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Šalies visuomenę vis labiau neramina jaunimo socialinės problemos, kurių sprendimas ekonomikos nuosmukio sąlygomis yra sudėtingas. Jaunimo nedarbas – bene aktualiausia socialinė problema – per pastaruosius metus ne tik nemažėjo, bet, kaip ir bendras nedarbo lygis šalyje, augo. Buvo atliktas tyrimas, apimantis Kaišiadorių darbo biržoje užsiregistravusio jaunimo sociologinę bei darbdavių ekspertinę apklausas. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti jaunimo padėtį darbo rinkoje bei išryškinti 2009 metų jauno bedarbio socialinio portreto kontūrus Kaišiadorių rajone. Iš viso apklausti 100 jauni bedarbiai bei 8 darbdaviai. Tyrimas padėjo atskleisti jauno bedarbio socialinį demografinį portretą. Taigi, tipiškas jaunas bedarbis – tai 19-24 metų vyras, kaimo gyventojas, norintis įgyti paklausią specialybę ir rasti gerai atlyginamą darbą, nelinkęs dirbti mažai kvalifikuoto darbo, neturintis nuolatinio pajamų šaltinio, neturintis vaikų ir dažniausiai gyvenantis kartu su tėvais bei yra jų išlaikomas, nesėkmingai siekiantis integruotis į darbo rinką. Labiausiai jaunimo įsidarbinimą įtakoja bendrasis išsilavinimas ir profesinis pasirengimas. Tyrimas parodė, kad pagrindinė jauno žmogaus integracijos į darbo rinką prielaida – paklausi profesija. Pagrindinė priežastis, trukdanti įgyti profesiją ar tobulinti kvalifikaciją, buvo lėšų, susijusių su tolesnio mokymosi išlaidomis, stygius. Šeimos, kurių pajamos yra mažos, švietimui skiria mažai lėšų. Jų vaikai ne visada gali įgyti aukštesnio lygio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The goal of this research was to evaluate the situation of the youth on the labour market, to reveal a social demographic portrait of the young unemployed and develop the trends for increasing the employment of the youth. The society in the country is more and more worried about the social problems of the youth the solution of which is difficult under the conditions of economic decline. Unemployment of the youth – perhaps the most urgent social problem – did not decrease during the recent years, but it increased alongside with the general level of unemployment in the country. This research covered a sociological survey of the young people registered at the labour exchanges and expert survey of the employers. Totally, there were 100 young unemployed people and 8 employers questioned. The results of this research are rather representative and reflect the situation of the unemployed youth on the labour market in the country. The research helped to reveal a social demographic portrait of the young unemployed. Thus, a typical young unemployed is a person of 19-24 having a rather low education, leaving in the village, want to have a good job qualification and earnings, having no marketable profession, without constant income source, having no children and living together with parents and being dependant who unsuccessfully try to find his/her position on the labour market. The young unemployed think that general and vocational education make the greatest influence upon the... [to full text]

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe yra analizuojamos neigiamos nedarbo pasekmės ekonominėje ir socialinėje srityje. Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių. Teorinėje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių autorių moksliniai straipsniai apie neigiamas nedarbo pasekmes įvairiems ekonominiams ir socialiniams rodikliams. Empirinėje darbo dalyje analizuojama 1998-2009 m. laikotarpio Lietuvos statistinė informacija apie nedarbo lygį ir tam tikrus ekonominius (bendrajį vidaus produktą, vidutinę metinę infliaciją, emigrantų skaičių, vidutinį mėnesinį Bruto darbo užmokestį, biudžeto pajamas iš gyventojų pajamų mokesčio, valdžios sektoriaus išlaidas, susijusias su nedarbu) ir socialinius (apsilankymų pas gydytojus, mirusiųjų nuo kraujotakos sistemos ligų ir savižudybių skaičių, skurdo rizikos lygį bei užregistruotų nusikaltimų skaičių) rodiklius. Taip pat, bandoma nustatyti, kuriems ekonominiams ir socialiniams rodikliams nedarbas turi neigiamą poveikį ir kuriuo laikotarpiu šis poveikis didžiausias - bendruoju, nedarbo mažėjimo ar didėjimo laikotarpiu. / In Bachelor‘s final work, the negative impacts of unemployment on economic and social areas are analysed. The work consists of 2 parts – theory and practice. In theoretic part Lithuania’s and foreign countries’ science articles about negative impacts of unemployment to economic and social areas are analysed. In Empiric part there are analyses of 1998-2009 years statistic information in Lithuania about unemployment levels and certain economic and social indicators like: (gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rate, emigrants, average monthly gross wage, budget income and expenditure, visits to physicians, deaths of diseases of the circulatory system, intentional self-harms, poverty, crimes). Also, try to determine which economic and social indicators, unemployment has a negative effect on the period and the maximum impact - the aggregate, decrease or increase in unemployment during the period.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama viena opiausių šių dienų ekonominių ir socialinių problemų – spartus nedarbo augimas ir gyventojų užimtumo mažėjimas. Tokius ryškius darbo rinkos pokyčius sąlygojo pasaulinė ekonominė ir finansų krizė ir ją lydintis ekonomikos nuosmukis. Teoriniu aspektu atskleista darbo rinkos samprata, ją sudarantys elementai, nedarbo pokyčius lemiančios priežastys. Taip pat, remiantis kitų šalių patirtimi, atskleista, kaip ekonominiai svyravimai įtakoja darbo rinką, užimtumą ir nedarbą, koks ryšys egzistuoja tarp ciklinio ekonomikos svyravimo ir nedarbo lygio. Empirinėje darbo dalyje įvairių statistinių metodų pagalba įvertinta ir atskleista situacija Šiaulių apskrities darbo rinkoje. 1999-2009 m. laikotarpiu analizuojama Šiaulių apskrities nedarbo lygio ir BVP augimo tempo dinamika, vyrų, moterų ir jaunimo nedarbo bei struktūriniai darbo rinkos pokyčiai. Vertinamas Šiaulių apskrities užimtųjų ir bedarbių skaičiaus kitimas Lietuvos Respublikos kontekste. Atlikus Šiaulių apskrities darbo rinkos analizę, buvo statistiškai įvertintos 2010-2012 m. optimistinės, pesimistinės ir labiausiai tikėtinos darbo rinkos perspektyvos. / Bachelor Final work examines one of the most delicate economic and social problems of nowadays – the rapid growth of unemployment growth and employment declining. Such sharp changes of labour market were caused by global economic and financial crisis and the consequence of this crisis is economic downturn. Theoretical aspect disclosed the concept of labour market, its composition and determining causes of unemployment. It is also based on experience of other countries. Theoretical part of the work shows what influence the economic fluctuations have on the labour market, employment, unemployment, and basically what kind of relationships can be reflected between cyclical economic fluctuations and unemployment. A variety of statistical methods were used to identify and disclose the actual situation of Šiauliai region labour market in empirical part. During the period between in 1999-2009, the analysis of Šiauliai region unemployment rate and GDP growth rate dynamics, men, women and youth unemployment and the structural changes in the labour market was accomplished. It identified the changes in numbers of employed and unemployed people of Šiauliai region in the context of the Republic of Lithuania. After the analysis of Šiauliai region labour market, the optimistic, pessimistic and most likely labour market prospects based on statistical in 2010-2012 were evaluated.

Unemployment is the most popular indicator of the country’s economy. As popular as it is, it remains difficult to define and to measure. This is the reason why different economists have different views of where South Africa really is as far as the unemployment rate is concerned. Female unemployment in South Africa is relatively high and much attention should be given on that issue. Some females are uneducated; others lack the skills while others are discouraged due to lack of vacant positions within their area. The consequences of unemployment are devastating and remain one of the most significant challenges for South Africa (Naude & Serumaga-Zake, 2001:261). These consequences range from decreased standards of living to degradation of society as a whole through crime, and community unrest (Barker, 1995:113). This study aims to investigate the factors that have an influence on the employment status of females in Bophelong Township, to determine if variables such as age, marital status, education level and income have any causal effect on the employment status of females. The results of this study will then help policy makers to create and design strategies that will help achieve the objective of unemployment reduction. / MCom (Economics) North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Ungdomsarbetslöshet är idag ett stort problem i Europa. Ungdomar har svårare att få ett heltidsjobb än för 20 år sedan. I samarbete med Arbetsförmedlingen startade Swedbank projektet Unga Jobb med syfte att få fler arbetssökande ungdomar in på arbetsmarknaden. Syftet med studien var att med kvalitativ metod öka vår förståelse för initiativet Unga Jobb och vad samarbetet innebär för huvudaktörerna Arbetsförmedlingen och Swedbank. Syftet var också att studera och analysera kring hur Arbetsförmedlingen, Swedbank och samhället kan ta till vara på positiva konsekvenser av projektet och hur negativa konsekvenser av projektet kan ge lärdomar och undvikas. Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ fallundersökning. Undersökningen bestod av åtta stycken intervjuer med respondenter från Arbetsförmedlingen och Swedbank. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen vi kan dra av studien är att samverkan är något positivt och som behövs för att lösa svårare frågor som till exempel ungdomsarbetslöshet. Det är viktigt att arbeta för bättre och effektivare åtgärder och finna lösningar som är bra för alla parter, det vill säga samhället, organisationerna och individerna. / Youth unemployment is currently a major problem in Europe. Young people have a harder time getting a full time job than 20 years ago. In cooperation with Arbetsförmedlingen (the Employment Service) Swedbank started the project Unga Jobb in order to get more young job- seekers into the labor market. The purpose of the study was with a qualitative method to get a better understanding of the iniative Unga Jobb and what collaboration means for the main stakeholders Arbetsförmedlingen (the Employment Service) and Swedbank. The purpose was also to study and analyze how Arbetsförmedlingen (the Employment Service), Swedbank and the community can take advantage of positive impacts of the project and how negative impacts of the project can provide lessons and be avoided. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study. The survey consisted of eight interviews with respondents from Arbetsförmedlingen and Swedbank. The main conclusion we can draw from the study is that the corporation is positive and needed to resolve difficult issues such as youth unemployment. It is important to work for better and more effective action and find solutions that are good for all parties, namely the community, organizations and individuals.

It is generally accepted that the quality of a country's labour force is a crucial factor in successful competition in the global economy. South Africa's richness in human resources unfortunately does not in itself make us a winning nation. Because of the low educational attainment of our labour force, we have to compete in the global economy at a disadvantage. The global labour market is characterised by constant change (benefiting skilled workers) and the progressive destruction of jobs (affecting in particular semiskilled and unskilled workers). The purpose of the study is to investigate the structural changes taking place in the workplace, the effects thereof on the demand for human resources, and how education and training in South Africa can respond to these changes to the benefit of individuals, organisations and the country as a whole. An intensive literature survey cast light on the development of economies, how such development influences the demand for worker skills and how different nations have attempted to meet the requirements of their productive systems through appropriate education and training. South Africa's economy, labour problems and strategies to enhance human capital and create jobs were also examined. Consistent with trends observed in the advanced economies of the world, the pattern of activity in the South African economy has shifted from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary and service sectors, shedding jobs requiring lower levels of skills and creating jobs for highly qualified workers. A historical overview of the provision of education and training in South Africa highlights how apartheid policies contributed to vast disparities in the skills levels of the different population groups in South Africa. Many innovative measures to enhance skills levels and job creation have been introduced since 1994 by the democratically elected government. These measures were evidently informed by the experience of other countries. The formidable task of implementing these measures or strategies successfully is exacerbated by the fact that the different provinces in South Africa are in different stages of economic development and have different educational outputs, leading to differences in the skills levels of their respective labour forces. Research on how unemployed people participate in the labour market served as the basis for the empirical input to the study. The data collected in Gauteng and the Eastern Cape were interpreted to ascertain how such people interact with the labour market in these provinces. The survey results revealed that the effects of low educational levels, people's interaction with the labour market, their job interest and the way job creation strategies are implemented may influence the efficacy of strategies to enhance people's skill levels and to create jobs. Factors influencing the demand for labour and factors that may impact on the success of education and training interventions were considered in the construction of a model to prioritise skills formation strategies. The model should be a versatile planning tool for identifying target groups, and for prioritising and implementing skills development strategies in the context of local socio-economic structures, as well as in the context of the national socio-economic structure and the global economy. As proposals for job creation by experts throughout the world have not been able to arrest increasing unemployment rates, it would be presumptuous to claim that this study provides a solution to the problem. Nevertheless, ways need to be found to optimise the impact of skills formation and job creation efforts. The following recommendations are made on the basis of the findings of the present study: • The structural and attitudinal changes taking place in the workplace should be investigated and workplace demands should be matched with the skills needed by workers. • Efficient, modern systems of administration staffed by technically competent officials should be established to manage the implementation of skills formation and job creation strategies. • A close relationship should be established between government, business and labour. • All persons over the age of 15 years who enter the labour market (and those who are already in the labour market) without the prospect of becoming employed should be registered as job seekers. • All young people should have a minimum of 12 years general education and enhanced forms of technical education. • Educational and training institutions should disabuse learners of the idea that they have to be dependent on someone else to give them a job. • The general and further education and training system should provide learners with the basic skills in mathematics, language, science and technology required by industry. • Qualified mathematics and science teachers should receive recognition through higher salaries. • Appropriate assistance should be provided to education leavers and to the unemployed. • The basic skills of those already in jobs should be improved. • Employers should be assisted on how to organise and implement workplace training. • Organisations should double their investment in training to at least 2% of their payrolls. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

<p>This dissertation consists of three separate essays on job search and labor market dynamics. In the first essay, “The Impact of Labor Market Conditions on Job Creation: Evidence from Firm Level Data”, I study how much changes in labor market conditions reduce employment fluctuations over the business cycle. Changes in labor market conditions make hiring more expensive during expansions and cheaper during recessions, creating counter-cyclical incentives for job creation. I estimate firm level elasticities of labor demand with respect to changes in labor market conditions, considering two margins: changes in labor market tightness and changes in wages. Using employer-employee matched data from Brazil, I find that all firms are more sensitive to changes in wages rather than labor market tightness, and there is substantial heterogeneity in labor demand elasticity across regions. Based on these results, I demonstrate that changes in labor market conditions reduce the variance of employment growth over the business cycle by 20% in a median region, and this effect is equally driven by changes along each margin. Moreover, I show that the magnitude of the effect of labor market conditions on employment growth can be significantly affected by economic policy. In particular, I document that the rapid growth of the national minimum wages in Brazil in 1997-2010 amplified the impact of the change in labor market conditions during local expansions and diminished this impact during local recessions.</p><p>In the second essay, “A Framework for Estimating Persistence of Local Labor</p><p>Demand Shocks”, I propose a decomposition which allows me to study the persistence of local labor demand shocks. Persistence of labor demand shocks varies across industries, and the incidence of shocks in a region depends on the regional industrial composition. As a result, less diverse regions are more likely to experience deeper shocks, but not necessarily more long lasting shocks. Building on this idea, I propose a decomposition of local labor demand shocks into idiosyncratic location shocks and nationwide industry shocks and estimate the variance and the persistence of these shocks using the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) in 1990-2013.</p><p>In the third essay, “Conditional Choice Probability Estimation of Continuous- Time Job Search Models”, co-authored with Peter Arcidiacono and Arnaud Maurel, we propose a novel, computationally feasible method of estimating non-stationary job search models. Non-stationary job search models arise in many applications, where policy change can be anticipated by the workers. The most prominent example of such policy is the expiration of unemployment benefits. However, estimating these models still poses a considerable computational challenge, because of the need to solve a differential equation numerically at each step of the optimization routine. We overcome this challenge by adopting conditional choice probability methods, widely used in dynamic discrete choice literature, to job search models and show how the hazard rate out of unemployment and the distribution of the accepted wages, which can be estimated in many datasets, can be used to infer the value of unemployment. We demonstrate how to apply our method by analyzing the effect of the unemployment benefit expiration on duration of unemployment using the data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) in 1996-2007.</p> / Dissertation

The dissertation analyzes labour market projects co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) targeting unemployed migrants and ethnicized groups. The analysis is qualitative, discourse-oriented and based on Foucault’s concept of governmentality. More specifically, it is highlighted how the target groups are ethnicized through discourses of employability and learning. The thesis consists of four articles. In the first three articles, focus is mainly on how the projects present themselves through their project descriptions in the ESF project bank and the fourth article is mainly based on ethnographic material. Overall, this dissertation highlights different aspects of inclusion work directed towards migrants and ethnicized target groups that can be seen as problematic and sometimes contradictory. Tendencies to individualize unemployment and thus positioning the unemployed project participants as responsible for their situation is interrogated in the thesis. Further, it is analyzed how culture and ethnicity is used in ways that are likely to strengthen the target groups ‘Otherness’ in relation to a ‘Swedishness’ that often become synonymous with what is perceived as normal and thus widening the gap between ‘us’ and ‘them’ when the stated goal is the opposite. This dissertation can serve as a starting point to reflect on how inclusion efforts and labour market projects seeking to produce social inclusion and employability may be at risk to categorize people in different ways, which can sometimes be problematic in relation to what the efforts seek to achieve. / I avhandlingen studeras arbetsmarknadspolitiska åtgärder, i form av projekt finansierade av Europeiska socialfonden (ESF), riktade mot arbetslösa migranter och etnifierade grupper. Analysen är kvalitativ, diskursorienterad och utgår från Foucaults begrepp governmentality. Mer specifikt belyses hur projektens målgrupper etnifieras genom diskurser om anställningsbarhet och lärande. Avhandlingen består av fyra artiklar. I de tre första artiklarna fokuseras främst hur projekten framställer sig själva genom projektbeskrivningar i ESFs projektbank och den fjärde artikeln utgår främst från etnografiskt material. Sammantaget belyser avhandlingen olika aspekter - som kan ses som problematiska och ibland motsägelsefulla - av inkluderingsarbete riktat mot migranter och etnifierade målgrupper. Det handlar om tendenser att individualisera arbetslösheten och därmed i hög grad ansvariggöra de arbetslösa projektdeltagarna för sin situation. Det handlar också om att använda kultur och etnicitet på ett sätt som riskerar att förstärka målgruppernas ’annorlundahet’ i relation till den ’svenskhet’ som inte sällan blir synonymt med vad som uppfattas som normalt och på så sätt vidga gapet mellan ’vi’ och ’dem’ när den uttalade målsättningen är det motsatta. Avhandlingen kan fungera som en utgångspunkt för att reflektera kring hur inkluderingsinsatser och arbetsmarknadsprojekt riskerar att sortera och kategorisera människor på olika sätt, som kan vara problematiska i relation till vad insatserna vill uppnå.

Alla vill må bra och ha en så god hälsa som möjligt, däremot sker ibland hinder i livet så som arbetslöshet eller konflikter i hemländer som tvingar vissa människor till att fly. Många människor har innan flykten påbörjat en universitetsutbildning eller genomfört den helt när de har anlänt till ett nytt land. Sverige strävar efter en jämlik och god hälsa i samhället. Personerna i denna studie har studerat eller arbetat i hemlandet, helt plötsligt får dem börja om på nytt för att skapa en ny trygghet.   Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka psykisk hälsa i förhållande till arbetslöshet bland nyanlända med eftergymnasial utbildning. Detta var för att få en djupare förståelse om deras känslor angående arbetslöshet med en eftergymnasial utbildning och hur dem tänker om sin framtid.   Metoden som användes i följande studie var en empirisk kvalitativ metod där författaren använde sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna gjordes med fem deltagare där fyra av dem var män samt en kvinna i åldern 20-64 år.   Resultatet av denna studie påvisade att nyanlända personer med eftergymnasial utbildning hade sämre psykisk hälsa än vad individen bör ha, detta berodde dels på att de var oroliga inför framtiden och att många utav dem kände att deras tidigare kunskaper från hemlandet hade blivit bortkastade. Personerna hade även ett tillfälligt uppehållstillstånd som var tidsbegränsad vilket medförde frustration mellan dem då de inte visste hur framtiden skulle se ut om de skulle få stanna eller återvända tillbaka till hemlandet.   Slutsatsen av denna studie var att de nyanlända med eftergymnasial utbildning ville att samhället skulle finna en åtgärd för att hjälpa dem att börja arbeta. / The purpose of this study was to examine mental health in relation to unemployment among newly arrived with post-secondary education. This was to get a deeper understanding about their experiences regarding unemployment despite their high education, the focus was on mental health and how they think their future looks like. The method used for the following study was an empirical qualitative method in which the author used the semi-structured interviews. Five participants were interviewed, four men and one woman between the ages 20-64. The results of this study found that newly arrived people with post-secondary education had poor mental health because of worries about the future. They also felt that the education they had received from their country was a waste in Sweden. These people also had a temporary residence permit which brought frustration because their future wasn’t secure. The conclusion of this study was that newly arrived individuals with post-secondary education wanted Psychological help from the society so they could start working.