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I studien undersöktes hur elever som undervisas i svenska som andraspråk (SVA) på nybörjar­nivå i grundskolans senare del skrev texter med hjälp av Google translate (GT). Frågeställ­ningen var hur GT som hjälpmedel vid skrivuppgifter påverkade texternas olika kvaliteter jäm­fört med en text skriven utan hjälpmedel. Sju elever deltog i studien. Varje elev skrev två texter var: en med hjälp av GT, och en utan. De båda texterna bedömdes kvalitativt och jämfördes med varandra. Resultatet visade att GT hjälpte eleverna att skapa ett säkrare språk avseende språkets form: till exempel meningsbyggnad, grammatik, stavning och interpunktion. GT hjälpte även elever­na till en mer varierad vokabulär, men denna vokabulär saknade ofta precision vilket skapade begriplighetsproblem. Texterna som skrevs utan GT hade ett mindre varierat ordförråd, men vokabulären var mer anpassad till sitt sammanhang, och därmed höll texterna en högre kom­munikativ och innehållslig kvalitet. GT kunde alltså hjälpa eleverna på nybörjarnivå att uttrycka sig genom att bidra med ett formellt korrekt språk och varierad vokabulär. Men resultaten visade samtidigt att eleverna har allt för liten tilltro till sin egen förmåga, och för stor till GT:s översättningar, vilket skapade texter vars innehåll kunde vara svårt att begripa.

The purpose of this study is to explore upper secondary school English teachers' beliefs and practices for free online machine translation (FOMT) tools. It is believed that students are using these tools, but the focus of this study is to highlight what teachers think and how they are addressing FOMT usage by students. Participants are currently teaching various English levels in upper secondary schools throughout Sweden and have varying degrees of experience. This study includes a brief background of previous studies detailing teachers' attitudes and methods for incorporating machine translation (MT) in their language teaching. The theoretical framework used for this study is language teacher cognition and translation in language teaching. The results reveal that the previous research conducted in this area has not yet influenced teachers' language classrooms methods. Teachers' education and language learning experience may explain this disconnect to current research. There is a common theme that teachers do not mind using FOMT tools in their personal lives but strongly recommend other sources for their students.

This diploma thesis deals with the quality of the output of publicly available machine translation engines: Amazon Translate, Bing Translator, Deep L and Google Translate. The aim of the thesis was to qualitatively compare each machine translation engine and to test their capabilities on several types of texts - expressive, informative and operative. The analysis is carried out on translations of German texts into Czech. The thesis consists of two parts, in the theoretical part we discuss the origin and development of machine translation, its types, the automatic machine translation engines which are the object of our research, and we present a two-stage model for evaluating the quality of translation. In the empirical part, the results of the analysis based on the models of K. Reiß and A. Torrens are presented. These results show that the listed machine translation engines can be ranked from the highest to the lowest level of output quality as follows: Deep L, Google Translate, Bing Translator and Amazon Translate. Furthermore, it also turns out that the error rate correlates with the creativity of the text.

Bakgrund: En observation under verksamhetsförlagd utbildning har varit att Google Translate, ett digitalt översättningsverktyg, har använts som hjälpmedel för att försöka förmedla information till patienter. Effektiv kommunikation mellan sjuksköterska och patient är en grundläggande förutsättning för sjuksköterskans arbete och för personcentrerad vård. På grund av språkförbistringar uppstår det ofta problem i kommunikation med patienten.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om och i vilken utsträckning sjuksköterskor i slutenvården på sjukhuset i fråga använder sig av digitala översättningsverktyg i kommunikation med patienter.Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med hjälp av webbenkät på ett stort sjukhus i södra Sverige. Populationen bestod av 279 sjuksköterskor, 76 av dessa besvarade enkäten.Resultat: Undersökningen visade att 61,8 procent av deltagarna (n= 47) har någon gång använt digitala översättningsverktyg, nästan uteslutande Google Translate, i kommunikationen med patienter. De vanligaste situationerna då det har använts var vid smärtskattning och informationsförmedling. / Background: An observation during the clinical practice has been that Google Translate, a digital translation tool, was used as a means to inform patients. Effective nurse-patient communication is a basic qualification for the nurse ́s work and for patient-centered care. Due to language barriers, problems often occur in communication with the patient.Aim: The aim of this study was to find out if, and to what extent, nurses working in hospital care at the hospital in question use digital translation tools when communicating with patients.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a large hospital in southern Sweden through an online questionnaire.The population consisted of 279 nurses, 76 of these filled out the questionnaire.Results: The study showed that 61,8 percent of the participants (n=47) have at some point used digital translation tools, especially Google Translate, when communicating with patients. The most common situations this tool was used in was during pain assessment and when delivering information.

Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме передачи средств речевой выразительности в художественном тексте при помощи машинного перевода. Рассматриваются современные технологии машинного перевода, специфика перевода художественных текстов и классификация тропов и фигур. В рамках исследования осуществляется сопоставление «способностей» трех автоматизированных систем (Яндекс.Переводчик, Google Translate и PROMT.One) передавать средства выразительности речи на материале романа Дж. К. Роулинг «Гарри Поттер и философский камень». / This master’s thesis studies the problem of rendering the means of speech expressiveness in a literary text using machine translation. There are considered modern machine translation technologies, the specific features of literary texts translation and the classification of tropes and figures. Based on the novel “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” by J. K. Rowling, the study compares the “abilities” of three automated systems (Yandex.Translate, Google Translate and PROMT.One) to identify stylistic devices in the source language and reproduce them in the target language.

La cellule est susceptible de modifier l'expression de ces gènes en fonction de son environnement. Dans les cellules eucaryotes, la régulation de l'expression de ces gènes se présente dans plusieurs étapes. Cette régulation peut intervenir dès la transcription de l'ADN jusqu'au devenir des transcrits. La régulation post-transcriptionnelle tient un rôle déterminant dans la synthèse protéique. Elle regroupe l'ensemble des contrôles qui s'exercent sur les transcrits. Cette régulation est induite en réponse à différents stimuli comme la différenciation ou lors de stress cellulaires. En situation de stress, la traduction canonique dépendante de la coiffe est bloquée, à l'exception de certains ARNm essentiels pour assurer la survie des cellules. De ce fait, les cellules mettent en place un mécanisme alternatif afin de continuer la traduction. Un des mécanismes de traduction, implique le site d'entrée interne du ribosome ou IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site). L'IRES est une séquence en structure secondaire dans la partie 5' non-traduite de certains ARNm. Il existe des facteurs responsables de leur activation appelés ITAF ou IRES-transacting factor, permettant le recrutement des ribosomes pour initier la traduction. Les protéines pouvant se lier aux ARN sont les acteurs majeurs de l'activation des IRES. Mon travail de thèse est d'étudier les régulateurs post-transcriptionnels en réponse à différents stimuli par le biais de la traduction IRES-dépendante. Dans la première partie de mon projet, nous avons montré la régulation de la traduction via l'activation de l'IRES du FGF1 et ce de manière promoteur-dépendante au cours de la différenciation des myoblastes. Grâce à la technique de résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR) nous avons découvert deux protéines p54nrb/NONO et hnRNPM en tant qu'ITAF capables de former un complexe pour activer l'IRES du FGF1 durant la différenciation des myoblastes. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, nous avons démontré l'existence de l'IRES du VEGFD durant un choc thermique dans les cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons aussi découvert que cette activation est médiée par un ITAF qui est la nucléoline, jamais démontrée auparavant comme ITAF de l'IRES du VEGFD. D'après nos résultats, le stress thermique induit la délocalisation de la nucléoline du noyau vers le cytoplasme pour changer la conformation de l'IRES du VEGFD afin de continuer sa traduction. Dans la troisième partie de mon projet, j'ai étudié de manière générale la régulation des gènes angiogéniques et lymphangiogéniques. L'ensemble des données montre que ces gènes sont majoritairement régulés au niveau traductionnel dans les cardiomyocytes en condition hypoxique. En étudiant les IRES angiogéniques et lymphangiogéniques, nos résultats montrent l'activation de ces IRES à différents temps au cours de l'hypoxie précoce. Dans la même condition, nous avons découvert la protéine vasohibin-1 comme ITAF hypoxique et spécifique de l'IRES du FGF1 dans les cardiomyocytes. En conclusion, nous avons découvert différents ITAF spécifiques à un IRES et en fonction du stress. P54nrb/NONO, hnRNPM sont des ITAF de l'IRES du FGF1 durant la différenciation cellulaire et la vasohibine-1 en hypoxie dans les cardiomyocytes. La nucléoline permet d'activer un IRES du VEGFD en réponse au choc thermique. / In cell, gene expression can be modified depending on the cellular microenvironment. Regulation of gene expression occurs at different levels, ranging from the transcription of the DNA to the mRNA. Among the post- transcriptional regulation, the control of translation plays a crucial role. In particular, the translational regulation occurs in response to different stimuli such as cell differentiation or cell stress. In stress condition, the canonical cap-dependent translation is blocked, excepted some mRNAs that are translated by alternative mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves the structural elements of the mRNAs, the IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Sites). The IRES activation involves some factors called ITAFs (IRES trans-acting factors), which allow the internal recruitement of ribosomes to initiate translation. My thesis is to study the mechanisms of IRES-dependent translation regulation in response to different stimuli, and to identify ITAFs responsible for this regulation. In the first part of my project, we have shown that the translation controlled by the FGF1 mRNA IRES is activated. This activation depends on its own promoter during the early phase of murine myoblast differentiation. Through biomolecular interaction analysis technology by surface plasmon resonance coupled to mass spectrometry (BIA/MS), we identified two proteins, p54nrb/NONO and hnRNPM bound both to the IRES and the FGF1gene promoter. These two proteins are both ITAFs activators of IRES and activators of FGF1 promoter transcription, resulting in a coupling of transcription and translation responsible for the induction of the FGF1 expression during myoblast differentiation. In the second part of this thesis, we demonstrated the existence of an IRES within the VEGFD mRNA. This IRES is activated by heat shock in mammary murine carcinoma. BIA/MS technology has enabled us to identify nucleolin as ITAF responsible for this activation. SHAPE experiments revealed the presence of two alternative structures of VEGFD IRES. According to our results, the heat shock induced the relocation of nucleolin from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, suggesting its binding to the mRNA in the cytoplasm could stabilize the conformation of the mRNA VEGFD IRES and activate its translation. The third part of my thesis focused on translational regulation of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic genes into cardiomyocytes in hypoxic conditions. The data obtained by the semi-global approach Fluidigm indicate that only few genes are induced at the transcriptional level, while the majority of them, especially those which have the mRNA IRES, are activated at translational level in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. I have also shown that the mRNA IRES of factors (lymph)angiogenic VEGF and FGF are activated during early hypoxia. Through Technology BIA/MS, I identified a specific hypoxic ITAF of FGF1 IRES in cardiomyocytes: it is the vasohibin - 1 protein involved in angiogenesis and stress tolerance. So, my thesis has enabled to make progress in understanding the mechanisms of IRES-dependent translation regulation. In addition, I have demonstrated that in cardiomyocytes during hypoxia the gene expression is surprisingly regulated at translational level. My work led to the identification of several molecular actors responsible for the regulation of mRNA (lymph)angiogenic factors translation, which could play a key role in ischemic pathologies and in cancer, and provide new targets therapeutic.

Machine translation (MT) is experiencing a renaissance. On one hand, machine translation is becoming more common and used in ever larger scale, on the other hand many translators have an almost hostile attitude towards machine translation programs and those translators who use MT as a tool. Either it is assumed that the MT can never be as good as a human translation or machine translation is viewed as the ultimate enemy of the translator and as a job killer. The article discusses with various examples the limits and possibilities of machine translation. It demonstrates that machine translation can be better than human translations – even if they were made by experienced professional translators. The paper also reports the results of a test that showed that translation customers must expect that even well-known and expensive translation service providers deliver a quality that is on par with poor MT. Overall, it is argued that machine translation programs are no more and no less than an additional tool with which the translation industry can satisfy certain requirements. This abstract was also – as the entire article – automatically translated into English.

Machine translation (MT) is experiencing a renaissance. On one hand, machine translation is becoming more common and used in ever larger scale, on the other hand many translators have an almost hostile attitude towards machine translation programs and those translators who use MT as a tool. Either it is assumed that the MT can never be as good as a human translation or machine translation is viewed as the ultimate enemy of the translator and as a job killer. The article discusses with various examples the limits and possibilities of machine translation. It demonstrates that machine translation can be better than human translations – even if they were made by experienced professional translators. The paper also reports the results of a test that showed that translation customers must expect that even well-known and expensive translation service providers deliver a quality that is on par with poor MT. Overall, it is argued that machine translation programs are no more and no less than an additional tool with which the translation industry can satisfy certain requirements. This abstract was also – as the entire article – automatically translated into English.

Работа посвящена сравнению качества перевода технического текста с английского языка на русский, полученного с помощью различных систем машинного перевода (СМП), на примере научной статьи металлургической тематики “Fluid Dynamics Studies of Bottom-blown and Side-blown Copper Smelting Furnaces”. В первой части работы рассматриваются общие вопросы машинного и технического перевода: приводятся понятия машинного перевода и технического перевода, определяются основные способы и алгоритмы работы СМП, выделяются основные особенности и проблемы технического перевода. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению функциональных возможностей наиболее популярных сервисов машинного перевода, к которым относятся такие СМП как Google Translate, Яндекс Переводчик, Bing Microsoft Translator, SYSTRAN Translate, PROMT.One. Во второй части работы раскрываются особенности металлургической терминологии и специфика ее заимствования, разрабатывается методика оценки качества перевода технического текста металлургической направленности, проводится апробационное исследование переводов, выполненных с помощью различных систем машинного перевода и определяются перспективы использования СМП в металлургической отрасли. Большое внимание уделяется оценке качества переводов по представленным методикам, при этом все результаты приводятся в виде таблиц с указанием количества ошибок и итоговых баллов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы на различных предприятиях металлургического сектора при работе с документацией на иностранных языках. / This paper is devoted to comparison of translation quality obtained as a result of using machine translation (MT) systems to translate technical documents from English into Russian in the case of a metallurgical article “Fluid Dynamics Studies of Bottom-blown and Side-blown Copper Smelting Furnaces”. The first part of the paper covers general issues of machine and technical translation, including concepts of machine and technical translation, the main operation methods and algorithms, and the main features of technical translation. Particular attention is paid to identification of core functionality of the most popular machine translation systems, which include Google Translate, Yandex Translate, Bing Microsoft Translator, SYSTRAN Translate, PROMT.One. The second part of the paper reveals the main features of metallurgical terminology and the specifics of its naturalization. It also contains several translation quality assessment methodologies and includes an analysis of machine translation quality. Moreover, it features the main prospects for using MT systems in metallurgy. Much attention is paid to translation quality assessment on methodologies presented in the paper. All the results are presented in the form of tables with the number of errors and final scores for each MT system. The results of the study may be used at various metallurgical enterprises working with documentation in foreign languages.