The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the role of Swedish literature for adolescents in the French literary scene in the early 2000s. The sociology of literature constitutes the main theoretical framework of this thesis. Drawing from examples that broach the sensitive topic of "unprovoked violence" as it is treated in two Swedish novels for teenagers, Spelar död [Play Death] by Stefan Casta and När tågen går förbi (Train Wreck) by Malin Lindroth, this thesis shows how these novels are innovative in Even-Zohar’s sense of the term, as addressed in his Polysystem Theory (1990). By introducing "unprovoked violence" and violent teenagers via a realistic genre, such works filled a vacuum in the French system and injected a new dynamic into it. This dynamic makes it possible for new literary models to be introduced in the system and to change the standards of that system. The analyses of the French and Swedish receptions of the two novels mentioned above show that they gave rise to a moral panic in France, which is not an unusual thing to happen in periods of ongoing change. This also clarifies the differences in norms between the two systems. The French system tends to reject dark topics, while the Swedish wishes to discuss them. The investigations of the translations of unprovoked violence show that adherence to Swedish norms determine the translation’s adequacy (Toury), which may be part of the reason for the stormy reception the two works received in France, and their undergoing censure. The position of translators and publishers in the literary system also plays a major role for a translated text not being censured during the transfer from one system to another. Even if the Swedish titles translated into French are few, this thesis shows that the impact of Swedish literature on adolescents in France is certain. By introducing new and sensitive topics, such novels could be early markers of an evolution of the French field of literature for adolescents.

A pesquisa para desenvolvimento da presente dissertação teve como objetivo demonstrar o uso de recursos de tecnologia de informação e comunicação na modalidade de Educação à Distância (EAD) para a viabilização de um curso de tradução na área de especialidade jurídica no par de idiomas Inglês-Português. A proposta surgiu com base na necessidade e interesse de tradutores em formação, atuantes no mercado e estudiosos da tradução em se aperfeiçoarem nessa área cada vez mais exigente e competitiva. A dificuldade de locomoção de interessados, que estejam localizados em regiões que não contemplem a possibilidade de cursos em suas proximidades ou ainda a não compatibilidade de tempo em horários pré-estabelecidos por cursos presenciais propiciam a busca por alternativas que venham a satisfazer tal demanda. A pesquisa objetivou descrever e verificar a implantação e o desenvolvimento de um curso no que concerne a aspectos didático-pedagógicos para capacitação, aprimoramento, aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento de tradutores. Sua fundamentação teórica teve por base, entre outros, estudos de Knowles (1984) e Mendes (2012) no que tange aos princípios de Andragogia e ensino-aprendizagem de adultos, Presas (2000), Hurtado Albir (1999) e Pym (2006 a 2012) com relação à formação e treinamento de tradutores, Aubert (1998), Chaffey (1997) e Reichmann (2102), Sarcevic (1997) sobre tradução jurídica e Morán (2009), Mendes (2012) e Simão Neto (2002) sobre Educação à Distância. As ferramentas utilizadas na aplicação do curso à distância na fase piloto, assim como nas duas edições seguintes, foram as dos serviços Grupos do Google e Google Drive. Dentre os inscritos no EAD contamos com um total de 35 participantes e com 12 no curso presencial ofertado como grupo de controle para comparação. A descrição dos resultados revelará como se deu a interação e alguns aspectos sobre o desempenho dos participantes, assim como o nível de satisfação e de aproveitamento de acordo com a pesquisa de opinião realizada ao final do curso. / This thesis research aimed to demonstrate the use of information and communication technology in online learning by means of a course in the area of legal translation in the language pair English-Portuguese. It is based on the needs and interests of translators who are professional, scholars or in training and wish to improve in the translation area, which has become highly demanding and competitive. When the issue is either related to commuting for prospects that are located in areas which do not offer the intended courses nearby or conveniently located, or when course pre-established time table offers are not compatible, the search for alternatives to suit such demand begins. The research aimed to verify the viability and describe the implementation and development of a course as to didactical and pedagogical aspects in translators´ training, development and improvement. The studies of Knowles (1984) and Mendes (2012) with regard to the principles of Andragogy and adult learning-teaching; Presas (2000), Hurtado Albir (1999) and Pym (2006 to 2012) as to translator´s training; Aubert (1998), Chaffey (1997), Reichmann (2102), and Sarcevic (1997) for legal translation and Morán (2009), Mendes (2012) and Simão Neto (2002) for online learning, among others, are the theoretic basis for the research. The tools offered in the Google Groups and Google Drive services were used in the online course pilot, as well as the two subsequent versions. There was a total of 35 participants who enrolled for the online course and 12 participants for the face-to-face course offered as a means of comparison. The description of the results will reveal the participants´ interaction and some aspects of their performance as well as their level of approval and improvement according to the survey conducted at the end of the course.

O notável talento de Chico Buarque em lidar com as palavras, assim como sua participação nas traduções de suas obras literárias para o inglês, são o fio condutor desta pesquisa de doutorado, em que se investigaram as traduções de Estorvo, Benjamim e Budapeste. A Linguística de Corpus foi utilizada como base metodológica para investigação do corpus de estudo, composto pelas referidas obras originais e traduzidas. Utilizando-se o programa computacional WordSmith Tools, de Mike Scott, foi extraída do corpus de estudo, uma lista de palavras-chave que serviu como ponto de partida para uma análise qualitativa das traduções, focando o aspecto da recuperação da criatividade lexical do autor pelos tradutores. Os resultados desta análise levaram a crer que houve, por parte dos tradutores, Peter Bush, Clifford Landers e Alison Entrekin, um empenho significativo para recriar as supostas intenções semânticas e estilísticas do escritor. Tal conclusão foi corroborada por entrevistas que este pesquisador conduziu com o autor, com os três tradutores e com a editora Liz Calder. A Linguística de Corpus, por sua vez, mostrou-se eficaz não só como metodologia para exploração de um corpus literário, mas também como uma abordagem, na medida em que revelou aspectos das traduções que não se havia cogitado investigar. / Chico Buarques notable talent in dealing with words as well as his participation in the translations of his books into English are the core of this doctoral dissertation, which investigated the translations of Estorvo (Turbulence), Benjamim (Benjamin) and Budapeste (Budapest) into English. Corpus Linguistics was used as a methodological basis for investigating the study corpus, constituted by both original and translated works. With the computer program WordSmith Tools, developed by Mike Scott, a list of keywords was extracted from the corpus, which served as a starting point for a qualitative analysis of the translations. The focus was to investigate if the authors creativity was recovered by his translators. The results led to believe that the translators, Peter Bush, Clifford Landers and Alison Entrekin, made a significant effort to recreate Chico Buarques semantic and stylistic endeavors. This conclusion was corroborated by the oral interviews conducted by this researcher with the author, the three translators and the publisher Liz Calder. Corpus Linguistics, in turn, was effective not only as a methodology to explore a literary corpus, but also as an approach to the extent that it revealed aspects of the translations that were not previously considered worthy of invetigation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcella Machado de Campos.pdf: 618690 bytes, checksum: 4f8d720a0839e65529dd604f48eb5a02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this master´ s dissertation is to make comments on the technical translator´ s present working conditions in Brazil by considering the translation activity as a labour dramaturgy in which the professional is continuously required to make choices and to weigh up his management decisions according to distinct and sometimes contradictory values. Therefore we use the theoreticmethodological principles of Ergology and the notions of producing conditions, primacy of the inter-discourse and inter-incomprehension, which is regulated in the framework of the French Discourse Analysis. The justification of the present research resides in the fact that there is a dearth of studies which deal with the translator´ s daily life and raise socio-historical questions that are implied in the activity of technical translation. Taking into consideration the ergologic premise, which is to closely observe what occurs in the actual activity, it was necessary to re-normalise the approximation of the situation of the technical translator´ s work in virtue of the difficulties which appeared with respect to the methodology. Thus, in order to approach the object of the study, the research proposal was made viable by means of a questionnaire, which was administered to voluntary translators, as a way of suggesting a reflection about what this professional does and how he/she does it with the purpose to provide a greater self-awareness as a worker. Thus our primary research interest focuses on the way in which the translator performs his/her task, that enables him/her to perceive his/her condition in the present time from a different perspective, which, in the ultimate analysis, can occasion an improvement of the quality of the services he/she renders / O objetivo desta dissertação é tecer comentários sobre a condição de trabalho atual do tradutor técnico no Brasil ao contemplar a atividade da tradução como dramática laboral em que o profissional é continuamente convocado a fazer escolhas e a arbitrar sua gestão segundo valores distintos e, por vezes, contraditórios. Para tanto, lança-se mão dos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Ergologia e das noções de condição de produção, primado do interdiscurso e interincompreensão regrada no âmbito da Análise do Discurso francesa. A justificativa da presente pesquisa reside no fato de haver uma carência de estudos que tratem do cotidiano do tradutor e suscitem questões sócio-históricas que estão implicadas no ofício da tradução técnica. Tendo em conta a premissa ergológica de se observar de perto o que ocorre no real da atividade, foi necessário renormalizar a aproximação da situação de trabalho do tradutor em virtude dos percalços surgidos em relação à metodologia. Para acercar-se do objeto de estudo, então, a abordagem proposta foi viabilizada por meio de um questionário, submetido a tradutores voluntários, como forma de sugerir uma reflexão sobre o que este profissional faz e como o faz com o intuito de proporcionar uma maior conscientização sobre si mesmo como trabalhador. Assim, o interesse primordial desta investigação está centrado na maneira como o tradutor desempenha sua tarefa, possibilitando vislumbrar com outros olhos sua condição na contemporaneidade, o que, em última análise, pode ocasionar um aprimoramento na qualidade dos serviços por ele prestados

A pesquisa para desenvolvimento da presente dissertação teve como objetivo demonstrar o uso de recursos de tecnologia de informação e comunicação na modalidade de Educação à Distância (EAD) para a viabilização de um curso de tradução na área de especialidade jurídica no par de idiomas Inglês-Português. A proposta surgiu com base na necessidade e interesse de tradutores em formação, atuantes no mercado e estudiosos da tradução em se aperfeiçoarem nessa área cada vez mais exigente e competitiva. A dificuldade de locomoção de interessados, que estejam localizados em regiões que não contemplem a possibilidade de cursos em suas proximidades ou ainda a não compatibilidade de tempo em horários pré-estabelecidos por cursos presenciais propiciam a busca por alternativas que venham a satisfazer tal demanda. A pesquisa objetivou descrever e verificar a implantação e o desenvolvimento de um curso no que concerne a aspectos didático-pedagógicos para capacitação, aprimoramento, aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento de tradutores. Sua fundamentação teórica teve por base, entre outros, estudos de Knowles (1984) e Mendes (2012) no que tange aos princípios de Andragogia e ensino-aprendizagem de adultos, Presas (2000), Hurtado Albir (1999) e Pym (2006 a 2012) com relação à formação e treinamento de tradutores, Aubert (1998), Chaffey (1997) e Reichmann (2102), Sarcevic (1997) sobre tradução jurídica e Morán (2009), Mendes (2012) e Simão Neto (2002) sobre Educação à Distância. As ferramentas utilizadas na aplicação do curso à distância na fase piloto, assim como nas duas edições seguintes, foram as dos serviços Grupos do Google e Google Drive. Dentre os inscritos no EAD contamos com um total de 35 participantes e com 12 no curso presencial ofertado como grupo de controle para comparação. A descrição dos resultados revelará como se deu a interação e alguns aspectos sobre o desempenho dos participantes, assim como o nível de satisfação e de aproveitamento de acordo com a pesquisa de opinião realizada ao final do curso. / This thesis research aimed to demonstrate the use of information and communication technology in online learning by means of a course in the area of legal translation in the language pair English-Portuguese. It is based on the needs and interests of translators who are professional, scholars or in training and wish to improve in the translation area, which has become highly demanding and competitive. When the issue is either related to commuting for prospects that are located in areas which do not offer the intended courses nearby or conveniently located, or when course pre-established time table offers are not compatible, the search for alternatives to suit such demand begins. The research aimed to verify the viability and describe the implementation and development of a course as to didactical and pedagogical aspects in translators´ training, development and improvement. The studies of Knowles (1984) and Mendes (2012) with regard to the principles of Andragogy and adult learning-teaching; Presas (2000), Hurtado Albir (1999) and Pym (2006 to 2012) as to translator´s training; Aubert (1998), Chaffey (1997), Reichmann (2102), and Sarcevic (1997) for legal translation and Morán (2009), Mendes (2012) and Simão Neto (2002) for online learning, among others, are the theoretic basis for the research. The tools offered in the Google Groups and Google Drive services were used in the online course pilot, as well as the two subsequent versions. There was a total of 35 participants who enrolled for the online course and 12 participants for the face-to-face course offered as a means of comparison. The description of the results will reveal the participants´ interaction and some aspects of their performance as well as their level of approval and improvement according to the survey conducted at the end of the course.

Le Coran en françaisAndré Du Ryer (1580-1672), premier traducteur de L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647)La traduction d'un texte religieux soulève toujours beaucoup de difficultés. Elle est d’autant plus délicate lorsqu’il s’agit du Coran, réputé particulièrement intraduisible. Sa traduction en français, au XVIIème siècle, à partir de l’arabe, effectuée par André Du Ryer, fut un acte novateur et pionnier, alors que seules étaient connues en Occident les traductions latines. Par ailleurs beaucoup de préjugés concernant l’islam empêchaient une appréhension objective de cette religion. Même s’il aborde sa traduction avec un recul critique, Du Ryer mise sur le profit intellectuel et spirituel que les chrétiens pourront tirer de la lecture du Coran. Son Alcoran de Mahomet marque une césure nette avec le legs du Moyen-âge. Par son projet, mais aussi par ses choix de traduction, André Du Ryer ouvre la voie au dialogue, en mettant le français de l’époque classique au service d’un texte mystérieux et complexe dont il fallait avoir connaissance. Son entreprise reste profondément marquée par des idéaux humanistes.Par une analyse concrète des procédés linguistiques de traduction mis en place par Du Ryer, cette étude cherche à éclairer les motivations du traducteur. Elle s’efforce également de mieux cerner la nouvelle image qui est offerte, en filigrane, du musulman, de l'islam, de son prophète et de son livre sacré. Cette étude enfin s’interroge sur l’oubli dans lequel est tombée cette première traduction française du Coran, alors qu’elle ouvrait une voie royale à ce qui allait devenir l’orientalisme. / The Coran in FrenchAndré Du Ryer (1580-1672), first translator of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647)The translation of a religious text has always been a matter of great difficulty. Hence, when it comes to Coran, it is all the more delicate mainly because it is considered as untranslatable. Its French translation in the 17th century, from Arabic, by André Du Ryer was an innovative and pioneering act when the only known translations in the West were the Latin ones. However, various prejudices on Islam prevented an objective understanding of this religion. Despite the fact that Du Ryer started his translation with a critical view of Islam, he highlighted the intellectual and spiritual values that Christians might draw from the reading of the Coran. His Alcoran de Mahomet represents a real hiatus with what had been left from the Middle age. Thanks to his project and his translation choices, André Du Ryer triggered dialogue by making the French of the classical times at the service of a complex and mysterious text which had to be known. Nevertheless, his work remains deeply tinged with humanitarian ideals.Through the concrete analysis of the linguistic methods of translation used by Du Ryer, this research aims to determine the translator’s motivations. The objective is also to show the new hidden image of Muslims, Islam, its prophet and its holy book. Finally, this study questions the neglect of this first translation of the Coran while it was a landmark in what was to become Orientalism.

Translation from one human language to another has been using the help of the capabilities of computer advances. There are a lot of machine translators nowadays, each adapts to different machine translator approaches. This thesis presents the distinction between two selected machine translator approaches, statistical machine translator (SMT) and hybrid machine translator (HMT). The research focuses on creating evaluation for two machine translator of different approaches by both textual studies and evaluation experiment. The result of this research is an evaluation of the translator system and also the translation result. This result is then hoped to add information into the history of machine translators. / Program: Kandidatutbildning i informatik

Este estudo se baseou em dados extraídos de um corpus paralelo composto por textos originais em inglês de artigos da Revista National Geographic, suas respectivas traduções publicadas em português na National Geographic Brasil, e os textos traduzidos antes da revisão para publicação. O objetivo foi cotejar os três textos a fim de identificar, na tradução, elementos que promovem a produção de um texto natural e fluente, que reflete o uso mais corrente na língua. Sua inserção no âmbito da lingüística de corpus se deu por essa permitir um estudo lingüístico descritivo e não prescritivo da língua e por se voltar não só para as palavras, estruturas ou usos possíveis na língua mas também o que é provável que ocorra, isto é, a diferença entre o que os falantes podem dizer e o que na verdade dizem. Esse cotejo possibilitou o levantamento de aspectos lingüísticos que afetam a naturalidade e fluência do texto, como a fraseologia típica na língua de chegada, suas colocações naturais, suas próprias expressões fixas, que refletem um modo preferido de se expressar de cada comunidade lingüística. Esses aspectos estão intimamente relacionados à convencionalidade, que abrange aquilo que é consolidado pelo uso, constituindo muitas vezes fonte de dificuldade ao \"tradutor ingênuo\" que pode não perceber que dentre formas possíveis existe aquela mais provável de ocorrer. Dentre os elementos levantados, selecionou-se a tradução dos advérbios terminados em *ly em inglês, nem sempre traduzidos por advérbios terminados em *mente em português, procurando compreender essa opção dentro do âmbito da convencionalidade. Essas opções nem sempre são ilustradas em dicionários, constituindo a pesquisa baseada em corpora, tanto paralelos quanto monolíngües, um recurso valioso ao tradutor seja para mostrar estratégias empregadas por outros tradutores profissionais como para conscientizá-lo de um uso consagrado na língua. / This study was based on data collected from a parallel corpus composed of original texts in English of articles from National Geographic magazine, and their respective translations in Portuguese as published in National Geographic Brazil and the texts translated before their revision for publication. The aim was to compare the three texts in order to identify, in translation, elements that enable the production of a text which sounds natural and fluent, reflecting the current use by the speakers. Corpus Linguistics was chosen as an approach for the research since it allows a descriptive rather than a prescriptive study of the language and is typically concerned not only with what words, structures or uses are possible in a language, but also with what is probable, likely to occur, the difference between what the speakers can say and what they actually say. This comparison brought to light linguistic features which might affect naturalness and fluency of a text, as the typical phraseology in the target-language, its natural collocations and its own fixed expressions, which reflect a preferred way of a community of saying things. These aspects are closely related to conventionality, which encompasses that which is attested by the use, and represent precisely where the difficulties lie for the \"innocent translator\", who might not notice that among a range of possible forms there is one which is more likely to occur. Among the elements found, one was particularly investigated, namely, the translation of adverbs ending in *ly in English , not always translated by adverbs ending in *mente in Portuguese, with a view to understand this option within the idea of conventionality. These options are not frequently displayed in dictionaries, which makes corpus-based research , either using parallel corpora or monolingual corpora, an invaluable resource to translators, in eliciting strategies employed by other professional translators and in bringing awareness to an attested use in language.

資訊安全的研究裡，運用安全多方計算的方法，可使得多方在不洩漏各自私有資訊的條件下完成某種函式的計算。其中一種做法是利用scalar product來當作計算的基礎演算邏輯單元，並進而建構其他更複雜的安全多方計算。 根據目前現有的安全多方運算協定，可再加以定義出一些基本的運算規則，像是一般的程式語言中常用到的變數型態，如整數、浮點數、布林值，我們可定義出安全的秘密資料形態來，並且要能達到算數計算就必須擁有數值處理的能力，如基本的四則運算等，所以提供了相關聯的安全計算協定。根據安全多方計算的運算平台，可具有處理算術計算的能力，使得可處理一般安全計算的問題。 我們並提供一個script轉譯工具，使得使用者可自行撰寫自己的安全多方計算程式，並可利用此工具來自動將使用者寫的程式碼轉成安全多方運算平台可接受的程式碼，如此一來，解決安全多方計算的問題將會變得更為容易。 / Protocols for secure multi-party computation (SMC) allow participants to share a computation while each party learns only what can be inferred from their own inputs and the output of the computation. This thesis concerns the implementation SMC using of a set of information theoretically secure protocols based on scalar product protocol. This main characteristic of this approach is taking the scalar product computation as the basic building, and then use it to construct more complex computation protocols. We developed an SMC implementation framework for both integers and floating numbers which comprises a set of arithmetic operations that manipulate secret values among involved parties using the scalar product protocol as the basis. Such a library of arithmetic operations is call building blocks. Besides, to ease the writing of more complex user-defined protocols, we developed a simple scripting language and a translation tool that converts user script code to SMC code, which is code composed of the building blocks we developed.

This thesis puts focus on the points where organisations perceive, translate and implement a new organisational idea, and the implementation and translation of one specific efficiency method is studied. We have looked at how a group of small manufacturing companies have implemented an efficiency method (Efficient production/Lean Production) and how they have translated it to fit their own organisation. The authors were interested in finding out both about the challenges and the positive outcomes of implementing an efficiency method in a company. While getting to know more about the subject, the translator’s (the person responsible of implementing the method into the own organisation) role and importance to the implementation became more interesting. In cooperation with a Host Company (HC), a decision was made to study a group of small manufacturing companies who had all participated in one of HC’s programs, Lean School for Small Companies. To be able to make generalisations from the results, a multiple-case study was carried out. To fulfil our purpose and gain a somewhat objective understanding of the processes of implementation we decided that it was necessary to interview two people from each company, one that had attended the Lean School and one who did not, but was directly affected by the efficiency method in daily work. The empirical findings were analysed in the light of the theoretical ideas we found about implementation of efficiency methods and translation of organisational ideas. The results of the study were in many aspects consistant with the theories found on the subject. The processes of an implementation is complex and are affected by the factors commitment of leaders, problems or obstacles, the translators role and ability to manage the translation process and, furthermore, by knowledge input.