The practice of Hooliganism, or violent and aggressive styles of support linked to one or more specific football club, first emerged in England in the 1960’s. A combination of mass media, films such as Green Street Hooligans, and increases in law enforcement enabled Hooliganism to spread all over Europe. This paper seeks to explain Hooligan cultures, how they emerge, their characteristics and the type of individual they attract. Furthermore, this paper examines the situational variables present on match-day that lead to supporter violence. Additionally, this paper aggregates numerous findings on crowd behavior and Hooliganism, and then applies them three case studies: the Rome, Lisbon and Athens derbies. Case studies seek to highlight some of the mediating and moderating factors in that particularly rivalry, as well the differences in Hooligan cultures across countries.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka Malmö FF:s samt FC Köpenhamns ståplatsläktare och genom det jämföra svensk och dansk supporterkultur. Vidare är syftet även att klargöra vad som särskiljer de olika föreningarna samt supportrarna. Frågeställningarna vi använt oss av är följande: “Skiljer sig synen på ståplatsläktaren från besökare på Malmö FF:s ståplatsläktare och FC Köpenhamns?”, “Går det att finna skillnader i supporterkulturen som beror på den svenska kontra danska idrottsmodellen?”, "Hur kan Malmö FF:s samt FC Köpenhamns supportrar kategoriseras utifrån Giulianottis modell?”. För att besvara detta har vi angripit studien med ett kvantitativt arbetssätt där en enkätundersökning har genomförts i samband med en hemmamatch för respektive lag. Frågorna som ställdes i enkätundersökningen var specifikt riktade mot ståplatsläktarens anhängare och detta gjordes för att få svar på vilken kultur som råder på respektive ståplatsläktare. Frågorna berörde olika områden såsom närvaro, favoritlag, den moderna fotbollen, demokratisk påverkan, god stämning och alkoholförtäring. För att uppnå vårt syfte samt sätta resultaten i en kontext så redogörs det för en bakgrund samt tidigare forskning, där vi redovisar de båda föreningarnas bakgrund, ländernas idrottsmodeller, supportrarnas inspiration men även en ekonomisk jämförelse mellan föreningarna Malmö FF och FC Köpenhamn. Vidare så presenteras de modeller och begrepp som analysen/diskussionen kommer att utgå ifrån. Modellen som används är Giulianottis modell som grundar sig i att kategorisera fotbollssupportrar under de fyra kategorierna Supporter, Fan, Follower, Flaneur. Resultatet presenteras sedan med figurer som bildligt visar vårt resultat och visar på att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan Malmö FF-supportrar och FC Köpenhamn-supportrar. Dessa skillnader diskuteras sedan utifrån bakgrund, tidigare forskning samt teori i analysen. I diskussionen framställs det väldigt tydligt hur de olika föreningarnas bakgrund och idrottsmodell återspeglas i supportrarnas åsikter om läktarkulturen.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 456914.pdf: 4300690 bytes, checksum: 4347bfbddc1c3238eb967996a15790e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-20 / In this study, the application of acoustic waves for imaging the internal architecture of sedimentary deposits produced in the simulation of different types of sediment tanks was investigated systematically. To do so we used two ultrasound imaging equipment medical and industrial, yielding two groups of images. The medical device (1.0<&#55349;&#56403;< 10 MHz) was employed to optimize detail and industrial equipment (0.1 < &#55349;&#56403;<1.0 MHz ) favors the penetration in thicker layers . The acoustic behavior (maximum depth of the signal propagation speed of sound and contrast) traditional materials used in experimental simulations (coal, sand and balotine) and new artificial sediments was studied using polymer-based composites. For analysis of such materials different arrangements which changed the topography, thickness and grain size of the sediment layers were created. The transducer frequency and settling time were also monitored in the trials. The results showed that the maximum depth of view in 5 MHz was not more than 2 cm for all materials used. For a frequency of 250 kHz the display area increases substantially more than 6 cm. Although the spatial resolution decreases with decreasing frequency, due to the dotted aspect (speckle) of ultrasound images of the deposits isn&#8223;t observed a significant loss of detail through the use of frequencies in the kHz range. The depth of view varied with particle size of pelleted material, being slightly higher in materials with larger grains. For particle sizes greater than 180 &#61549;m, there was obtained a maximum depth of view of the order of 1.27 cm to 1.10 cm coal 210 and to the sand. While for the polymer based composites of the same particle size range was obtained values around 0.7 cm. Materials with less than 180 &#61549;m tracks offered greater difficulty in spreading the signal beam, as the beam is reflected with high efficiency. The calculations of the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave in the material revealed that by decreasing the particle propagation velocity in the sediment increases slightly. The value of the sound propagation velocity estimated to the coal 205 was 1989?74 m/s, while for coal 210 was 1705?45 m/s. In limestone, sand, balotine, RP , RPNF , GPMMA and PMMA particle size less than 180 &#61549;m was the Vp of the order of 1650 m/s . There were no changes of these values for the frequencies used, as expected, except for the fine sand at 250 kHz decreased by ~ 20 %. No significant differences were observed in the intensity of the sound signal between different materials. However, the spherical morphologies of balotine or rounded sand gave more intense signals and favor layers when the contrast between different materials, such as coal or polymer composites are used in neighboring layers. The particle size also influences the contrast, since larger grains favor the diffuse reflection, while the greater compaction of sediments smaller grains creates more favorable conditions almost specular reflection of greater intensity. Conventional materials used for imaging proved to be good for contrast as in the case of balotine and sand , coal and limestone but had become very reflective Furthermore, another drawback is the time of getting very high settling time suspension, which prevents / impairs its use in visual tests or ultrasound imaging . Artificial materials showed little difference in acoustic behavior of the test image but can be pigmented for visual tests in current density and have wide variations in behavior X-ray images due to changes in the concentrations of fillers added at the time of synthesis. In imaging by acoustic waves should, however, take into account problems such as reduced depth preview for clinical echographs and small visual area of the transducer, because the images can&#8223;t be used for analysis. One possibility for the application of this technique is to make successive images of the deposits in increments of low thickness (of the order of cm), with the same acquisition parameters. Thus each layer of material can be imaged independently and then grouped based on predetermined points of reference. Then through sequential imaging to reconstruct the global architecture of the sediment can be studied. The research of the internal architecture of sedimentary deposits produced in physical models employing acoustic waves for imaging revealed by the observation of material characteristics can estimate the presence of the layers that constitute it. To do this, find differences substances as particle size, particle morphology, speed of acoustic propagation in the material and density are of great importance and facilitate the analysis of a sample. / Neste trabalho a aplica??o de ondas ac?sticas para o imageamento de dep?sitos sedimentares produzidos em laborat?rio, com diferentes tipos de sedimentos, foi investigada sistematicamente. Para tanto, usou-se dois equipamentos de imageamento por ultrassom, um m?dico e um industrial, obtendo-se dois grupos de imagens. O equipamento m?dico (1,0<&#55349;&#56403; < 10 MHz) foi empregado para otimizar detalhes e o equipamento industrial (0,1 <&#55349;&#56403; < 1,0 MHz) favorece a penetra??o em camadas mais espessas. Foi avaliado o comportamento ac?stico (profundidade m?xima do sinal, velocidade de propaga??o do som e contraste) de materiais tradicionais usados em simula??es experimentais (carv?o, areia e balotine) e de novos sedimentos artificiais, utilizando comp?sitos de base polim?rica. Para an?lise dos materiais mencionados foram criados diferentes arranjos, onde se modificou a topografia, espessura das camadas e granulometria dos sedimentos. A frequ?ncia do transdutor e o tempo de sedimenta??o tamb?m foram controlados nos ensaios. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a profundidade m?xima de visualiza??o em 5 MHz n?o foi superior a 2cm para todos os materiais utilizados. Para uma frequ?ncia de 250 kHz a zona de visualiza??o aumenta substancialmente para mais de 6 cm. Apesar da resolu??o espacial decrescer com a diminui??o da frequ?ncia, devido ao aspecto pontilhado (speckle) das imagens ultrassonogr?ficas dos dep?sitos, n?o se observa uma perda de detalhe significativa com o uso de frequ?ncias na faixa do kHz. A profundidade de visualiza??o variou em fun??o da granulometria do material sedimentado, sendo levemente maior em materiais com gr?os maiores. Para granulometrias maiores que 180 &#956;m, se obteve uma profundidade m?xima de visualiza??o da ordem de 1,27 cm para o carv?o 210 e 1,10 cm para a areia. Enquanto que para os comp?sitos de base polim?ricas da mesma faixa granulom?trica se obteve valores em torno de 0,7 cm. Os materiais com faixas menores que 180 &#956;m ofereceram maior dificuldade ? propaga??o do sinal do feixe, j? que o feixe ? refletido com grande efici?ncia. Os c?lculos de velocidade de propaga??o da onda ultrass?nica nos materiais revelaram que ao se diminuir a granulometria a velocidade de propaga??o no sedimento aumenta levemente. O valor de velocidade de propaga??o do som estimado para o carv?o 205 foi de 1989?74 m/s, enquanto para o carv?o 210 foi de 1705?45 m/s. No calc?rio, areia, balotine, RP, RPNF, GPMMA e PMMA com granulometria menor que 180 &#956;m a Vp foi da ordem de 1650 m/s. N?o houve mudan?as desses valores para as frequ?ncias utilizadas, como esperado, com exce??o para a areia fina que em 250 kHz apresentou uma redu??o de ~ 20%. N?o foram observadas diferen?as muito significativas na intensidade do sinal sonoro entre os diversos materiais. Contudo, as morfologias esf?ricas do balotine ou arredondadas da areia proporcionaram sinais mais intensos e favorecem o contraste entre camadas quando materiais distintos, como o carv?o ou os comp?sitos polim?ricos s?o usados em camadas vizinhas. A granulometria tamb?m influencia no contraste, j? que gr?os maiores favorecem a reflex?o difusa, enquanto a maior compacta??o de sedimentos de gr?os menores cria condi??es mais favor?veis a reflex?o quase especular de maior intensidade. Os materiais convencionais empregados para o imageamento revelaram-se bons para o contraste como ? o caso do balotine e da areia, mas o carv?o e o calc?rio apresentaram-se muito reflexivos, al?m disso, outro ponto negativo ? o tempo de sedimenta??o elevado ficando muito tempo em suspens?o, o que impossibilita/prejudica seu emprego em testes visuais ou imageamento ultrass?nico. Os materiais artificiais apresentaram pouca diferen?a de comportamento nos testes de imagem ac?stico, mas podem ser pigmentados para testes visuais em correntes de densidade e apresentam grandes varia??es de comportamento em imagens de raios x devido a mudan?as nas concentra??es de cargas adicionadas no momento da s?ntese. No imageamento por ondas ac?sticas deve-se, contudo, levar em conta problemas como a reduzida profundidade de visualiza??o para ec?grafos cl?nicos e a pequena ?rea visual do transdutor, pois as imagens podem n?o servir para an?lise. Uma possibilidade para a aplica??o dessa t?cnica ? fazer imagens sucessivas do dep?sitos com incrementos de espessura baixos (da ordem de cm), com os mesmos par?metros de aquisi??o. Assim cada camada de material pode ser imageada independentemente e depois agrupada com base em pontos de referencias pr?-estabelecidos. Ent?o atrav?s do imageamento sequencial a reconstruir da arquitetura global do sedimento pode ser estudada.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’engagement des supporters de football ultras. La plupart des recherches sur les supporters de football dégagent deux modèles de supportérisme« extrême » par rapport au supportérisme traditionnel : le modèle anglais (hooligans) et le modèle italien avec les groupes de supporters ultras. Ces derniers sont constitués en association de loi 1901 dont les membres les plus actifs sont très majoritairement des jeunes hommes de 15 à 30 ans. Leur manière de supporter repose sur une culture partisane et des activités propres (réalisation d’animations sur l’ensemble de la tribune, recours à des chants et des gestuelles spécifiques, utilisation d’engins pyrotechniques, organisation de déplacements,etc.). Cette recherche propose une étude détaillée du processus de constitution du collectif qu’est le groupe ultra et de son fonctionnement, à travers l’angle de la sociologie de la déviance et des notions de « sous-culture » (codes, règles, langage) ou celle de « carrière »(structure hiérarchisée, différents statuts, réputation). Mais l’objectif de ce travail est de dépasser une lecture monographique qui s’en tiendrait à la seule étude du fonctionnement interne du groupe ultra. Cette recherche s’inscrit ainsi dans une conception interactionniste de la déviance qui nécessite d’analyser l’action des déviants – celle des ultras - mais aussi celledes personnes qui réagissent à cette déviance, en l’occurrence celles des agents des services répressifs ou chargés de la sécurité des stades. Ce travail se propose de décrire et d’analyser les interactions entre les ultras, les groupes de supporters « adverses » et les acteurs de la sécurité (policiers, stadiers, directeurs de sécurité des stades) en privilégiant une ethnographie des situations et une description détaillée des pratiques sociales des ultras. En développant« une perspective en terme de monde social » (Strauss) nous nous efforçons d’appréhender le spectacle des ultras comme une production collective, sans cesse négociée et ré-ajustée par rapport à celle des autres acteurs et institutions publiques. Cette perspective permet également de travailler la façon dont les pratiques sociales et « culturelles » des ultras sont affectées notamment par le processus de criminalisation des supporters de football : les supporters ultras sont, en effet, devenus des « délinquants de stades » et la police s’est spécialisée dans la lutte contre ce phénomène sportif et urbain. Les supporters sont désormais surveillés,identifiés, fichés, parfois « interdits de stade » ou incarcérés. Dans le cadre de cette recherche,nous avons suivi l’évolution de ce monde contraint de s’ajuster et de s’adapter à ces différentes évolutions. L’objet de cette recherche est de décrire les processus sociaux qui traversent au quotidien le monde des ultras et qui provoquent sa segmentation et fragmentation en plusieurs « sous-mondes » (celui des interdits de stades, des supporters« indépendants » etc.). En mobilisant les outils descriptifs et analytiques de la sociologie interactionniste qualitative, ce travail entend prolonger la discussion avec les Culturals Studies, dont les travaux ont historiquement alimenté la majorité des travaux sur le supportérisme.Cette recherche repose sur un travail de terrain ethnographique mené par observation participante, principalement parmi les supporters ultras stéphanois – les Green Angels et les Magic fans-, et par entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’ultras et d’acteurs de la sécurité(policiers, stadiers, etc.) en France et à l’étranger. Elle s’appuie aussi sur l’analyse de nombreux documents indigènes, d’articles de presse et mobilise la photo-ethnographie. / This work of research deals with the ultras football fans' engagement. Most of there searches about football fans reach two models of "extreme" sports fanaticism in comparison with the traditional sports fanaticism: the English model (hooligans) and the Italian one with the ultra supporters' groups. The latter are formed in association under the French Law of 1901, which the most active members are predominantly young men between 15 and 30 years old. Their way of supporting is based on a partisan culture and own activities (creation of activities in the whole terraces, resort to songs and specific gestures, use of pyrotechnic devices, organisation of travels, etc.).This research proposes a detailed study of the creation process of the collective that forms the ultra group and its functioning, through the sociology angle of the deviance and the"subculture" notions (codes, rules, language) or the one of the "career" (ranked structure,different status, reputation). Nevertheless, the objective of this work is to go beyond amonographic reading that would just give a study of the internal functioning of the ultragroup. This research falls within an interactionist conception of the deviance which requests an analysis of the deviants' action - the ultras' one - but also the one of the persons who reactto this deviance, in this case, the action of the law enforcement officers or the agents in charge of the stadium security. This work aims to describe and analyse the interactions between the ultras, the "opposing" supporters groups and the security actors (policemen, football stewards,stadium security directors) by favouring an ethnography of situations and a detailed description of the ultras' social practices. By developing " a perspective in terms of social world" (Strauss) we endeavour to comprehend the ultras' show as a collective production,always negotiated and readjusted in relation to the one of the other actors and the public institutions. This viewpoint also enables to work on the way the ultras' social and "cultural"practices are affected notably by the process of the football supporters' criminalisation: the ultra supporters became, in fact, the "stadium delinquents" and police get specialised in the struggle against this sportive and urban phenomenon. The supporters are now kept undersurveillance, identified, filed, and sometimes "stadium banned" or incarcerated. As part of this research, we have followed the evolution of this world forced to fit and to adapt itself to different developments. The purpose of this research is to describe the social processes that go through the ultras' world and causes its segmentation and fragmentation in several "subworlds"(the stadium banned's one, the "independent" supporters' one, etc.). Mobilising the descriptive and analytical tools of the qualitative interactionist sociology, this research aims to extend the discussion with the Culturals Studies, which works have historically fed most ofthe studies about the sports fanaticism. This research rests upon an ethnographic field work driven by participant observation,principally among the ultra supporters from Saint-Etienne - the Green Angels and the Magic fans -, and by semi-structured interviews with ultras and security actors (policemen, stewards,etc.) in France and abroad. It is also based on the analysis of numerous native documents,press articles and mobilise the photo-ethnography.

This thesis explores the relationship between the Swedish autonomous left and the terrace culture of European football. It has its geographic starting point in Stockholm, Sweden and follows the three larges tStock­holm football clubs, AIK, Djurgården and Hammarby, and its supporters. The author has followed the football club Hammarby from the terrace for the entire 2011 football season, and has interviewed six political activists who visit, or used to visit, the terrace. The research context this study is incorporated into centres around the history of, and relationship between, the terrace cultures of AIK, Djurgården and Hammarby. Previous research has also focused on the radical potential of Ultras terrace culture (which is derived from Italian supporter culture) and the terrace culture from an intersectional perspective. Part of the aim of the thesis is to explore anarchist theory within an academic framework, something which has rarely been done before. The other main theoretical approach is largely based on the ideas of political theorist Chantal Mouffe and her exploration of the political identity formation of the subject in opposition to the deindividuating effect the mass can have on the individual. The method of the thesis is based on anarchist theories of participatory methods and on walking interviews developed by, among others, geographer Jon Anderson. What the research shows is that the presence of fascist values is much stronger on the terraces ofStockholmthan expected, and that the terrace culture as a whole has adopted a seemingly “apolitical” stance to try and submerge these. The participants’ stories centre on the inability to “loose oneself” in the mass of the terrace, and the feelings this inability awakens. This is the first thesis about the Ultras culture written in a Nordic context.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 431773.pdf: 2376290 bytes, checksum: f2c60a6fa4a04eb80d3f349bc9b04f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / As periapicopatias recidivantes s?o patologias de dif?cil resolu??o. Os novos m?todos e materiais, aplicados na cirurgia paraendod?ntica, t?m adicionado ?ndices de sucesso mais altos ? pr?tica odontol?gica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as manobras de apicectomia associadas ? retrobtura??o com MTA e ao selamento apical com laser Nd:YAG (10Hz, 150mJ, 1,5W, 60s). Utilizou-se 40 dentes endodonticamente tratados e apicectomizados com broca diamantada em 90? com o longo eixo do dente. Foram formados, randomicamente, quatro grupos de amostras (n=10): (A apicectomia, B apicectomia e irradia??o laser Nd:YAG, C apicectomia+retrobtura??o com MTA, D apicectomia+retrobtura??o com MTA e irradia??o laser Nd:YAG). As amostras foram inclu?das em resina ep?xi e cortadas, primeiramente no sentido longitudinal, depois no sentido transversal. A an?lise por MEV demonstrou uma superf?cie apical mais homog?nea e sem canal?culos dentin?rios nos grupos B e D (p<0,01). Foram observadas fendas marginais, entre dentina e material obturador, em ordem decrescente de tamanho, desde o grupo B, grupo A, grupo D e grupo C (p<0,01). A an?lise por EDS indicou uma porcentagem maior de ?ons f?sforo e menor de c?lcio nos grupos irradiados com laser Nd:YAG. Em conclus?o, esta pesquisa demonstra o efeito positivo da aplica??o do laser Nd:YAG no selamento da superf?cie dentin?ria, apesar do efeito dimensional que causou na sua associa??o com o MTA.

Sport is one of the most important leisure activities in today's Euro-American civilisation. We are not talking here only of active engagement in sport, but also of sport as a source of mass-entertainment for millions of people. In this thesis I focus above all on the conduct of spectators in football stadiums in the Czech Republic. I will approach this theme by way of oral history, where the narrators providing me with interviews regularly go to matches in the First and Second Divisions of the Czech Football League. I concentrate here above all on the motivation and attitudes of the various groups of spectators to the events in the football stadiums, and I pick out three groups in particular: normal fans, ultras and hooligans. I endeavour to delineate the main differences between these groups which, in my view, are rooted not only in their varying motivation, but also in their modes of communication, as well as in their social composition and their age-structure. At the same time, however, I also attempt to highlight the specific environment of football terraces in which, though all the spectators may conduct themselves as individuals, they at one and the same time become, in a certain way, part of a mass of spectators, and they may therefore be in certain circumstances overcome by the situation...

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the Swedish ultras culture based on subculture theories, it’s motivations and it’s conflict with the police. The ultras culture is a part of football and supporter culture. Through eight semi-structured interviews the study has been able to show that ultras culture, as the interviewees experience it, can be explained by the use of postmodern subculture theories where participation is based solely on one’s own chosen lifestyle and not socio-economic factors. The community, being able to support their team in the best possible way and experiencing arousal has been identified as motivations. The conflict with the police has proven to be protracted and is based on an experienced illegitimacy and experienced assault from the police. This has lead the ultras groups to take illegal acts against the police, creating a vicious circle and an infected conflict. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka den svenska ultraskulturen utifrån subkulturteorier, dess drivkrafter och dess konflikt med polisen. Ultraskulturen är en del av fotbolls- och supporterkulturen. Genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer har studien kunnat visa att ultraskulturen, som deltagarna upplever den, kan förklaras med hjälp av postmoderna subkulturteorier där deltagandet främst är baserat på egen vald livsstil snarare än socioekonomiska faktorer. Gemenskapen, att kunna stötta sitt lag på allra bästa sätt och att få uppleva arousal har identifierats som drivkrafter. Konflikten med polisen har visat sig vara långdragen och grundar sig i en upplevd illegitimitet och upplevt övervåld från polisens sida. Dessa leder till att ultrasgrupperna själva tar till illegala handlingar mot polisen, vilket skapar en ond cirkel och en svårlöst konflikt.

The focus of this master thesis is the comparison of extreme football fans, more specifically ultras and hooligans in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland and the influence of the European migrant crisis on these groups. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the general characteristics of the hooligans subculture, its origins, and development will be described. Furthermore, the functioning of the extreme fan groups in the neighbouring countries of the Czech Republic, i.e. Germany and Poland will be outlined. Moreover, the political stances of these countries on the issues related to the migrant crisis are depicted. These stances have a large impact on shaping of public opinions, including the aforementioned groups. The analytical part of this thesis consists of six interviews. These interviews should help with understanding the views on the migration of the members of the radical fan groups in the selected countries and moreover closely depict the hooligans scene across specific regions. The goal of this thesis is hence to depict the origins, development, and the members of a hooligans subculture on one side. And on the other side, to explain how the European migrant crisis (historical phenomenon of the past decade in Europe) has influenced the stances of the hooligan subculture on the influx...

Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd / Smetanovo nábřeží 6, 110 01 Praha 1 info@fsv.cuni.cz, tel: 222 112 111 www.fsv.cuni.cz Dle čl. 4 Opatření rektora č. 6/2010 o Zpřístupnění elektronické databáze závěrečných prací http://www.cuni.cz/UK-3470.html a čl. 1 Opatření děkana 29/2010 se z časového hlediska závěrečné práce dělí do tří skupin: a. "nové práce", tj. práce odevzdávané k obhajobě počínaje 29. 9. 2010, b. "starší práce", tj. práce odevzdané k obhajobě od 1. 1. 2006 do 28. 9. 2010, c. "práce před rokem 2006", tj. práce odevzdané k obhajobě před 1. 1. 2006. V tomto případě jde o "starší práci" odevzdanou k obhajobě od 1. 1. 2006 do 28. 9. 2010. Omlouváme se, ale dokument není v elektronické verzi k dispozici.