A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016. / The study articulates the key indicators that are drivers of poverty and inequality in the post-apartheid society. Historically, education, employment, household income and service delivery were not used as the foundation for measuring poverty and inequality in the country. Specific objectives for this study are to interrogate the key determinants that have influenced poverty and inequality in South Africa since 1994, and to investigate how the predictors of life circumstances and service delivery changed across the population over the period 1994–2007. Descriptive analysis was used on household surveys (General Household Survey (GHS) 2002–2011, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) 2008–2011 and Living Conditions Survey (LCS) 2008 and 2011) to determine changes and trends in the living conditions of the population. Multivariate analytical approaches were applied on CS 2007 data with a sample of 360 000 households conducted by Statistics South Africa. Statistical regression models were developed for life circumstances and service delivery measures to explain poverty and inequality. Principal component analysis was applied on CS 2007 to promote multidimensional approaches for poverty and inequality measurement using development indicators as the components for life circumstances and service delivery. The main findings of the study show that low levels of education and high unemployment are the determinants of poverty and inequality. Positive linear relationships between educational attainment and age, employment and population group, age, sex and educational level of household head were established. Income disparities further perpetuate disparities in life circumstances and service delivery. Disparities service delivery are not the determinants but the consequences of poverty and inequality. Poverty and inequality in South Africa are structural showing that, while many people progressed in the last twenty-two years, many remained behind, and even progressed negatively as they remained worse off based on data since the 1996 census. While much work has been conducted on life circumstances such as education, employment and income, work on service delivery in relation to poverty is still limited and thus deserves more attention / GR2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the of Masters of Arts Degree in Labour and Development, Economic Policy, Globalisation and Labour (Labour Policy and Globalisation). Johannesburg, 2016 / Zambia has been implementing economic liberalisation policies at the advice of the IMF and the World Bank, to reverse years of economic decline that began with the commodity crisis of the 1970s. As a strategy for economic growth, these included, the deregulation of foreign investment, removal of currency controls, trade liberalisation, decontrolling prices, cutting food subsidies, reduction of state control in running the economy and privatization of state run companies. The rapid implementation of these measures by the Zambian government has seen a change in employment trends in the mining industry from permanent employment to casualisation of labour.These measures have resulted into negative social and economicconsequences on the lives of the casualised mine workers such as job insecurity, poor health and safety standards, lack of protection and union representation, poor remuneration, lack of pension,and other forms of exploitation. Despite booms and busts in the copper price, employment levels have been drastically dropping especially among the permanent mine workers as a cost cutting measure. The role of the state in the running of the mines which Zambia has depended on since independence has diminished significantly and the state is increasingly succumbing to the dictates of the mining Trans-National Corporations (TNCs).The study which was conducted among casualised/contract rock ore drillers at Mopani Copper Mines Plc reaffirms arguments by previous researchers that economic liberalisation has not achieved the high expectations that Zambians wished for and that there is need for government and trade unions to protect the welfare and working conditions of these casualised mine workers who have become a new set of underclass. Through in-depth interviews, observations and documentary analysis, this research has brought to light the social and economic experiences of casualised/contract rock ore drillers at Mopani Copper Mines Plc and questions whether Zambian mine workers were better off when the mines were being run by the state than is currently the case under TNCs. / MT2017

A Research report submitted to the School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the field of Demography and Population Studies for the year 2016 / INTRODUCTION: Youth labour force participation (YLFP) measures the level of economic activity among the youth. It is measured as the sum of all young people who are employed, unemployed or looking for work, as a percentage of the youth population. The weakening of the global recovery in 2012 and 2013 further aggravated the youth jobs crisis and the queues for available jobs have become longer for young jobseekers (ILO, 2013). This study examines the association between the level of education and labour force participation among the youth in South Africa. It also seeks to examine other socio-demographic factors influencing YLFP in the country. METHOD: Analysis of the data from a sample of 30144 youth aged 15-35 years who participated in the South African 2014 Quarterly Labour Force Survey was done using logistic regression models. In the multiple logistic regression, two models were used. Model 1 included the following variables: education level, age and gender whilst in model 2 this study controlled for: population group, type of residence and province because these socio-demographic factors influence youth labour force participation. RESULTS: When controlled for potential confounding effects of age, gender, type of residence, population group and province, youth with higher education were more likely to participate in labour force as compared to youth who have no or have primary education [(Q1: OR1 4.28, 95% CI2 3.74 to 4.90); (Q2: OR 4.34, 95% CI 3.78 to 4.97); (Q3: OR 3.91, 95% CI 3.41 to 4.48) & (Q4: OR 3.88, 95% CI 3.38 to 4.45)]. The association between education level and youth labour force participation was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Young people with tertiary qualifications in South Africa are more likely to participate in the labour force. The evidence from the study shows there is a higher risk of mismatch for youth at the bottom of the educational pyramid, which is reflected in relatively high unemployment rates for the low skilled in comparison with the high skilled / GR2017

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in the field of Public Policy (MMPP), September 2016 / The high rate of unemployment and poverty in South Africa remains a daunting challenge, which continues to impact on the lives of millions of people who have limited education and lack skills, particularly those in the marginalised and rural communities who have no access to income generation. Gauteng Province due to in-migration is no exception to these challenges. In an effort to address these challenges the government has adopted the EPWP programme, which is a nationwide government-led initiative, with the aim of reducing unemployment by ensuring that the unskilled gain skills so that they are able to gain access to labour market and consequently earn an income (EPWP Five-year report, 2004/5-2008/9). The five-year report states that the programme set the target of achieving approximately one (1) million temporary work opportunities, for people, of whom 40% will be women, 30% youth and 2% will constitute of people with disabilities. This programme hoped to mitigate some of the social exclusion that the society is faced with and contribute to poverty alleviation, through the creation of short-and medium-term jobs for the unskilled and unemployed. Phase 1 EPWP programme has not yielded the significant results it was intended to, particularly the reduction of unemployment, which has remained high. It should be noted that this programme created a great many expectations, in so far as it relates to maximising the spread and skilling of all intended beneficiaries, needed to gain access into the mainstream economy. The five-year report (2004/5-2008/9) identifies four sectors which are critical or have potential for creating employment opportunities within the context of the EPWP. These are described as follows: ii  The infrastructure sector, which focuses on increasing labour intensity for government-funded infrastructure projects;  Environment, which relates to public environmental improvement programmes  The social sector, which relates to public social programmes such as community-based care programmes; and  The non-state sector, which provides and creates work opportunities through collaboration with non-state organisations, as well as strengthening community participation through small enterprise learnership and incubation programmes / GR2018

Thesis (M.Com. (Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 2016. / Graduate unemployment has become a significant factor in the global economy. The economic system now relies on institutional unemployment figures as the indices of the socio-economic well-being of any country. Research shows that graduate unemployment is potentially damaging to the economy. If such unemployment persists, it may lead to the erosion and outdating of graduates' skills–bases, which will affect the economy in the long term. Statistical reports show that there is high graduate unemployment in South Africa; hence graduates struggle to find work despite the skills shortage in the country. This seems to contradict previous studies suggesting that the higher a person‘s education level, the higher his or her probability of finding employment. As a result of the significant rise in unemployment rates among South Africa‘s stock of graduates, the extent of the emerging skills-mismatch possessed by new graduate labour market entrants are increasingly misaligned with the skills demanded by employers.

Cette thèse consiste en trois essais sur les réponses des individus aux systèmes fiscaux et à la taxation. Le premier chapitre, "Partial Unemployment Insurance and Hour Decisions", mesure l'impact des incitations contenues dans le programme d'activité réduite. L'activité réduite (AR) permet aux chômeurs qui travaillent de garder leurs allocations chômage sous conditions. Nous exploitons comme quasi-expérimentation la réforme de 2006 en France, qui consiste en une baisse de 20% du seuil horaire. La réforme a significativement augmenté la probabilité conditionnelle de choisir une AR peu intensive. Le second chapitre, "Potential Drivers of Undeclared Work", explore les déterminants potentiels de l'activité dissimulée en France et en Europe. Cette étude utilise une enquête pilote examinant les comportements d'activité dissimulée des ménages en France (EPMF). Nos résultats montrent que l'hétérogénéité individuelle (la perception de l'entourage, les sanctions et les valeurs civiques) sont positivement corrélées à l'activité dissimulée. A l'aide d'une enquête semblable, nous obtenons des résultats comparables au niveau européen. Le troisième chapitre, "Top-income tax avoidance and preferences for redistribution: Evidence from the Panama Papers" explique l'impact des scandales sur les préférences pour la redistribution. Les Panama Papers sont utilisés comme quasi-expérimentation: ce scandale exogène a mis en lumière les comportements d'optimisation fiscale des ménages. Après le scandale, les individus sont plus en faveur des politiques de redistribution: les scandales financiers encouragent une mise à jour de la perception des inégalités. / This dissertation gathers three essays on behavioral responses to fiscal systems and benefits.The first chapter, ``Partial Unemployment Insurance and Hour Decisions", measures how financial incentives in Partial Unemployment Insurance (PUI) programs affect job uptake. PUI programs allow jobseekers to keep their benefits when working if the job abides by eligibility conditions. We exploit as a quasi-experiment the 2006 French PUI reform consisting in a decrease in the hour threshold. The main finding is that the reform significantly increased the conditional probability to take up a PUI job below the new hour threshold. A narrowed benefit availability contributes to a decline in worked hours for PUI claimants.The second chapter, ``Potential Drivers of Undeclared Work", investigates undeclared work in France and Europe. This study exploits a unique pilot survey on supply and demand of households. We find that the social circle, autoestimated risk and sanctions and civic values are strongly correlated with undeclared work. Individual heterogeneity adds up but is not substitutable to standard socio-demographic variables. Using the Eurobarometer survey, we find comparable estimates at the European level.The third chapter, ``Top income tax evasion and redistribution preferences: Evidence from the Panama Papers" attempts to explain changes in perceived inequality after worldwide fiscal scandals. I exploit as an exogeneous shock the 2016 Panama Papers scandal revealing top-income households' tax avoidance. I find that, post-scandal, stated preferences for redistribution strongly increases. Using additional data, I find consistent results at the European level.

A presente pesquisa visou a responder à questão de como se dá a articulação, nas redes sociais virtuais, em particular no Facebook e no LinkedIn, entre a dinâmica narcísica pós-moderna (em que os sujeitos são estimulados a gozar narcisicamente e impelidos a vender-se constantemente para conquistar seu lugar nesta sociedade do espetáculo) e a economia do desejo e do gozo de sujeitos em situação de desemprego. Dado que a condição de desemprego é socialmente desvalorizada (ou seja, representa uma ferida narcísica para muitos sujeitos), numa sociedade movida por uma dinâmica de estímulos narcísicos de seus membros, o objetivo foi apreender que discursos manifestos e inconscientes sujeitos que estão desempregados produzem nas redes sociais virtuais. A abordagem adotada foi qualitativa, com a base teórica sendo um recorte da psicanálise freudo-lacaniana, em particular no que se refere aos conceitos de inconsciente, desejo, gozo e narcisismo. O método utilizado foi a chamada netnografia adaptação da etnografia para comunidades online. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram: I) observação e coleta de dados de perfis (posts, descrição, etc.), durante períodos que variaram de 5 meses a 1 ano e 10 meses (entre janeiro de 2012 e outubro de 2013), de 10 usuários do Facebook e do LinkedIn, residentes no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, que estavam em situação de desemprego; II) entrevistas abertas com esses usuários através de mensagens privadas trocadas com eles por meio das próprias redes sociais; III) anotações de campo. A principal conclusão é a de que sujeitos em situação de desemprego usam o Facebook e o LinkedIn de forma a tentar tamponar a ferida narcísica, na sua imagem para o outro, que o desemprego representa, nesta sociedade do espetáculo em que vivemos. Fazem isso construindo imagens de si, nessas redes sociais, selecionando o que publicam e elidindo seu sofrimento ligado à condição em que estão, tentando parecer que gozam imageticamente como os outros usuários delas, mesmo que possam estar consideravelmente mais fragilizados que eles, desejando ser reconhecidos pelo outro, independentemente da condição em que estão / This research aimed to answer the question of how the postmodern narcissistic dynamic (in which subjects are encouraged to have narcissistic jouissance and are impelled to sell themselves constantly to conquer their place in this society of the spectacle) relates to the desire and jouissance economy of unemployed subjects on social network sites, specifically on Facebook and LinkedIn. Since the condition of being unemployed is socially devalued (that is, it represents a narcissistic wound for many subjects) in a society driven by a dynamic in which its members are narcissistically stimulated, the goal was to apprehend what manifest and unconscious discourses subjects who are unemployed produce on social network sites. A qualitative approach was adopted with the theoretical background based on the Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis, in particular with regard to the concepts of the unconscious, desire, jouissance and narcissism. The method used was netnography an adaptation of ethnography to online communities. The research instruments were: I) observation and data collection of profiles (posts, description, etc.), for periods ranging from 5 months to 1 year and 10 months (between January 2012 and October 2013) of 10 Facebook and LinkedIn users, resident in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, who were unemployed; II) open interviews with these users held by means of private messages exchanged with them through the social network sites; III) field notes. The main conclusion is that unemployed individuals use Facebook and LinkedIn to try to buffer the narcissistic wound in his or her self image that being unemployed represents in this society of the spectacle in which we live. They do this by building images of themselves in these sites, selecting what they publish and eliding their suffering related to the condition in which they are, trying to look like as if they have had jouissance like other users, even though they may be considerably more fragile, desiring to be recognized by the other regardless of the condition in which they are

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura do desemprego dos jovens no Brasil, procurando identificar os motivos da taxa de desemprego dos jovens ser muito superior à dos adultos. Apesar de sua importância, este tema tem recebido pouca atenção na literatura sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Na primeira análise deste estudo, decompõe-se a taxa de desemprego em dois determinantes, duração média e taxa de entrada no desemprego de jovens, adultos e idosos; percebe-se que a duração do desemprego é praticamente a mesma para as três categorias, enquanto a taxa de entrada dos jovens é maior que a das outras duas, sendo, portanto, o determinante que faz com que o desemprego juvenil seja mais elevado que o de trabalhadores mais velhos; assim, com uma nova decomposição da taxa de entrada de jovens, verifica-se que cerca de 80% dessa taxa é composta de jovens que já trabalharam. Outro método será o cálculo, para jovens e adultos, das matrizes de transição entre os estados do mercado de trabalho. Para avaliar a questão do desemprego dos jovens no Brasil, recalcula-se as taxas de desemprego de cada categoria, substituindo uma de cada vez nas matrizes, as probabilidades de transição da outra categoria; os resultados mostram a alta rotatividade dos jovens no mercado de trabalho. Com esses resultados, conclui-se que a causa do alto desemprego dos jovens não está na dificuldade em conseguir o primeiro emprego. / This work has the purpose to analyze the youth unemployment structure in Brazil, trying to identify the reasons for the youth unemployment rate being so superior relative to the unemployment of adults. Despite its importance, this subject has received less attention in the Brazilian labor market literature. In the first analysis of this work, the unemployment rate will be decomposed into two determinants, mean duration and inflow rate for young, adult and old people; it is noticed that the unemployment duration is practically the same for the three categories, but the youth inflow rate is relatively higher than the other two ones, being so, the determinant that makes youth unemployment be higher than unemployment of older workers; and, with a new decomposition of youth inflow rate, it is verified that about 80% of this rate is composed of young people that have already worked. Another method will be the calculus, for young and adult people, of the transition matrices between labor market states. To evaluate where is the problem of Brazilian youth unemployment, it is recalculated these rates for each one of the categories, substituting one at a time in the matrices, the transition probabilities of the other category; results show the high turnover of the category in labor market. With these results, it is concluded that the reason of the high youth unemployment is not the difficulty of finding the first job.

Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar a questão do desemprego a partir de três abordagens distintas: teórica, empírica e de história das idéias. Uma tese com essas características se faz relevante justamente por apresentar diferentes abordagens científicas sobre um tema tão caro à sociedade e à ciência econômica. Na abordagem de história das idéias, concluiu-se que foram os trabalhos de Lucas (1972a, 1972b) que, de fato, estabilizaram o conceito de \"taxa natural de desemprego\" na literatura econômica do pós-guerra, através da introdução da hipótese das expectativas racionais em um arcabouço de equilíbrio geral. É mostrado, através da análise de sua correspondência, no final dos anos 1960, que sua pesquisa sobre o tema estava, na verdade, intimamente ligada à pesquisa de Phleps, ao mesmo tempo em que não tinha conexão com a pesquisa de Friedman. No capítulo teórico, foi construído um modelo teórico de crescimento com restrição externa à la Thirlwall em que a taxa e crescimento da participação da força de trabalho emerge como a variável endógena que iguala a taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da oferta à taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da demanda. No capítulo empírico, foi mostrado através da evolução da razão saldo em transações correntes/PIB que a restrição de equilíbrio do balanço de pagamentos teve impacto no aumento de probabilidade do trabalhador formal transitar para o emprego informal, para o emprego por conta própria, para o desemprego e para fora da PEA, durante os anos 1980 e 1990, no Brasil. Sendo assim, esta tese espera ter cumprido seu papel de contribuir para com a literatura econômica sobre o desemprego através de análises originais em cada tipo de abordagem apresentada, sinalizando, assim, a riqueza da ciência econômica e valorizando esta tese, também, por explorar a pluralidade metodológica e a profundidade analítica. / The aim of this thesis is to study the unemployment issue from three different approaches: theoretical, empirical and history of ideas. A thesis with these features is relevant because it presents different scientific approaches to an important subject to society and to Economics. In the history of ideas\' approach, this thesis concluded that the works of Lucas (1972a, 1972b) stabilized the concept of \"natural rate of unemployment\" in the post-war economic literature through the introduction of rational expectations hypothesis into a general equilibrium framework. It is shown, through Lucas\'s correspondence in the end of the 1960\'s, that his research on the subject was, in fact, closely related to Phelps\'s research but not related to Friedman\'s research. In the theoretical approach, it was built a theoretical growth model with external constraint, à la Thirlwall, in which the rate o growth of labor force participation emerges as the endogenous variable that equalizes the long run rate of growth of supply with the long run rate of growth of demand. In the empirical approach, it was shown through the evolution of the current account/GDP ratio that balance of payments equilibrium constraint had impact in the raise of the probability of workers in formal jobs to move to informal Jobs, to self-employment jobs, to unemployment and to inactivity, during the 1980\'s and 1990\'s, in Brazil. Thus, this thesis hopes to have accomplished its role in contributing to economic literature on unemployment through original analysis in each kind of approach presented, showing the richness of Economics and, at the same time, increasing the value of this thesis for exploring the methodological plurality and the analytical deepness.

the main goal of this theses is to evaluate current personel marketing activities of selected company and to propose changes or extension. The task is to evaluate effectiveness of specific marketing channels, that should help company to increasy the number of production workers. The outcome of this work is to recommend future personel marketing activities to selected company, such as advertising free vacancies and building a good employer brand with the help of personal marketing.