This thesis examines the development of communication skills of children with developmental dysphasia, with the use of augmentative and alternative communication. The work is made up of theoretical and practical part. The research focuses on the influence of elements augmentative communication intervention in children with developmental dysphasia in preschool facilities. The research part is formed by empirical research based on a case study of a boy with developmental dysphasia, case reports describing the progress of special education intervention in preschool institutions, research part is completed by the conclusions of the investigation and recommendations for practice. The aim is to show the positive influence the course of education of children with developmental dysphasia support structured learning and noticeable advances in communication development of children with the support of the graphic expression.

A wheeled mobile robot (WMR) will move on uneven terrain without slip if the length of the axle connecting two wheels can change or for a fixed length axle the wheels are allowed to tilt in a lateral direction. In this work, we consider a three-wheeled mobile robot with torus shaped wheels capable of lateral tilting. Due to the requirement of lateral tilting a two degree of freedom (DOF) suspension, one for maintaining contact with terrain and one for lateral tilting, is assumed to connect the wheels to the WMR body. Six concepts of two DOF suspension mechanisms are proposed. A WMR with these suspension mechanisms are modeled and two kinds of simulations, namely, direct kinematic analysis and inverse kinematic analysis are performed on several uneven terrains with and without suspension. Slip velocity, the path followed and the lateral tilt angle are estimated as a function of time. The force-angle stability measure is used to check the tip-over instability of the WMR on uneven terrain. It is shown that without the two DOF suspensions and with the wheels not allowed to tilt laterally, the WMR is not capable of traversing uneven terrains without large slip. When the wheels are allowed to tilt laterally with a two DOF suspension, the wheeled mobile robot slips very little. Based on least slip and less deviation from desired path, it is shown that the two best possible suspension mechanisms are the SFTA suspension and D4Bar suspension. Two prototype of three-wheeled mobile robot with these suspensions are fabricated using some components from a readily available commercial kit and with especially designed and manufactured wheels with the two degrees of freedom suspension. Simulations on an uneven terrain verify that the three-wheeled mobile robot can traverse uneven terrains with very little slip for three representative paths, namely a straight line, a circular arc and a path representing a lane change. Experiments with the two prototypes on physically constructed uneven terrain, very similar to the one used for simulation, confirm that the slip is significantly reduced with the two degree of freedom suspensions. The path of the centre of mass of the WMRs, projected on uneven surface, and the error from the desired path is presented for all the three representative paths. The simulation and experimental results clearly show that the three wheeled mobile robot with the novel two DOF suspension mechanisms can traverse uneven terrain with low slip.

Si de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à l’analyse des grands tours préparatoires aux sorties, aux sorties elles-mêmes et aux lâchers de barre en barre fixe ou barre supérieure de barres asymétriques, les éléments avec envol pour passer d’une barre à l’autre aux barres asymétriques (lâcher la barre inférieure pour saisir la barre supérieure ou l’inverse) n’ont, à notre connaissance, pas fait l’objet de telles études. Cette thèse de doctorat présente dans sa première partie une analyse cinématique du « pieds barre temps de ventre » ainsi qu’une analyse des moments cinétique et d’inertie mis en jeu par deux groupes de gymnastes, des expertes et des novices, lors de la réalisation de ce mouvement. La deuxième partie met en évidence des lois de contrôle moteur utilisées par les deux groupes pour réaliser l’élément. Afin de déterminer si les mouvements des deux groupes sont susceptibles d’améliorations et si la trajectoire créée au lâcher de la barre inférieure ou la gestuelle mise en jeu influence davantage la performance, une optimisation du pieds barre temps de ventre est proposée dans la troisième partie. Enfin, l’effet de l’introduction d’une loi de contrôle moteur dans le processus d’optimisation sur le réalisme des mouvements optimisés est envisagé. / Many studies were dedicated to the analysis of backward giant circles prior to release, releases itself or release-regrasp skills on high bar or uneven bars. To our knowledge, skills with flight phase to release low bar and regrasp high bar or the contrary were not studied yet. The first chapter of this doctoral thesis is dedicated to a kinematic analysis of the “counter movement forward in flight” on uneven bars and to the moment of inertia and angular momentum recorded for two groups of gymnasts performing this task: an expert group and a novice group. The second chapter highlights motor control laws used by the gymnasts of both groups. An optimization of the counter movement forward in flight was carried out in the third chapter in order to know if the movements of both groups may be improved and whether body mass center trajectory or body movements in flight most influence final performance. Effects of introducing a motor control law in the optimization process on the realism of optimized movements were studied.

Intresset för olika hyggesfria skogsbruksmetoder ökar men frågan är hur en skogsbruksplan kan anpassas till detta och vilken metod som kan användas. Denna studie inriktade sig på att mäta i fullskiktade skogar med enkla verktyg för att få ut beståndsdata till nytta för skötseln och att användas till en skogsbruksplan. För att få fram diameterspridningen klavades träden. Det krävdes minst 600 m2 för att få tillräcklig kvalitet i diameterspridning. För volymen jämfördes klavning, relaskopmätning och laserdata. Resultatet visade att det är svårt att mäta volym i fullskiktade bestånd beroende på tätheten och ojämnheten. Inte minst gäller detta relaskopmätning som undervärderade volymen. Klavning och laserdata fick ungefär samma precision. Studien visade också att tidsåtgången i fält för klavning jämfört med vanlig planläggning med relaskop endast skiljde några få minuter. Om klavning kombineras med att hämta volymen från laserdata kan till och med denna metod vara mer tidseffektiv.

[pt] Resistência pode ser compreendida por sua concepção polissêmica em termos políticos, científicos e sociais, bem como pelas forças de ação dos sujeitos em suas diversas lutas. Para este trabalho de tese, buscamos compreender a resistência a partir das práticas espaciais dos sujeitos afetados direta e indiretamente pela territorialização do capital, que pode ser concebida por algumas abordagens como desenvolvimento, mas, de fato, os expulsa de seus espaços de vida para dar lugar a um aparato técnico social, constituindo uma intervenção na organização espacial desses lugares onde dadas territorialidades são negadas, cooptadas, ou de onde são expulsas. A luta se manifesta contra a desterritorialização e a exclusão territorial dos sujeitos subalternos, mostrando-nos que a territorialização do capital leva ao surgimento do que denominamos práticas espaciais de resistência. Nesse sentido, estudamos os conflitos que emergiram ao longo do eixo do Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro, obra infraestrutural do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), inaugurada em 2014. O Arco propôs uma nova dinâmica espacial para o espaço metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro, especialmente para a região conhecida como Baixada Fluminense, onde passa grande parte da extensão do Arco (71km) e foi produzida uma série de remoções e conflitos em suas adjacências no decorrer da obra pela territorialização dos investimentos logístico-industriais. Tomamos como área de estudo das manifestações das práticas espaciais de resistência três comunidades da Baixada Fluminense afetadas pela implantação do Arco Metropolitano: os casos das comunidades de Vila de Cava, em Nova Iguaçu; Marajoara, em Japeri; e Sol da Manhã, em Seropédica. As três foram atingidas direta ou indiretamente pelo Arco Metropolitano, tanto pela obra em si quanto pelos capitais que se territorializaram devido às condições do baixo preço da terra, da localização estratégica para logística e dos incentivos ficais concedidos pelas respectivas prefeituras e pelo governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que promoveram expulsões diretas e brancas dessas comunidades. Partimos da tese de que as práticas espaciais de resistência, ao mesmo tempo que se integram, expressam o movimento contra o processo de desterritorialização provocado pelas transformações espaciais nas adjacências do Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro. Nosso objetivo geral é analisar as práticas espaciais expressas nas táticas de resistência dos moradores das comunidades de Vila de Cava, Marajoara e Sol da Manhã, localidades do entorno do Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro, táticas essas que se contrapõem às formas atuais de territorialização do capital ainda marcadas pelas renovadas formas de expropriação e espoliação do capital em ação conjunta com o Estado. Dada análise tem como aportes teórico-conceituais a concepção de resistência de Scott em diálogo com Foucault, a de sujeito segundo Butler, a de desenvolvimento geográfico desigual de Harvey e a de desterritorialização de Haesbaert, em convergência com a abordagem do conceito de expulsões conforme Sassen. Com isso, elaboramos um sistema interpretativo de tal processo, lendo a resistência a partir das dimensões de insurgência, sobrevivência e subordinação, através da tríade espaço, cotidiano e ação, desenvolvida por Ferreira. / [en] Resistance can be understood by its polysemic conception in political, scientific, and social terms, as well as by the forces of action of the subjects in their various struggles. For this thesis, we seek to understand resistance from the spatial practices of subjects directly and indirectly affected by the territorialization of capital, which can be conceived by some approaches as development, but, in fact, expels them from their living spaces to give rise to a technical social apparatus, constituting an intervention in the spatial organization of those places where such territorialities are denied, co-opted, or expelled. The struggle manifests itself against the deterritorialization and territorial exclusion of subaltern subjects, demonstrating that the territorialization of capital leads to the emergence of what we call spatial resistance practices. The Arch proposed a new spatial dynamic for the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, especially for the region known as Baixada Fluminense, where a large part of the extension of the Arch (71km) goes through, and a series of removals and conflicts was produced in its surroundings during the work due to the territorialization of logistical-industrial investments. Three communities in Baixada Fluminense affected by the implementation of the Metropolitan Arch were taken as our study area on the manifestations of spatial resistance practices: the cases of Vila de Cava, in Nova Iguaçu; Marajoara, in Japeri; and Sol da Manhã, in Seropédica. The three communities were directly or indirectly affected by the Metropolitan Arch, both by the work itself and by the capitals that were territorialized due to the conditions of the low price of land, the strategic location for logistics and the tax incentives granted by the respective city halls and by the government of Rio de Janeiro, which promoted direct and white expulsions from these communities. We start from the thesis that the spatial resistance practices, at the same time that they are integrated, express the movement against the process of deterritorialization caused by the spatial transformations in the vicinity of the Metropolitan Arch of Rio de Janeiro. Our general objective is to analyze the spatial practices expressed in the resistance tactics by the residents of the communities of Vila de Cava, Marajoara and Sol da Manhã, locations around the Metropolitan Arch of Rio de Janeiro. These tactics are opposed to the current forms of territorialization of the capital still marked by the renewed forms of expropriation and plunder of capital together with the State. This analysis has as theoretical-conceptual contributions Scott s conception of resistance in dialogue with Foucault, the subject according to Butler, Harvey s uneven geographical development, and Haesbaert s deterritorialization, in convergence with the concept of expulsions according to Sassen. Thus, we elaborated an interpretative system of this process, reading the concept of resistance from the dimensions of insurgency, survival, and subordination, through the triad space, everyday life, and action, developed by Ferreira.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as transformações espaciais e as novas relações urbano-rurais nas localidades de Vargem Grande (Teresópolis-RJ) e Barracão dos Mendes (Nova Friburgo – RJ) a partir dos desenvolvimentos geográficos desiguais. O estudo das relações entre rural e urbano ganha contornos específicos no atual contexto de metropolização do espaço. As mudanças no campo, com o crescimento de atividades não-agrícolas e a diversificação dos sujeitos que atuam neste espaço, operam na construção de novas espacialidades, complexificando o rural em meio a uma mistura de símbolos, imaginários e representações. Tais transformações serão analisadas por uma perspectiva dialética, apreendendo o espaço a partir de uma abordagem centrada nos desenvolvimentos geográficos desiguais e tendo nas representações elementos mediadores para assimilar as múltiplas escalas articuladas na produção do espaço. O bairro de Vargem Grande e a localidade rural de Barracão dos Mendes são destacados como exemplos da heterogeneidade dos espaços em metropolização, constituindo arranjos particulares em meio à conjuntura de integração e ruptura própria da dinâmica fluida da acumulação do capital. Assim, dentre as inúmeras manifestações, o preço da terra, o padrão da renda familiar e as representações do espaço serão analisados enquanto evidências da transformação das relações urbano-rurais neste contexto de metropolização, tendo em vista os efeitos da expansão do fenômeno urbano-metropolitano para além das fronteiras das cidades. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the spatial transformations and the new urban-rural relations in the localities of Vargem Grande (Teresópolis-RJ) and Barracão dos Mendes (Nova Friburgo-RJ) from the perspective of uneven geographical developments. The study of the relations between rural and urban gains specific contours in the current context of metropolization of space. The changes in the countryside, with the growth of non-agricultural activities and the diversification of the subjects from this space, operate in the construction of new spatialities, making the rural complex amidst a mixture of symbols, imaginaries and representations. Such transformations will be analyzed by a dialectical perspective, apprehending space from an approach centered on uneven geographical developments and having in the representations mediating elements to assimilate the multiple scales articulated in the production of space. The neighborhood of Vargem Grande and the rural location of Barracão dos Mendes are highlighted as examples of the heterogeneity of spaces in metropolization, constituting particular arrangements in the midst of the conjuncture of integration and rupture proper of the fluid dynamics of capital accumulation. Thus, among the numerous manifestations, the price of land, the family income pattern and the representations of space will be analyzed as evidence of the transformation of urban-rural relations in this context of metropolization, considering the effects of the expansion of the urban-metropolitan phenomenon beyond the borders of cities.

Die folgende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Alltagstauglichkeit moderner Massendatenverarbeitung, insbesondere mit dem Problem der Assoziationsregelanalyse. Vorhandene Datenmengen wachsen stark an, aber deren Auswertung ist für ungeübte Anwender schwierig. Daher verzichten Unternehmen auf Informationen, welche prinzipiell vorhanden sind. Assoziationsregeln zeigen in diesen Daten Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Elementen eines Datenbestandes, beispielsweise zwischen verkauften Produkten. Diese Regeln können mit Interessantheitsmaßen versehen werden, welche dem Anwender das Erkennen wichtiger Zusammenhänge ermöglichen. Es werden Ansätze gezeigt, dem Nutzer die Auswertung der Daten zu erleichtern. Das betrifft sowohl die robuste Arbeitsweise der Verfahren als auch die einfache Auswertung der Regeln. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen passen sich dabei an die zu verarbeitenden Daten an, was sie von anderen Verfahren unterscheidet. Assoziationsregelsuchen benötigen die Extraktion häufiger Kombinationen (EHK). Hierfür werden Möglichkeiten gezeigt, Lösungsansätze auf die Eigenschaften moderne System anzupassen. Als Ansatz werden Verfahren zur Berechnung der häufigsten $N$ Kombinationen erläutert, welche anders als bekannte Ansätze leicht konfigurierbar sind. Moderne Systeme rechnen zudem oft verteilt. Diese Rechnerverbünde können große Datenmengen parallel verarbeiten, benötigen jedoch die Vereinigung lokaler Ergebnisse. Für verteilte Top-N-EHK auf realistischen Partitionierungen werden hierfür Ansätze mit verschiedenen Eigenschaften präsentiert. Aus den häufigen Kombinationen werden Assoziationsregeln gebildet, deren Aufbereitung ebenfalls einfach durchführbar sein soll. In der Literatur wurden viele Maße vorgestellt. Je nach den Anforderungen entsprechen sie je einer subjektiven Bewertung, allerdings nicht zwingend der des Anwenders. Hierfür wird untersucht, wie mehrere Interessantheitsmaßen zu einem globalen Maß vereinigt werden können. Dies findet Regeln, welche mehrfach wichtig erschienen. Der Nutzer kann mit den Vorschlägen sein Suchziel eingrenzen. Ein zweiter Ansatz gruppiert Regeln. Dies erfolgt über die Häufigkeiten der Regelelemente, welche die Grundlage von Interessantheitsmaßen bilden. Die Regeln einer solchen Gruppe sind daher bezüglich vieler Interessantheitsmaßen ähnlich und können gemeinsam ausgewertet werden. Dies reduziert den manuellen Aufwand des Nutzers. Diese Arbeit zeigt Möglichkeiten, Assoziationsregelsuchen auf einen breiten Benutzerkreis zu erweitern und neue Anwender zu erreichen. Die Assoziationsregelsuche wird dabei derart vereinfacht, dass sie statt als Spezialanwendung als leicht nutzbares Werkzeug zur Datenanalyse verwendet werden kann. / The importance of data mining is widely acknowledged today. Mining for association rules and frequent patterns is a central activity in data mining. Three main strategies are available for such mining: APRIORI , FP-tree-based approaches like FP-GROWTH, and algorithms based on vertical data structures and depth-first mining strategies like ECLAT and CHARM. Unfortunately, most of these algorithms are only moderately suitable for many “real-world” scenarios because their usability and the special characteristics of the data are two aspects of practical association rule mining that require further work. All mining strategies for frequent patterns use a parameter called minimum support to define a minimum occurrence frequency for searched patterns. This parameter cuts down the number of patterns searched to improve the relevance of the results. In complex business scenarios, it can be difficult and expensive to define a suitable value for the minimum support because it depends strongly on the particular datasets. Users are often unable to set this parameter for unknown datasets, and unsuitable minimum-support values can extract millions of frequent patterns and generate enormous runtimes. For this reason, it is not feasible to permit ad-hoc data mining by unskilled users. Such users do not have the knowledge and time to define suitable parameters by trial-and-error procedures. Discussions with users of SAP software have revealed great interest in the results of association-rule mining techniques, but most of these users are unable or unwilling to set very technical parameters. Given such user constraints, several studies have addressed the problem of replacing the minimum-support parameter with more intuitive top-n strategies. We have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give untrained SAP users a tool to analyze their data easily without the need for elaborate data preparation and parameter determination. Previously implemented approaches of distributed frequent-pattern mining were expensive and time-consuming tasks for specialists. In contrast, we propose a method to accelerate and simplify the mining process by using top-n strategies and relaxing some requirements on the results, such as completeness. Unlike such data approximation techniques as sampling, our algorithm always returns exact frequency counts. The only drawback is that the result set may fail to include some of the patterns up to a specific frequency threshold. Another aspect of real-world datasets is the fact that they are often partitioned for shared-nothing architectures, following business-specific parameters like location, fiscal year, or branch office. Users may also want to conduct mining operations spanning data from different partners, even if the local data from the respective partners cannot be integrated at a single location for data security reasons or due to their large volume. Almost every data mining solution is constrained by the need to hide complexity. As far as possible, the solution should offer a simple user interface that hides technical aspects like data distribution and data preparation. Given that BW Accelerator users have such simplicity and distribution requirements, we have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give unskilled users a tool to analyze their data easily, without the need for complex data preparation or consolidation. For example, Business Intelligence scenarios often partition large data volumes by fiscal year to enable efficient optimizations for the data used in actual workloads. For most mining queries, more than one data partition is of interest, and therefore, distribution handling that leaves the data unaffected is necessary. The algorithms presented in this paper have been developed to work with data stored in SAP BW. A salient feature of SAP BW Accelerator is that it is implemented as a distributed landscape that sits on top of a large number of shared-nothing blade servers. Its main task is to execute OLAP queries that require fast aggregation of many millions of rows of data. Therefore, the distribution of data over the dedicated storage is optimized for such workloads. Data mining scenarios use the same data from storage, but reporting takes precedence over data mining, and hence, the data cannot be redistributed without massive costs. Distribution by special data semantics or user-defined selections can produce many partitions and very different partition sizes. The handling of such real-world distributions for frequent-pattern mining is an important task, but it conflicts with the requirement of balanced partition.

La question de l’accès à l’eau potable se pose avec acuité pour les pays de la régionsubsaharienne où un individu sur trois n’a pas accès à une source d’eau améliorée.L’objectif de cette thèse vise à définir les conditions d’une gestion durable de l'eau pourla ville de Djibouti. Dans ce contexte, la question de l'approvisionnement en eau estenvisagée dans une perspective patrimoniale afin de tenir compte des particularités dela ressource en zone aride et des usages spécifiques qui lui sont associés dans unenvironnement marqué par la pauvreté. Un apport majeur de la thèse réside d'une partdans l’analyse du contenu d’une politique durable de l'eau à Djibouti en présenced’inadéquation entre l’offre et la demande de l’eau et, d'autre part, des implications decette politique en termes de tarification de la ressource selon les usages mais aussi enterme de répartition plus équitable de l'eau au sein de la population. La première partiede la thèse s’intéresse à l’étude de la disponibilité de cette ressource rare à travers sonmode de gestion ainsi qu’à sa mesure à l’aide d’indicateurs. Elle propose également uncadre d’analyse de la ressource en resituant les principaux concepts utiles à ladéfinition d’une gestion durable de l’eau. La seconde partie met l’accent sur l’analysedes déterminants de la demande en eau et des choix en matière d’approvisionnementpour Djibouti-ville. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur une étude économétrique réalisée àpartir d’enquêtes auprès d’un échantillon de 400 ménages. L’estimation d’un modèleprobit multivarié permet de considérer que le choix d’être raccordé à un branchement àdomicile dépend des caractéristiques socio-économiques du ménage. Cette thèseapporte des résultats originaux sur l’accès à l’eau des ménages et montre en particulierle rôle joué par des facteurs tels que le revenu, la taille de la famille ou le niveaud’éducation du chef de famille dans les choix opérés par les ménages. / The issue of access to drinking water is one which is of paramount importance for thecountries of the sub-Saharan region where one individual out of three does not haveaccess to a water source. The aim of this thesis is to determine the conditions ofsustainable water management for the city of Djibouti. In this context, the issue ofwater supply is considered from an asset perspective in order to take into considerationthe peculiarities of this resource in a dry zone and its uses in particular in anenvironment marked by poverty. The main contribution of this thesis lies not only inthe analysis of the content of a sustainable water policy in Djibouti at a time when isthere is discrepancy between supply and demand, but also with an examination of theimplications of such a policy in terms of the pricing of this resource based on both itslevel of use and on a more even distribution within the population. The first part of thisthesis deals with an analysis of the access to this scarce resource according to how it ismanaged and measured with the help of indicators. A framework is then developedwith the help of some main concepts that are useful for defining a sustainablemanagement of water. The second part emphasizes the study of the determinants ofdemands in water and the choices in terms of the supply for Djibouti-city by using aneconometric study based on investigations into a sample of 400 households. Theassessment of multivariate probit model allows taking into account the connection of ahousehold to the service depends on its socio-economic markers. This thesis generatenew findings about household access to water supply and highlights the extent towhich such factor as income, the household size or the level of education of the head ofthe family influence the choices made by the household.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as principais transformações espaciais, no e do eixo de urbanização Rio de Janeiro (RJ) – Juiz de Fora (MG), que se con-figuraram como desenvolvimentos geográficos desiguais entre 1861 e 1980. Nossa questão central, por sua vez, é: Qual a natureza dessas transformações, o que as gera e impulsiona e o que elas geram e impulsionam ao longo do referido eixo? A fim de trabalharmos de modo a integrar espaço e tempo de maneira crítica, utiliza-remos o método materialista histórico e dialético e nos valeremos, principalmente da abordagem dos desenvolvimentos geográficos desiguais do capitalismo, ex-pressão espacial da teoria do desenvolvimento desigual e combinado. O eixo Rio de Janeiro – Juiz de Fora efetivamente se configurou com a inauguração da Estra-da União e Indústria, em 1861, entre esta cidade e Petrópolis (RJ). Os lucros com o comércio do café permitiram uma transferência indireta de capitais que impulsionou a industrialização das três cidades. Essa industrialização se processou em conjunto com a urbanização incipiente do eixo, caracterizada pelo início da dominação da vida agrária pela vida urbana e da imposição de novas lógicas e racionalidades. Em 1928, com a inauguração da Estrada Rio – Petrópolis, deu-se início a um novo momento da periodização adotada neste trabalho, no qual o rodoviarismo suplanta o modal ferroviário e ocorre expressiva concentração industrial no Rio de Janeiro e em Duque de Caxias (RJ) e industrialização periférica de Juiz de Fora e Petrópolis, além de expansão da malha urbana das quatro cidades e consolidação da urbanização do eixo. / [en] This piece of work aims to analyse the main spatial transformations, in and of the axis of urbanisation Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil) – Juiz de Fora (MG, Brazil), which were configured as uneven geographical developments between 1861 and 1980. Our central question, in turn, is: What is the nature of these spatial transformations, what does generate them and what do they generate along the mentioned axis? In order to work in a way to critically bring space and time together; we will use the dialectical and historical materialist method and, mainly, the approach of uneven geographical developments of capitalism, a spatial expression of the theory of uneven and combined development. The axis Rio de Janeiro – Juiz de Fora was effectively set with the opening of União e Indústria Road, in 1861, between this city and Petrópolis (RJ, Brazil). The profits with coffee market allowed an indirect shift of capital that gave boost to the industrialisation of the three cities. This industrialisation happened together with the incipient urbanisation of the axis, characterised by the beginning of the domination of agrarian by urban life and the imposition of new logics and rationalities. In 1928, with the opening of Rio – Petrópolis Road, a new moment of the periodisation here adopted began, in which the cars supersede the trains and in which occurs significant industrial concentration in Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias (RJ, Brazil) and a peripheral industrialisation of Juiz de Fora and Petrópolis, in addition to the expansion of the urban form in these four cities and to the consolidation of the ur-banisation of the axis.

De nos jours, dans plusieurs domaines, tels que la bio-informatique ou le multimédia, les données peuvent être représentées par plusieurs ensembles d'attributs, appelés des vues. Pour une tâche de classification donnée, nous distinguons deux types de vues : les vues fortes sont celles adaptées à la tâche, les vues faibles sont adaptées à une (petite) partie de la tâche ; en classification multi-classes, chaque vue peut s'avérer forte pour reconnaître une classe, et faible pour reconnaître d’autres classes : une telle vue est dite déséquilibrée. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre de l'apprentissage supervisé et ont pour but de traiter les questions d'apprentissage multi-vue dans le cas des vues fortes, faibles et déséquilibrées. La première contribution de cette thèse est un algorithme d'apprentissage multi-vues théoriquement fondé sur le cadre de boosting multi-classes utilisé par AdaBoost.MM. La seconde partie de cette thèse concerne la mise en place d'un cadre général pour les méthodes d'apprentissage de classes déséquilibrées (certaines classes sont plus représentées que les autres). Dans la troisième partie, nous traitons le problème des vues déséquilibrées en combinant notre approche des classes déséquilibrées et la coopération entre les vues mise en place pour appréhender la classification multi-vues. Afin de tester les méthodes sur des données réelles, nous nous intéressons au problème de classification d'appels téléphoniques, qui a fait l'objet du projet ANR DECODA. Ainsi chaque partie traite différentes facettes du problème. / Nowadays, in many fields, such as bioinformatics or multimedia, data may be described using different sets of features, also called views. For a given classification task, we distinguish two types of views:strong views, which are suited for the task, and weak views suited for a (small) part of the task; in multi-class learning, a view can be strong with respect to some (few) classes and weak for the rest of the classes: these are imbalanced views. The works presented in this thesis fall in the supervised learning setting and their aim is to address the problem of multi-view learning under strong, weak and imbalanced views, regrouped under the notion of uneven views. The first contribution of this thesis is a multi-view learning algorithm based on the same framework as AdaBoost.MM. The second part of this thesis proposes a unifying framework for imbalanced classes supervised methods (some of the classes are more represented than others). In the third part of this thesis, we tackle the uneven views problem through the combination of the imbalanced classes framework and the between-views cooperation used to take advantage of the multiple views. In order to test the proposed methods on real-world data, we consider the task of phone calls classifications, which constitutes the subject of the ANR DECODA project. Each part of this thesis deals with different aspects of the problem.