Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Vital Giordano.pdf: 1912325 bytes, checksum: 2346d63b4bef7ae03980f6d4d5474b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / In capitalist industrial societies labor is every citizen s right. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, legitimizes this right in Article XXII. The right to work is the counterpart of the right of private ownership. Every person has the right to work and education (Article XXVI of the Declaration). Therefore, these issues become matters of State. The elimination of unemployment is not a Constant in every nation s constitution but is considered a moral principle and therefore a goal to be reached. The labor force is used in accordance with the current economic and market demands, but the state's role assumes importance by seeking to mitigate imbalances harmful to workers (with government policies aimed at employment and generating income). The State should promote macroeconomic conditions of employment, directing fiscal and monetary policies to ensure employment and income for as many people as possible. Education is directly related to labor because jobs may not be fulfilled if the workers do not have the necessary skills which are acquired mainly in schools (lack of employability). This thesis aims to look at the operation and results of public policies on generating employment and income that seek to alleviate problems of unemployment on a local level. Sorocaba, in the state of São Paulo, is the city to be studied, using the Secretaries of Labor and of Youth as resources. In this city, these policies present encouraging results and rising indicators that favor workers. However, the inadequacy of basic education was also noted. Other issues to be evaluated: intermediation, the University of Workers, the support for young offenders or not, the support of artisans, the provision of micro-credits and the formalization of micro entrepreneurs / Nas sociedades industriais capitalistas o trabalho é um dos direitos dos cidadãos. A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, de 1948, legitima esse direito em seu artigo XXIII. O direito ao trabalho é a contraparte do direito de propriedade privada dos meios de produção. Todas as pessoas têm direito ao trabalho e à educação (artigo XXVI da Declaração). Por isso, essas questões se tornaram questões de Estado. Suprimir o desemprego não é artigo constante nas Constituições dos países, mas se configura como um princípio moral e, portanto, como meta a ser atingida. A força de trabalho é utilizada de acordo com o momento econômico e as demandas do mercado, mas o papel do Estado assume importância no sentido de buscar minorar os desequilíbrios prejudiciais aos trabalhadores (com políticas governamentais voltadas para o emprego e a geração de renda). O Estado deve promover condições macroeconômicas de pleno emprego, direcionando as políticas fiscais e monetárias para garantir emprego e renda para o maior número de pessoas A educação é direito relacionado ao direito do trabalho, pois as vagas de emprego não poderão ser preenchidas se não houver trabalhadores com as capacitações necessárias adquiridas sobretudo nos bancos escolares (falta de empregabilidade). Esta tese tem como objetivo o exame do funcionamento e dos resultados das Políticas Públicas de Geração de Emprego e Renda que procuram amenizar os problemas do desemprego em nível municipal. Sorocaba, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, é a cidade selecionada, tendo como referências locais a Secretaria de Relações do Trabalho e a Secretaria da Juventude. Constatou-se que, naquela cidade, essas políticas apresentam resultados encorajadores e tendentes à elevação dos indicadores que favorecem os trabalhadores. Notou-se também a inadequação da educação básica para a preparação dos trabalhadores. Outras questões avaliadas são: o serviço de intermediação, a Universidade do Trabalhador, o amparo aos jovens infratores ou não, o apoio aos artesãos, o fornecimento de micros créditos e a formalização dos micros empreendedores

INTRODUÇÃO: O desemprego e o trabalho precário podem alterar o sono e comprometer a qualidade de vida e a saúde mental do trabalhador. O trabalho por safra na colheita de café expõe o trabalhador às condições climáticas, ao excesso de atividade física, ao ganho por produtividade e à falta de garantia de estabilidade do trabalho. São elementos que podem acarretar doenças e aumentar a busca por atendimento médico e psicológico, sobrecarregando os serviços de saúde. OBJETIVOS: 1) avaliar o padrão e a qualidade do sono de trabalhadores rurais safristas; 2) investigar a presença e o nível dos sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão; 3) avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida (QV); 4) verificar possíveis associações entre o trabalho temporário e a presença de sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão e o prejuízo no sono; 5) comparar o padrão e a qualidade do sono, sintomas de ansiedade, de depressão e QV do grupo-estudo com os resultados do grupo-controle. MÉTODOS: O grupo-estudo foi composto por 40 pacientes, com idade média 37,43 (DP= 10,68), sendo sete homens e 33 mulheres, trabalhadores rurais safristas na agricultura cafeeira. Como grupo-controle 40 pacientes trabalhadores rurais fixos. Os dois grupos foram escolhidos entre agricultores do Sul de Minas, nas lavouras cafeeiras da região de Três Pontas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: entrevista inicial, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI ), Beck Anxiety Inventory-BAI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) e World Health Organization Quality of Life ( WHOQOL Breve). RESULTADOS: a) houve prejuízo na qualidade do sono, sendo caracterizado como ruim, latência maior que 60 minutos, uso de medicação freqüente e sonolência diurna excessiva. Quanto à qualidade subjetiva do sono consideram muito boa; b) os sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foram elevados nos dois grupos; sendo maior nos trabalhadores safristas; c) quanto à QV os dois grupos apresentaram bons níveis, havendo perdas na área social entre os safristas; d) não houve associação entre o período de entressafra e o surgimento de sintomas de ansiedade, sintomas de depressão e prejuízo no sono; e) os distúrbios do sono influenciaram no surgimento de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, mas não interferiram na qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÕES: Os trabalhadores rurais detentores de trabalho fixo estão menos expostos aos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão acompanhados de distúrbios do sono que os trabalhadores safristas. Isso posto, o nível da qualidade de vida (QV) do primeiro grupo é maior que o do segundo. / INTRODUCTION: Unemployment and precarious work can promote sleep changes and compromise the quality of life and mental health of laborers. Coffee harvesting on a seasonal basis exposes laborers to the elements, physical overwork, productivity-based pay and lack of guarantee of a steady job. These factors can trigger disease and increase the need for medical and psychological care consequently overloading health services. OBJECTIVES: 1) to assess the pattern and quality of sleep in rural seasonal laborers;2) to investigate the presence and degree of anxiety and depression symptoms;3) to assess perceived quality of life (QOL);4) to explore possible associations between seasonal work and the presence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and impaired sleep;5) to compare the sleep patterns and quality of sleep, symptoms of anxiety, depression and QOL in the study group versus the control group. METHODS: The study group comprised 40 patients with mean age of 37.43 years (SD=10.68), consisting of seven men and 33 women, who were rural seasonal harvesters on coffee growing plantations. The control group consisted of 40 patients who were permanent rural laborers. The two groups were recruited from farms in the South of Minas Gerais state among the coffee plantations of the Três Pontas region. The instruments employed were: initial interview, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory-BAI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL Brief). RESULTS: a) impaired sleep - characterized as poor, a latency of greater than 60 minutes, frequent use of medication, and excessive daytime drowsiness were observed. Patients rated subjective quality of sleep as very good; b) signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression were elevated in both groups, proving higher in the seasonal workers; c) concerning QOL, both study and control groups presented good levels of QOL, although losses in the social area were detected among seasonal workers; d) no association was found between the inter-harvest period and the emergence of anxiety, depression or impaired sleep symptoms; e) sleep disorders influenced the development of signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression, but did not interfere with the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Rural laborers who held permanent positions proved less exposed to symptoms of anxiety and depression accompanied by sleep disorders- than seasonal laborers. Therefore, quality of life (QOL) was higher among permanent laborers than seasonal laborers.

Lam Siu Mun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-137). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Declaration --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / 論文摘要 --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of research --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Significance --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Map of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prevalent Theoretical Explanations on Gender Relation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Gender Perspective: Multiple Levels of Analysis on Gender Relations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Gender Relation in Hong Kong --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Analytical Framework --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Research Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamic in Gendered Resources --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Influence of Economy on Marital Negotiation --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Influence of Culture on Marital Negotiation --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3 --- Influence of Kinship System on Marital Negotiation --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamics-Cases for Working Class --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider-Traditional Homemaker Family --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider- Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3 --- Marital Negotiation in Egalitarian Provider-Egalitarian Homemaker Family / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Marital Negotiation Dynamics- Cases for Middle Class --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider-Traditional Homemaker Family --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2 --- Marital Negotiation in Traditional Provider- Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.94 / Chapter 6.3 --- Marital Negotiation in Egalitarian Provider-Egalitarian Homemaker Family --- p.99 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Finding --- p.107 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implication --- p.110 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations and Recommendation for Further Study --- p.116 / Appendix 1: Profile of Informants and Families --- p.118 / Appendix 2: Guiding Questions for the semi-structured Interviews --- p.122 / Bibliography --- p.126 / List of Tables --- p.138 / Table 1.1 Educational attainment by sex --- p.138 / Table 2.1 Labor force participation by sex --- p.138 / Table 2.2 Female Labor force by marital status --- p.138 / Table 3.1 Employed persons by sex and occupation --- p.139 / Table 4.1 Median monthly employment income by sex and occupation --- p.141

Depuis les années 1970, le salariat à temps partiel s’étend sur les marchés de l’emploi allemand et français. Le rôle joué par l’intermédiation publique dans ce phénomène constitue l’objet de cette thèse. Nous l’étudions de manière comparative par l’immersion ethnographique dans quatre agences, par une analyse quantitative portant sur 2000 offres stockées et par une enquête socio-historique sur les dispositifs d’indemnisation. Grâce à ce matériau, nous mettons au jour les transactions temporelles auxquelles sont exposés les chômeurs durant leur traitement institutionnel. Au sein des agences d’intermédiation, les heures recherchées par les chômeurs jouent le triple rôle d’outil de gestion, d’outil d’intermédiation et d’outil d’arbitrage marchand. Elles sont mobilisées, manipulées et négociées durant les entretiens en face-à-face auxquels sont convoqués les chômeurs. Au terme des interactions, de nombreux profils de recherche sont révisés, en abaissant le nombre d’heures d’emploi souhaitées. Ce rationnement du temps d’emploi est organisé autour de trois modes de régulation, inégalement présents sur les différents terrains : une régulation par l’indemnisation-chômage, une régulation par les pratiques professionnelles des conseillers et une régulation par les progiciels informatiques d’appariement. Le temps d’emploi souhaité par les chômeurs apparaît ainsi comme un objet d’action publique. À partir de nos résultats empiriques, nous montrons que les logiques sociales de la rencontre bureaucratique établissent un lien étroit entre les ressources mobilisables dans l’interaction et les positions envisageables sur le marché de l’emploi. De plus, cette thèse présente les guichets d’intermédiation comme un niveau de régulation de l’emploi à part entière. / Since the 1970s, part-time employment has grown in the German and French labour markets. The relation between public intermediation and part-time employment is the subject of this thesis. Our comparative analysis is based on ethnographic immersion in four agencies, a quantitative analysis of 2000 job offers stored in the agencies files and a socio-historical inquiry concerning the unemployment benefit systems. With these data, we expose the temporal transactions experienced by the unemployed during their institutional treatment. Within the agencies, the working hours sought by the unemployed represent a tool with three functions: managing the registered users, matching employers and jobseekers, and arbitrating the relation between capital and labour. These hours are mobilized, manipulated and negotiated during the compulsory interviews between caseworkers and unemployed. Thus, many research profiles are modified, in the sens of lowering the desired amount of employment hours. This rationing of hours is organized around three modes of regulation, always perceptible but inequally significant in the various agencies: benefits-oriented regulation, professional regulation and computerized regulation. The working hours the unemployed look for appear as an object of public action. Based on our empirical results, we show how the configuration of bureaucratic encounters establish a close relation between the social resources mobilized during the interaction and the position on the labour market. In addition, this thesis present the employment agencies as an autonomous level of employment regulation.

The general objective of this study is to identify skills required by employers relevant to the agricultural sector especially in cash crop rice farming and to explore how to increase the contribution of new entrants to the labour market leading to increased production, socio-economic development and the reduction of income-poverty in Tanzania. Productivity gains in the agriculture sector have been modest and have had a limited effect on economic growth in Tanzania. Although the country has considerable agricultural potential, making the most of this depends on the availability of a labour force that has the skills to support a shift to greater productivity. This study profiles, analyses and examines the reality of skills provision and the emerging opportunities to find out how skills development and employability should be improved. The research questions focus on (i) identifying the existing skills gaps between employers' needs and employees' capabilities; (ii) identifying the skills which TVET programs impart to enhance performance in the agriculture subsector; and (iii) identifying the skills required by employers and analysing the employability of TVET graduates entering work in the agricultural sector, especially for paddy production. The study concludes by outlining policy implications for improving TVET programs for workforce development. Among the key research findings was the identification of the high degree of irrelevance of most TVET courses for the targeted labour market as overall 89 % of employers claim that the skills possessed by graduates were not applicable to their intended jobs. Moreover, there is a gap in perception between employers and employees about the value of their training. Serious concerns need to be addressed. This can be done by creating an effective system of knowledge dissemination and training building on the current cascade training system involving both the TVET institutions and the visitation of extension workers in the field responsible for enhancing the transfer of modern farming practices. Findings also indicate that very few TVET graduates who enter the agriculture sector have actually studied agriculture, and only seven percent out of the entire TVET graduating cohort have studied the agricultural track. These research findings, drawn largely from a case study analysis as well as analysis of secondary sources, were formed during my professional experience working in the TVET sub-sector in Tanzania. The findings lead to the conclusion that the nature and structure of the curriculum as well as the teaching methodology mean the skills of the TVET graduates are inadequate to meet the demand from the labour market, especially in the paddy production sector. In addition, the study findings lead to a number of critical policy options to reduce skills gaps by refining the curriculum and pedagogy to ensure it is more demand driven and by ensuring that a mechanism is created linking supply and demand. Critical policy options include the need for a clearer and more systemic occupational analysis of the skills needed in paddy production -- such as the analysis provided in the Developing A Curriculum (DACUM) approach in order to ensure that the TVET curriculum is in alignment with the demanded occupational skills. To enhance the scientific and technological foundation of TVET, a strong focus will be required on high-order literacy and numeracy skills. The study also suggests that to establish a “knock-on effect”, youth who obtain skills from TVET institutions also need to be provided with appropriate leadership training during their TVET programs in preparation for disseminating knowledge and skills to other farmers in the field and leading change in agricultural practice. The training system needs to be more closely linked with employers and work places where knowledge and skill can be utilised.

Existing research (Guarnizo et al. 2003; Portes, 2001; Cohen and Sirkeci, 2005) has endeavoured to clarify the relationship between migrants' transnational activities and their integration into the host society. Although there are both positive and negative perspectives on this relationship, it remains unclear whether migrants' transnational activities are likely to help or hinder their integration into the host society (Vertovec, 2009). This thesis uses the lens of social capital and diaspora identity to shed light on the relationship between Indonesian migrants' transnational activities and their integration in a multi-ethnic town in South Korea. The influx of migrants from various countries has led to the creation of what is called ‘Borderless Village', where people have opportunities to build intercultural connections beyond their national group. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with a group of Indonesian migrants, which themselves show social disjunctions in terms of region of origin, language, religious belief and cultural practices, this thesis examines the integration patterns of Indonesian immigrant groups in this town. In terms of whether transnational activities help or hinder integration in South Korea, I argue that both realities co-exist, and that the status of Wongok-Dong as a migrant enclave and the internally divided nature of the Indonesian migrant group itself are key factors in this regard. Indonesian migrants achieve integration among themselves by performing economic and socio-cultural transnational activities, thereby transcending divisions within the group. Although there are differences in terms of their capacity to conduct transnational activities that are shaped by each Indonesian immigrants' different types of social capital, they are able perform transnational activities through creating and utilising ‘hidden social capital'. This is generated when Indonesian migrants strategically reveal one of their identities, such as Indonesian, Muslim or other positions, rather than emphasising their regional origin in Indonesia to achieve their objectives such as pursuing economic profits, saving face and maintaining livelihood. Through mobilising these additional identities, most Indonesians can access resources that enable them to perform transnational activities – making international phone calls, occupying cultural spaces, participating in national celebrations – beyond their regional affiliations. In this regard, Indonesian migrants integrate into Wongok-Dong by performing transnational activities due to the features of the town as a migrant enclave. However, they are isolated from mainstream Korean society, as they only achieve integration into the multiethnic space of Wongok-Dong. Thus, this research adds crucial dimensions to theories of the relationship between migrants' transnational activities and integration into their host society through redefining both the features of the diaspora group and the role of social capital.

Charakteristika uskupení NAFTA. Popis vztahů a jednotlivých sporů mezi členskými zeměmi. Rozbor veřejného mínění. Dopad na Kanadu a přístup Kanady ke uskupení NAFTA

Education is an important component of social and economic development and an essential factor that affects the classification of each individual in society. This diploma is focused on a connection of educational system and labour market. The theoretical part deals with educational system and the vision of educational policy which should reflect the social demands in the long term. The educational system is directly connected with the labour market. Graduates who come on the market to find their place are specific group. The supply is mainly based on achieved level of education and a field of study. Demand for their skills is not often in accordance with the offer and endangers their chances of success. The objective of the diploma is to analyse regional labour market of graduates in the district of Nymburk. The survey between students and pupils of high schools in the region was an unnecessary part of its work. This survey should have shown motives of choice of studied subject and approach of future graduates in terms of searching for a very first and further jobs in their career.

As the title of my diploma thesis already suggests, the thesis deals with the analysis of the labour market in the largest of all Czech regions. The situation in the Central-Bohemian labour market may be considered stable and the unemployment rate in this region has ranked among the lowest in the whole country for a long period of time, but due to the size of the region broad district differences may be observed. This thesis seeks to evaluate and summarise the evolution of the Central-Bohemian labour market (mainly in the past decade) and to highlight the main factors causing the differences mentioned above. The thesis also deals with the impact of economic recession on the labour market in the Central Bohemia and on the number of employees of major employers in the region. Last but not least I try to suggest several ways to reduce unemployment and evaluate the measures that have already been taken by the government organizations in my thesis. The first part of the document discusses theoretical aspects of the labour market functioning, measuring of unemployment and explains related terms.

This thesis is concentrated on the labor market in the past five years in region Karvinsko. The aim of thesis is to explore the ways in which is solved the imbalance of labor market in this region and to analyze effectiveness of spending money on active employment policy. The deman and supply sides of the labour market are detailly invastigated due to their great influence on the economic development. The thesis deals the efficiency of active employment policy in region Karvinsko, especially community services, retraining and socially useful jobs. Other part of my thesis is evaluation of the case study among the unemployed who are in evidence of the Job centre in Karvina.