The present study abstract wealth is concentrated around relative questions to the production of territories of the abstract work/wealth, having as crucial mechanism to materialize them the different geographic development and agreement, that provides structuring space arrangements of the extended reproduction of the capital, of the contratrend to the fall in the tax of the profit and magnifying of the surplus value. As initial reflection an analysis of the paper of the State in the reproduction of the system of the capital and in the development of propeller mechanisms of the space arrangements was developed, that foment possible trends to the exploration of the workmanship hand, when uncurling of the capitalist production and the guarantee of the circulation and consumption. The action of the State is basic for the maintenance and the guarantee of the productive reorganization of the capital that since the decade of seventy comes becoming the work more superfluous, thus creating a contingent of precarious human beings. Accenting the dehumanizing character of the capital the State contains from its institutional-coercive apparatus the conflicts of classroom that if they accent, in the mat of a society increasingly bellicose. Inside of this context capitalism and development if it keeps accenting the levels of exploration of the hand of workmanship in the world scale, searching to provide conditions so that the capitalists reach profits above of the average tax: the superprofits. To reach such intentions the capital in its movement of globalization searchs to use to advantage itself of the dynamics to scale of the different geographic development, creating and if appropriating of conditions that less allow to its future domain on the force of work or the kidnapping it of asset of the favored populations, through the financial capital and of the scheduled crises to promote accumulation by dispossession and the maintenance distorted for bubbles of the profit tax. However the production of the different geographic development, being essential mechanism for the maintenance of the sociometabolism of the capital, does not leave of globalize the inherent contradictions to the production of merchandises, merchandises now desubstantialized, that in the bulge of this development wealth produces abstract and the territory conforms that it. All the geography of the end in itself of the system of the capital is produced objectifying the capture of everything what it exists to convert into value of exchange. The geographic face of the system of the capital is to universalization the value of exchange tendency, not meaning that the existence of the spaces of use in counterpoint to the exchange spaces cannot exist.. / O presente estudo concentra-se em torno de questões relativas à produção de territórios do trabalho/riqueza abstrata(o), tendo como mecanismo crucial para concretizá-los o desenvolvimento geográfico desigual e combinado, que proporciona arranjos espaciais estruturantes da reprodução ampliada do capital, da contratendência à queda na taxa do lucro e de ampliação da mais-valia. Como reflexão inicial foi desenvolvida uma análise do papel do Estado na reprodução do sistema do capital e no desenvolvimento de mecanismos propulsores dos arranjos espaciais, que fomentam possíveis tendências à exploração da mão de obra, ao desenrolar da produção capitalista e a garantia da circulação e consumo. A ação do Estado é fundamental para a manutenção e a garantia da reestruturação produtiva do capital que desde a década de setenta vem tornando o trabalho cada vez mais supérfluo, criando assim um contingente de seres humanos precarizados. Acentuando o caráter desumanizador do capital o Estado contém a partir de seu aparato institucional-coercivo os conflitos de classe que se acentuam, na esteira se uma sociedade cada vez mais belicosa. Dentro desse contexto capitalismo e desenvolvimento se mantém acentuando os níveis de exploração da mão de obra na escala mundo, buscando proporcionar condições para que os capitalistas alcancem lucros acima da taxa média: os superlucros. Para alcançar tais propósitos o capital no seu movimento de mundialização busca aproveitar-se da dinâmica escalar do desenvolvimento geográfico desigual, criando e se apropriando de condições que a permitam o seu domínio futuro sobre a força de trabalho ou o seqüestro de ativos das populações menos favorecidas, através do capital financeiro e das crises orquestradas para promover acumulação por despossessão e a manutenção distorcida por bolhas da taxa de lucro. Todavia a produção do desenvolvimento geográfico desigual, sendo mecanismo vital para a manutenção do sociometabolismo do capital, não deixa de mundializar as contradições inerentes à produção de mercadorias, agora mercadorias dessubstancializadas, que no bojo desse desenvolvimento produz riqueza abstrata e o território que o conforma. Toda a geografia do fim em si do sistema do capital é produzida objetivando a captura de tudo o que existe para converter em valor de troca. A face geográfica do sistema do capital é universalizar tendencialmente o valor de troca, não significando que a existência dos espaços de uso em contraponto aos espaços de troca não possam existir.

The master thesis is focused on analysis of specific cross-flow in-line tube bundle heat exchanger which deals with significant operational problems. Thermal, hydraulic and vibration calculation analysis of selected parts of the heat exchanger is performed based on CFD flow distribution results. Calculation is performed by using Maple software. Thermal and hydraulic calculations are compared with results obtained by commercial software HTRI.

Die folgende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Alltagstauglichkeit moderner Massendatenverarbeitung, insbesondere mit dem Problem der Assoziationsregelanalyse. Vorhandene Datenmengen wachsen stark an, aber deren Auswertung ist für ungeübte Anwender schwierig. Daher verzichten Unternehmen auf Informationen, welche prinzipiell vorhanden sind. Assoziationsregeln zeigen in diesen Daten Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Elementen eines Datenbestandes, beispielsweise zwischen verkauften Produkten. Diese Regeln können mit Interessantheitsmaßen versehen werden, welche dem Anwender das Erkennen wichtiger Zusammenhänge ermöglichen. Es werden Ansätze gezeigt, dem Nutzer die Auswertung der Daten zu erleichtern. Das betrifft sowohl die robuste Arbeitsweise der Verfahren als auch die einfache Auswertung der Regeln. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen passen sich dabei an die zu verarbeitenden Daten an, was sie von anderen Verfahren unterscheidet. Assoziationsregelsuchen benötigen die Extraktion häufiger Kombinationen (EHK). Hierfür werden Möglichkeiten gezeigt, Lösungsansätze auf die Eigenschaften moderne System anzupassen. Als Ansatz werden Verfahren zur Berechnung der häufigsten $N$ Kombinationen erläutert, welche anders als bekannte Ansätze leicht konfigurierbar sind. Moderne Systeme rechnen zudem oft verteilt. Diese Rechnerverbünde können große Datenmengen parallel verarbeiten, benötigen jedoch die Vereinigung lokaler Ergebnisse. Für verteilte Top-N-EHK auf realistischen Partitionierungen werden hierfür Ansätze mit verschiedenen Eigenschaften präsentiert. Aus den häufigen Kombinationen werden Assoziationsregeln gebildet, deren Aufbereitung ebenfalls einfach durchführbar sein soll. In der Literatur wurden viele Maße vorgestellt. Je nach den Anforderungen entsprechen sie je einer subjektiven Bewertung, allerdings nicht zwingend der des Anwenders. Hierfür wird untersucht, wie mehrere Interessantheitsmaßen zu einem globalen Maß vereinigt werden können. Dies findet Regeln, welche mehrfach wichtig erschienen. Der Nutzer kann mit den Vorschlägen sein Suchziel eingrenzen. Ein zweiter Ansatz gruppiert Regeln. Dies erfolgt über die Häufigkeiten der Regelelemente, welche die Grundlage von Interessantheitsmaßen bilden. Die Regeln einer solchen Gruppe sind daher bezüglich vieler Interessantheitsmaßen ähnlich und können gemeinsam ausgewertet werden. Dies reduziert den manuellen Aufwand des Nutzers. Diese Arbeit zeigt Möglichkeiten, Assoziationsregelsuchen auf einen breiten Benutzerkreis zu erweitern und neue Anwender zu erreichen. Die Assoziationsregelsuche wird dabei derart vereinfacht, dass sie statt als Spezialanwendung als leicht nutzbares Werkzeug zur Datenanalyse verwendet werden kann. / The importance of data mining is widely acknowledged today. Mining for association rules and frequent patterns is a central activity in data mining. Three main strategies are available for such mining: APRIORI , FP-tree-based approaches like FP-GROWTH, and algorithms based on vertical data structures and depth-first mining strategies like ECLAT and CHARM. Unfortunately, most of these algorithms are only moderately suitable for many “real-world” scenarios because their usability and the special characteristics of the data are two aspects of practical association rule mining that require further work. All mining strategies for frequent patterns use a parameter called minimum support to define a minimum occurrence frequency for searched patterns. This parameter cuts down the number of patterns searched to improve the relevance of the results. In complex business scenarios, it can be difficult and expensive to define a suitable value for the minimum support because it depends strongly on the particular datasets. Users are often unable to set this parameter for unknown datasets, and unsuitable minimum-support values can extract millions of frequent patterns and generate enormous runtimes. For this reason, it is not feasible to permit ad-hoc data mining by unskilled users. Such users do not have the knowledge and time to define suitable parameters by trial-and-error procedures. Discussions with users of SAP software have revealed great interest in the results of association-rule mining techniques, but most of these users are unable or unwilling to set very technical parameters. Given such user constraints, several studies have addressed the problem of replacing the minimum-support parameter with more intuitive top-n strategies. We have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give untrained SAP users a tool to analyze their data easily without the need for elaborate data preparation and parameter determination. Previously implemented approaches of distributed frequent-pattern mining were expensive and time-consuming tasks for specialists. In contrast, we propose a method to accelerate and simplify the mining process by using top-n strategies and relaxing some requirements on the results, such as completeness. Unlike such data approximation techniques as sampling, our algorithm always returns exact frequency counts. The only drawback is that the result set may fail to include some of the patterns up to a specific frequency threshold. Another aspect of real-world datasets is the fact that they are often partitioned for shared-nothing architectures, following business-specific parameters like location, fiscal year, or branch office. Users may also want to conduct mining operations spanning data from different partners, even if the local data from the respective partners cannot be integrated at a single location for data security reasons or due to their large volume. Almost every data mining solution is constrained by the need to hide complexity. As far as possible, the solution should offer a simple user interface that hides technical aspects like data distribution and data preparation. Given that BW Accelerator users have such simplicity and distribution requirements, we have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give unskilled users a tool to analyze their data easily, without the need for complex data preparation or consolidation. For example, Business Intelligence scenarios often partition large data volumes by fiscal year to enable efficient optimizations for the data used in actual workloads. For most mining queries, more than one data partition is of interest, and therefore, distribution handling that leaves the data unaffected is necessary. The algorithms presented in this paper have been developed to work with data stored in SAP BW. A salient feature of SAP BW Accelerator is that it is implemented as a distributed landscape that sits on top of a large number of shared-nothing blade servers. Its main task is to execute OLAP queries that require fast aggregation of many millions of rows of data. Therefore, the distribution of data over the dedicated storage is optimized for such workloads. Data mining scenarios use the same data from storage, but reporting takes precedence over data mining, and hence, the data cannot be redistributed without massive costs. Distribution by special data semantics or user-defined selections can produce many partitions and very different partition sizes. The handling of such real-world distributions for frequent-pattern mining is an important task, but it conflicts with the requirement of balanced partition.

La perspective écologique qui s’est développée en criminologie adopte une notion implicite de la spatialité qui réduit l’environnement à un simple site géographique et exclut les rapports de pouvoir, les dynamiques sociales et culturelles ainsi que les valeurs qui y sont véhiculées. La présente étude interroge donc l’importance de l’espace géographique en criminologie. Elle se penche particulièrement sur le rôle de l’espace dans la (re)production et la régulation d’illégalismes et de déviance ludique ainsi que sur la production du savoir par le biais du concept de liminalité compris comme un espace-temps symbolique. Pour exposer le concept de liminalité, la thèse repose sur une ethnographie de 5 mois et demi réalisée dans deux villes balnéaires du Costa Rica. Elle montre comment les pratiques néolibérales de l’industrie touristique créent un espace liminaire qui répond aux quêtes d’exotisme, mais surtout de sens et d’authenticité recherchées par les touristes qui souhaitent rompre avec leur vie quotidienne. Alors qu’un pan de la littérature scientifique considère la liminalité comme un espace où les normes quotidiennes sont suspendues, cette thèse suggère que les touristes adhèrent aux normes présentes dans cet espace, soit à celles qui reposent spécifiquement sur la consommation d’un hédonisme agressif. Cela les mène à une consommation d’alcool et de drogues ainsi qu’à une sexualité dites hors de l’ordinaire. S’inscrivant dans une approche interdisciplinaire, cette étude emprunte, dans un premier temps, la notion d’espace à la géographie culturelle. Cette conception de l’espace qui comprend une dialectique idéaliste-matérialiste permet d’adopter une perspective analytique de développement inégal. Celle-ci permet de comprendre non seulement pourquoi certains endroits, lieux, régions et pays sont connus pour être des espaces dits liminaires, mais également en quoi les pratiques d’une économie capitaliste poussent ceux-ci à miser sur une image de liminalité pour (sur)vivre dans l’économie de marché. Inspirée dans un deuxième temps par l’anthropologie sociale, la thèse considère l’expérience touristique comme un rite de passage et propose que les touristes soient soumis.es à un dispositif symbolique qui les mène à performer in situ une identité de touriste. Cette performance, concrétisée par la consommation de transgressions, a pour conséquence de (re)produire l’espace liminaire. La thèse montre également que ce dispositif symbolique est un mécanisme de régulation non seulement des conduites, mais aussi des corps. Enfin, la thèse indique que le terrain de recherche est également une liminalité pour les chercheur.ses qui les affecte ainsi que le savoir produit. / Within the field of criminology, the ecological perspective argues for an implicit notion of spatiality, one which reduces the physical environment to nothing more than a basic geographical site, thereby excluding the power relationships, as well as the social and cultural dynamics, or values- and meaning-based dynamics, conveyed therein. As such, this study investigates the importance of geographical space in criminology. By employing the concept of liminality, defined as a symbolic space-time, this thesis also specifically studies the role space plays in the (re)production of both illegalisms and playful deviance, their respective regulation, as well as in the production of knowledge. In order to shed light on the liminality concept, this thesis draws on a five-and-a-half-month-long ethnography, carried out in two Costa Rican beach towns. It also illustrates how the tourism industry’s neoliberal practices produce a liminal space that caters to quests for the exoticism, and especially the hedonism and authenticity, sought by tourists seeking to escape the confines of their everyday lives. While a segment of the scientific literature views liminality as a space where everyday norms are suspended, this thesis instead suggests that tourists adhere to norms already present in such spaces, ones specifically based on an aggressive form of hedonism, which in turn result in “out of the ordinary” alcohol and drug consumption, as well as sexuality, on the part of tourists. In adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this study initially employs cultural geography’s notion of space. This conception of space, which employs an idealist-materialist dialectic, also allows for the adoption of an analytical perspective based on the concept of uneven development. It also makes it possible to understand not only why certain places, regions, and countries are recognized as being so-called liminal spaces, but also how the practices of a capitalist economy push them to rely on an image of liminality in order to survive and operate within the market economy. In additionally taking inspiration from social anthropology, this thesis views the touristic experience as a rite of passage, while also proposing that tourists are subjected to a symbolic device, which leads them to perform a site-specific tourist identity. This performance, given concrete form by the consumption of transgressions, results in the (re)production of the liminal space. The thesis also shows that this symbolic device is a regulating mechanism in regard to conducts, but additionally to bodies. Lastly, the thesis illustrates the ways in which the research field is also a liminality for researchers, one which affects them, as well as the knowledge produced therein.

Infrastructural projects to realize the energy transition are framed by governmentsfrom all around the world very positively. This is also the case for green hydrogen,which is considered as a silver bullet to solve multiple crises simultaneously. ThisMaster thesis explores the drivers behind the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy inthe global South and elaborates on socio-economic and ecological implications ofgreen hydrogen production projects to analyse the truthfulness of the positivenarratives of the benefits of green hydrogen. To accomplish this, an internationalgreen hydrogen project led by the German-British company Hyphen and planned tobe established in Namibia, was used as an emblematic case study. Following the framework of the socioecological fix, the findings strongly indicatethat green hydrogen does not significantly contribute in solving the climate crisis andsocial problems. Contrarily, strongly influenced by domestic and internationalpolitics, the project in Namibia seems to primarily fix the crisis of capitalism, which isthe overaccumulation of capital that requires new ways of circulation to makecapitalism renew itself. By commodifying and integrating natural resources in globalvalue chains, the Namibian society is disadvantaged, and few actors, primarily fromabroad, profit. Similarly, the finance approach of the project pushes Namibia intopotential financial dependencies. Besides that, the legacy from German colonialismand South African occupation before liberation is manifested in where and how theinfrastructure of hydrogen production is envisioned and planned. There is a risk thatthe hegemonies of elite social classes sustain their position and that social inequalitiesmight be reinforced through a project heralded as benefitting the whole nation. By assessing the political ecology of green hydrogen, I contribute to a critical researchagenda, that considers global inequalities, colonial histories, and ideologies. This willhopefully help to build a foundation for a truly decolonial and just energy transition,all around the world. / Infrastrukturprojekt som bidrar till realiseringen av energiomställningen har fått enöverlag mycket positiv inramning av regeringar i världen. Detta gäller i synnerhetgrön vätgas vilket betraktas som en lösning till flertalet olika kriser. I denna master-uppsats undersöks drivkrafterna bakom den massiva ökningen av vätgas-ekonomin iden globala södern, samt de socioekonomiska och ekologiska konsekvenserna avprojekt som behandlar produktionen av grön vätgas. Vidare utvärderas huruvidaden positiva inramningen beskriver sanningen av dessa vätgasprojekt korrekt. Föratt uppnå detta användes ett grönt vätgasprojekt som leds av det tysk-brittiskakonsortiet Hyphen, och som planeras att etableras i Namibia, som en emblematiskfallstudie. Enligt ramverket socioekologisk fix som kommer från politisk ekologi,tyder resultaten starkt på att vätgas inte bidrar väsentligt till att lösa klimat-krisen ejheller sociala problem i den globala södern. Tvärtom, starkt påverkad av inhemskoch internationell politik, så verkar bidra till att lösa kapitalismens kristendens, vilketär överackumulering av kapital som kräver nya sätt för att cirkuleras så att kapital-ismen kan förnya sig själv. Genom att göra naturresurser till handelsvaror och integr-era dem i globala värdekedjor så riskerar det det namibiska samhället attmissgynnas, medan ett fåtal internationella aktörer tjänar på det. På samma sätt lederprojektets finansierings-strategi till att Namibia hamnar i ett potentiellt finansielltberoende. Dessutom syns arvet från tysk kolonialism och den sydafrikanskaapartheidregimens ockupation i och hur infrastrukturen för produktion av vätgasplaneras. På så sätt kan hegemoniska strukturer som vidmakthåller sociala eliter ochdärmed sociala ojämlikheter förstärkas genom ett projekt som sägs gynna helanationen. Genom att utvärdera den gröna vätgasens politiska ekologi bidrar jag tillen kritisk forskningsagenda som tar hänsyn till globala ojämlikheter, kolonialahistorier och olika ideologier. Detta kommer förhoppningsvis också att bidra till attrealisar en avkolonisering och rättvis energiomställning över hela världen.

The main objective of the thesies is to compare a frontal teaching method and teaching by simulation. Two comparable groups of students were taught the same topic by the two methods. The topic was focused on an uneven world development. Following assumptions were set. Simulation is a more attractive teaching form, therefore it can help to raise the motivation of students. Frontal method is capable of transmitting more information. Simulation, however, can have bigger impact on students' values. The impact of simulation has a long-term impact in comparison to frontal teaching. These assumptions were confirmed by qualitative and quantitative methods.

This thesis deals with the issue of barriers to participation in adult education. Survey, which investigates the strategies used for overcoming the barriers to participation in adult education by parents on parental leave, has been prepared on the basis of the contemporary theoretical knowledge on barriers to participation in adult education and inequalities in participation in adult education. Parents on parental leave are one of the groups with uneven access to adult education and they are deterred from participation in education because of situational barriers. Research participants (n = 6, M = 34.5) participated in semi-structured interview, which consists of seven topics related to the respondent's personal history, his academic and professional career and the circumstances of his life. Based on the data, the conditions and mechanisms that help to overcome group-specific barriers to participation in adult education were identified. On the basis of the common elements of respondents' answers the economically oriented strategy for overcoming barriers and the alternative strategy for overcoming barriers were defined. Key words: adult education, continuing education, lifelong learning, lifelong education, barriers to participation in adult education, deterrents to participation in adult education,...

En matière d’aide au développement le droit est aussi inventif que fertile : droits économiques et sociaux, droits de l’homme, développement humain durable, etc. ; autant de matières mises en balance avec le droit du marché, de la concurrence sous couvert d’un intérêt économique général. La première option de cette étude est d’envisager les mécanismes juridiques propres à l’aide au développement à travers ces deux finalités à première vue antinomiques : l’efficience économique et le développement humain. La seconde est de délimiter le champ de recherche à la matière conventionnelle afin d’apprécier le seul processus partenarial qui, du point de vue de la coopération internationale, n’a pas livré tout son potentiel. L’intérêt de ce modèle de coopération internationale fondé sur le « Partenariat » n’est encore que secondaire comparé à la nature des parties (publique et privée) qui s’obligent, la nature des droits (politiques, économiques et sociaux) qu’il se propose de concilier, et enfin, les obligations à la fois de rentabilité et d’humanisme (le marché du développement humain) qu’il impose aux partenaires. Ainsi, la finalité de cette recherche est, certes, d’interroger les effets juridiques de tels partenariats, mais également de considérer le contrat de marchés publics d’aide au développement comme, potentiellement, porteur d’une nouvelle formule de coopération visant à résorber les inégalités de développement entre États. / As regards development aid the law is as creative as fertile : economic and social rights, human rights, sustainable development, etc. ; so many matters put in balance with the market law, the competition on behalf of a general economic interest. The first option of this study is to consider the legal mechanisms peculiar to the development aid through these two ends, at first sight paradoxical/antinomical : the economic efficiency and the human development. The second is to bound the field of research to the conventional material in order to appreciate the only process partnership which, from the international cooperation point of view, has not delivered yet all his potential. The interest of this international cooperation pattern based on the ”Partnership” remains still secondary, compared with the nature of the parties (public and private) which bind themselves, the nature of the rights (political, economical and social) that it sets out to conciliate, and finally, the bonds of profitability as well as humanism (the market of human development) it imposes upon its partners. Thus, the purpose of this research is indeed, to question the legal effects of such partnerships, but also, to regard the contract of public procurements of Development Aid, as potentially a growth market of an new model cooperation to be used for resorb inequalities of development between states.

This thesis examines the proposed Österskans development in Halmstad, Sweden from the approach of critical urbanism. With a steady increase of population growth for the past decades and despite the income level of the municipality's population being above the national average - the socio-economic segregation in Halmstad is prevalent. The planned development of the Österskans area, a former node of public transport located in the city centre, would see the space refitted to house a large-scale skyscraper complex containing a hotel, an urban market, a restaurant and a rooftop bar. The development and imposed semi-privatisation of the current public place have sparked debate, and a referendum on the matter will take place at the time of the national elections in september of 2022. This study employs the method of critical discourse analysis to investigate how aspects of convivial urbanism embeds the discourse on public space in Halmstad, how the development of public places can be understood through the discourse on shared spatial qualities in the case of Österskans and what implications such qualities could have on segregation. The theoretical framework consists of theory of space and place, critical urban theory on the right to the city, uneven geographical development, the human body as accumulation strategy as well as theory on conviviality. By the examination of 13 texts as qualitatively selected representatives of the discourse, the analysis centered around on how narratives, intertextual relations and structures can be understood. In the analysis, matters of how the narratives on conviviality is positioned, how social sustainability is addressed and avoided, assumptions of who constitutes the public, market value and attractiveness, the portrayal of diversity and inclusion versus the reality of it, the feasibility of achieving togetherness and the potential harmful implications of the development are all discussed. The study concludes that while claims of conviviality clearly do feature, the narratives of the discourse overlooks crucial factors of social sustainability and leaves blind spots of how to tangibly achieve inclusivity - along with the understanding of the inside experience of the consumer being prioritized and that it could negatively impact segregation by imposing an even further further socio-spatial divide.