic inpatients of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPIP) in Munich, FRG. Although, in Cali, schizophrenics are hospitalized and treated with drugs only during acute episodes of the psychosis and no facilities exist for long-term treatment, the psychopathological outcome was, on the whole, not worse than in Munich. Furthermore, the duration of hospitalization during the follow-up period was much lower at Cali and a significantly lower number of Colombian than of German patients was not separated from their families. However, contrary to the hypothesis, family size did not predict course and outcome at both centers.

Bakgrund: Sverige är ett mångkulturellt land där 14,7 % av befolkningen består av utrikes födda personer. Människor från andra kulturer kan ha olika tankar och behov som kan resultera i att de har andra förväntningar och beteenden än vad sjuksköterskor vanligtvis möter. Språk- och kulturskillnader kan skapa problem i omvårdnaden. Syfte: Att utifrån sjuksköterskors erfarenheter beskriva faktorer av betydelse vid transkulturell omvårdnad inom somatisk vård. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på 12 vetenskapliga, empiriska studier som kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Faktorer som framträdde vara av betydelse vid transkulturell omvårdnad var svårigheter i kommunikation, kulturellt baserade beteenden och anhörigas delaktighet. Diskussion: Svårigheter i kommunikationen ansågs vara av betydelse för patienternas delaktighet i omvårdnaden. Sjuksköterskors brist på förståelse för kulturellt baserade beteenden hos patienter och anhöriga ansågs medföra svårigheter i att ge holistisk och individualiserad omvårdnad. Anhörigas delaktighet i omvårdnaden ansågs utgöra en funktion som kan gynna alla parter; sjuksköterskor, patienter och anhöriga. Slutsats: För att vid svårigheter i kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter kunna göra patienterna delaktiga i omvårdnaden, samt möjliggöra holistisk och individualiserad omvårdnad till patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund, är de anhörigas delaktighet, kommunikationshjälpmedel samt sjuksköterskors kulturella kompetens av betydelse. / Background: Sweden is a multicultural country where 14,7 % of the population persists of foreign born persons. People from other cultures can have different thoughts and needs that can result in that they have different expectations and behaviours than nurses usually meet. Differences in language and culture can generate problems in the nursing care. Aim: By nurses’ experiences describe factors of importance in transcultural nursing in somatic care. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review based on 12 scientific, empirical studies which were quality assessed and analyzed. Results: Factors that appeared to be of importance in transcultural nursing were difficulties in communication, culturally based behaviours and relatives’ participation. Discussion: Difficulties in communication were considered of importance to the patients’ participation in the nursing care. Nurses’ lack of understanding patients’ and relatives’ culturally based behaviours were considered to cause difficulties in delivering holistic and individualistic nursing care. Relatives’ participation in the nursing care was considered to represent a function that can favour all parties; nurses, patients and relatives. Conclusion: To be able to make patients a part of the nursing care when communication difficulties exist, and to enable holistic and individualistic nursing care to patients with other cultural background, the relatives’ participation, communication tools and nurses’ cultural competence is of importance.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av möten med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund än deras egen, samt att beskriva de möjligheter och hinder som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med vården av dessa patienter. Metod Tolv kvalitativa studier från olika länder ingick i denna litteraturstudie, där forskare intervjuade sjuksköterskor och presenterade deras problem och erfarenheter. Vår studie analyserades enligt en kvalitativ metod. Resultat Studien visade fyra fenomen som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med vården av patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund; kommunikationen med patient, möten med familj/anhöriga, sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av arbetssituationen vid kulturella möten och sjuksköterskornas kulturkunskap. Slutsats Sjuksköterskor upplevde att kommunikation var det största hindret i möten med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund. Tolk, kollegor och anhöriga sågs som möjligheter för att undvika de hinder som uppstår. Familj till patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund var oerhört betydelsefull i omvårdnaden av dessa patienter. Sjuksköterskor såg utbildning som en möjlighet för att öka deras kulturkunskap och ansåg att tillgång till tolk skulle underlätta vården. / Aim The purpose of this literature study was to describe nurses’ experiences of encounters with patients from different cultural backgrounds than their own, and to describe the opportunities and barriers that nurses’ face when caring for these patients. Method Twelve qualitative studies from different countries were included in this literature study, in which researchers interviewed nurses and presented their problems and experiences. Our study was analyzed by using a qualitative approach. Findings The study revealed four phenomena that nurses face when caring for patients from different cultural backgrounds; the communication with the patient, encounters with family/relatives, nurses’ experiences of working conditions in cultural encounters and cultural nursing knowledge. Conclusion Nurses felt that communication was the biggest main obstacle in meetings with patients with different cultural backgrounds. Interpreter, colleagues and relatives were seen as opportunities to avoid the obstacles that arise. Family in patients with different cultural background was very important in nursing care of these patients. Nurses saw education as an opportunity to increase their cultural knowledge and believe that access to an interpreter would facilitate health care.

The aim of this study is to point out variations of practices in the relationship between professionals of service occupations and their clients. The material consists of four openly conducted thematic interviews with male professionals who work in the environment of their clients' homes.The main theoretical approach of this analysisis undertaken with ethnicity in mind.The practices identified aim to throw light on the boundaries between the differing cultures of professionals and their clients.The analytical termsboundary reduction and boundary maintenanceare used in this research. The two-stage analysis points out different practicesused, in chronological order, during contact between professionals and their clients. This is followed by a statement of the themes which connect, primarily fromthe professional perspective. The results indicate an intimate connection between intercultural and transcultural aspects through the use of cultural transparancy, which is a strategy connecting different roles, aswell as use of loophole tacticsthat afford the possibility of definingspace, place and relationship. It's illustrated how the professionals operate from "within the structures and worldview" of the client, and this analysis also reveals a glimpse of the potential for cultural changein the meeting between different cultures.

<p>This dissertation theorizes the complex contemporary phenomenon of literature produced in French by writers of allophone origins, which is to say, writers born in non-Francophone countries. Vassilis Alexakis, Gao Xingjian, Andreï Makine, Nancy Huston, Dai Sijie, Brina Svit, Amin Maalouf, Shan Sa, Agota Kristof, Milan Kundera, Ya Ding, François Cheng, Eduardo Manet, Hector Bianciotti, Jorge Semprun or Jonathan Littell, are frequently classified as "Francophone singularities," even though their number has now surpassed a few hundred. By closely looking at cultural and geo-political realities underpinning these writers' literature, La République réinventée reconceptualizes notions of "exile," "migrant," "diaspora," and even certain areas of "postcolonial" literary praxis as a transcultural model of literary production that is emblematic for our globalized society. Intended to reframe the debate around the transcultural literature, this study uses a sociological paradigm of methodological or reflexive cosmopolitanism (Ulrich Beck) in order to define transcultural ideologies and networks, reinforced by unlimited axes of reworked local, transnational, and global focalization.</p> / Dissertation

Comments and Discussions : 中屋信彦

<p><strong>Syftet</strong> med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av möten med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund än deras egen, samt att beskriva de möjligheter och hinder som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med vården av dessa patienter. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Metod</strong> Tolv kvalitativa studier från olika länder ingick i denna litteraturstudie, där forskare intervjuade sjuksköterskor och presenterade deras problem och erfarenheter. Vår studie analyserades enligt en kvalitativ metod.</p><p><strong>Resultat</strong> Studien visade fyra fenomen som sjuksköterskor upplever i samband med vården av patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund; <em>kommunikationen med patient, möten med familj/anhöriga, sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av arbetssituationen vid kulturella möten och sjuksköterskornas kulturkunskap.</em></p><p><strong>Slutsats </strong>Sjuksköterskor upplevde att kommunikation var det största hindret i möten med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund. Tolk, kollegor och anhöriga sågs som möjligheter för att undvika de hinder som uppstår. Familj till patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund var oerhört betydelsefull i omvårdnaden av dessa patienter. Sjuksköterskor såg utbildning som en möjlighet för att öka deras kulturkunskap och ansåg att tillgång till tolk skulle underlätta vården.</p> / <p><strong>Aim</strong> The purpose of this literature study was to describe nurses’ experiences of encounters with patients from different cultural backgrounds than their own, and to describe the opportunities and barriers that nurses’ face when caring for these patients.</p><p><strong>Method </strong>Twelve qualitative studies from different countries were included in this literature study, in which researchers interviewed nurses and presented their problems and experiences. Our study was analyzed by using a qualitative approach.</p><p><strong>Findings </strong>The study revealed four phenomena that nurses face when caring for patients from different cultural backgrounds; <em>the communication with the patient, encounters with family/relatives, nurses’ experiences of working conditions in cultural encounters and cultural nursing knowledge.</em></p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>Nurses felt that communication was the biggest main obstacle in meetings with patients with different cultural backgrounds. Interpreter, colleagues and relatives were seen as opportunities to avoid the obstacles that arise. Family in patients with different cultural background was very important in nursing care of these patients. Nurses saw education as an opportunity to increase their cultural knowledge and believe that access to an interpreter would facilitate health care.</p>

This report discusses the history of culture instruction in the language classroom and the increasing attraction to teaching culture as a process, as championed by Byram's (1997) discussion of objectives for intercultural communicative competence (ICC), rather than as the static facts reflected in traditional “culture capsule” lessons. Although according to Burwitz-Melzer (2001) such objectives left “teachers at a loss as to what to expect from their learners, how to structure their lessons and how to structure their lessons,” (p.31), using the recent outpouring of literature on ICC and its subfield, transcultural literacy, in this report Byram's original goals are adapted into an instructional timeline to guide teachers in encouraging the development of ICC, with evidence contradicting Byram's claims that such a process cannot be represented linearly or generalized to all language learning contexts. These goals are followed by resulting criteria for the selection of texts and supplementary tasks acting as the focal point of integrated language and culture lessons. These criteria are then translated into a rubric to assist instructors in identifying the aspects of a text that naturally encourage ICC development and which aspects require additional support in order to be beneficial for this purpose. Finally, this rubric is used to assess three lesson plans published in peer-reviewed journals for the contexts of English, Spanish, and German as foreign languages at the university level, as well as a text for a secondary EFL classroom with an example lesson plan of efficient language and culture integration, leading to a discussion of the need for future research on the interaction of text and task in cultural instruction. / text