In this thesis, an evolutionary system for searching quantum operators in the form of unitary matrices is implemented. The aim is to propose several representations of candidate solutions and settings of the evolutionary algorithm. Two evolutionary algorithms were applied: the genetic algorithm and evolutionary strategy. Furthermore, a method of generating a unitary matrix is presented which is used for the first time for this task. This method is in some aspects better than the previous ones. Finally, a comparison of all used techniques is shown in experiments.

In the thesis we acquaint ourselves with the terms from ergodic theory and re- presentation theory of topological groups. We pay attention particularly to terms unitary representation, realizability by an action, dual group, unitary equivalence and Kazhdan's property (T). We achieve a result regarding unitary representati- ons realizable by an action on finite abelian groups according to article [5] and show that it is possible to generalize it to all finite groups at the end of the thesis according to article [6]. A large part of the text subsequently deals with proper- ties of unitary representations and their relations. We connect the terms compact topological group and Kazhdan's property (T).

Vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform var frågan som ställdes inför detta examensarbete. Bostadsmarknaden är en komplex marknad då särdragen med just bostadsmarknaden inte finns inom någon annan marknad. Ett exempel är att en bostad inte lätt kan ersättas mot någon likvärdig bostad. På den svenska bostadsmarknaden finns det fyra upplåtelseformer som är vanliga när det gäller lägenheter. Dessa är bostadsrätter, hyresrätter, kooperativa hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter. Denna undersökning bygger på att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform ur ett lägenhetsperspektiv. Faktorerna som har undersökts är vilka olika ekonomiska och juridiska omständigheter som kan påverka valet. Studien avgränsas till lägenheter och till statistisk inom Gävleborgs län. En kvalitativ metod har använts, där intervjuerna har genomförts per telefon och genom fysiska möten. De som har intervjuats har varit olika aktörer inom bostadsmarknaden såsom byggherrar och mäklare. Intervjuerna användes för att ta reda på aktörernas syn på bostadsmarknaden och dess olika upplåtelseformer. Statistik har även tagits fram för att kunna undersöka utbudet av de olika upplåtelseformerna inom Gävleborgs län. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån resultatet om vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform är att ägarlägenheter väljs i första hand då det är ett direkt ägande, vilket leder till en friare boendeform. Ägarlägenheter väljs även för att det är ett självständigt boende då ägaren inte är bunden till en förening eller liknande. Andra faktorer som påverkar att ägarlägenheter väljs är också att det anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Utbudet av ägarlägenheter är dock litet. Bostadsrätters faktorer är att det är ett fritt ägande. Bostadsrättsföreningen är förvaltningsskyldig, vilket medför att föreningen sköter de stora ingreppen, till exempel fönster- och dörrbyten. Bostadsrätter kan också anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Det finns ett relativt stort utbud av bostadsrätter. Kooperativa hyresrätters faktorer är liknade hyresrätternas, dock med en insats. Denna skiljer sig dock från bostadsrätters insats, då kapitalinsatsen här bara fungerar som pant och återbetalas vid en eventuell utflyttning. Hyresrätters faktorer är att de har en begränsad användning (renoveringsmöjligheter) och att hyresvärden förvaltar och underhåller lägenheten. Något startkapital behövs inte för att ”köpa” jämfört med övriga upplåtelseformer. / Which factors influence the choice of living is the question we asked ourselves before this paper. The housing market is a complex market, since the characteristics of said market are not found in others. An example being that a home is not easily replaced with another. Sweden has four different forms of tenure for apartments: condominiums with a unitary system, condominiums with a dualistic system, right of tenancy and cooperative tenancies. This paper is based on examining the factors that influence which form of tenure an individual might choose. The factors that has been investigated are defined as various economical or legal circumstances or the like that may influence said choice. The study is limited to only contain apartments and geographically limited to Gävleborg County, specifically statistically. A qualitative method was used with interviews that were conducted over telephone and in-person meetings. The interviewees have been various players active in the housing market, such as builders and real estate brokers. These were chosen to find out their views on the housing market and the different forms of tenure since they work with such matters on a daily basis. The conclusions that was drawn from the results is that: Condominiums with dualistic systems are chosen for the right of ownership, and the fact that it’s a more independent sort of living since the owner is not bound to a housing association. A factor that’s also been acknowledged is the possibility of the apartment being an investment. This form of tenure has a low supply. Condominiums with unitary systems are chosen because it’s a relatively free and independent sort of ownership, but still somewhat bound to a housing association which has to manage all the major interventions on the property. These can also be seen as an investment opportunity. This form of tenure has a high supply. Cooperative tenancies are very similar to rights of tenancy, however with the addition of a lump sum paid to the association on contract agreement of the apartment. Right of tenancy is chosen mostly for the fact that there isn’t a start-up capital to get one and it’s easy to move since there’s no transactions involved. Also, there’s the fact that their use is quite limited and the landlord is the one who has to manage and maintain both the apartment and property.

The interplay between spectrum and structure of graphs is the recurring theme of the three more or less independent chapters of this thesis. The first chapter provides a method to relate the eigensolutions of two matrices, one being the principal submatrix of the other, via an arbitrary annihilating polynomial. This is extended to lambda-matrices and to matrices the entries of which are rational functions in one variable. The extension may be interpreted as a possible generalization of other known techniques which aim at reducing the size of a matrix while preserving the spectral information. Several aspects of an application in order to reduce the computational costs of ordinary eigenvalue problems are discussed. The second chapter considers the straightforward extension of the well known concept of equitable partitions to weighted graphs, i.e. complex matrices. It provides a method to divide the eigenproblem into smaller parts corresponding to the front divisor and its complementary factor in an easy and stable way with complexity which is only quadratic in matrix size. The exploitation of several equitable partitions ordered by refinement is discussed and a suggestion is made that preserves hermiticity if present. Some generalizations of equitable partitions are considered and a basic procedure for finding an equitable partition of complex matrices is given. The third chapter deals with isospectral and unitary equivalent graphs. It introduces a construction for unitary equivalent graphs which contains the well known GM-switching as a special case. It also considers an algebra of graph matrices generated by the adjacency matrix that corresponds to the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer in a way that mimics the correspondence of the coherent closure and the 2-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer. The algebra contains the degree matrix, the (combinatorial, signless and normalized) Laplacian and the Seidel matrix. An easy construction produces graph pairs that are simultaneously unitary equivalent w.r.t. that algebra.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the use of virtual distant Reiki as a healing modality to influence the human environmental field patterning. Specific Aims: (1) To determine if it is feasible to recruit and retain participants (through expressions of human choice) to participate in a study comprised of two distant Reiki administrations on a virtual platform. (2) To investigate the preliminary influence of a distant Reiki intervention on pattern of the whole as manifested by participant response in stress and anxiety. (3) To explore the participant’s reflections on their virtual distant Reiki experience within the human environmental field pattern of their home environment as a healing space. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is grounded in Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings. Design: This study incorporates a feasibility, mixed method design. Data was collected through pre and post intervention individualized interviews and two tools (State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R)). Results: Described changed in pattern manifestation supported the need for home-based interventions during covid 19 pandemic. Quantitative response indicated a statistically significant reduction in perceived stress and anxiety (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The preliminary study findings support the feasibility of a distant Reiki and suggest that nurses, who are Reiki practitioners, may be influential in interacting with the human environmental field to promote change and foster healing.

No description available.

We focus on the Tensor Product Structure (TPS) of the Hilbert space and the fact that a choice in the TPS has an impact on the representation of the studied quantum system. We define the measurement problem in quantum mechanics and present some theories about quantum mechanics, each of them highlighting a different approach to quantum measurements. Then, a new approach to quantum measurement is presented by considering it as a change in the Tensor Product Structure of the Hilbert space associated with the description of a system. The system is made of a physical quantum system entangled with a measurement device. The description of the system changes to a new one where there is no entanglement anymore between the physical system and the measurement apparatus. The change in the TPS is performed using a global unitary transformation and more precisely by diagonalizing the density matrix of the system using unitary matrices. Four sets of matrices are obtained, each of them diagonalizing the density matrix in a different way for our toy model made of 2 qubits. Then, we want to recover Born’s rule directly from the diagonalizing matrices by measuring the size of their sets using Haar measure. We have not been able to conclude this program, but we outline what is expected to happen such that standard probabilities can be recovered.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the European patent with unitary effect and reviews effects of the approval of the unitary patent package for clarity, time demands and financial aspects of patent protection. The thesis also deals in detail with assessment of changes in the language question in connection with the regulation of translation or in the event of a dispute concerning a European patent with unitary effect. It further assess changes resulting from the ratification of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court and its impact on financial costs and time demands of patent litigation for the patent applicant. In the practical part the author conducts a party interested in unitary patent protection through the process, procedure for filing and communication with Industrial Property Office and the European Patent Office, from the filing of a application for a Unitary patent until the grant of a Unitary patent.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain the origins of centra 1 i sed unitary con st itut i ona l forms adopted at independence, with speci a 1 reference to the pre-independence period of colonial rule and the states of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Since the states of the world are either unitary or federal, an attempt is made to distinguish the unitary constitutional form from federation by contrasting both concepts. The three states under study are identified as centralised and unitary by referring to political, historical, legal, administrative and fiscal criteria. The theoretical and practical origins and explanations for the adoption of unitary constitutional forms in the European and African context are explained. First, the theoretical origins of monism, pluralism, dualism, absolutism and sovereignty and the thoughts of a number of classical theorists are discussed. Next the practical origins, the statements and perceptions by members of African nationalist elites supportive of unitary states in Africa in the colonial and early post-colonial period are referred to, in partial exp 1 anat ion for the adoption of this con st itut i ona 1 form. British constitutional practices and precedents are also discussed. Further, to explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in Africa, the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia come under discussion. A four stage conceptual scheme devised by Etzioni and modified for the purpose of this thesis is utilised to analyse and explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe (xii) and Namibia. A variety of factors both historical and contemporary, internal and external to these countries are identified and analysed. These factors include amongst others, early settlement patterns and confiicts, British colonial practices and precedents, the perceptions and ambitions of nationalist movements and elites, relationships with neighbouring states, the climate of opinion, and the requirements of nation-building and political stability. The thesis is concluded by comparing the experiences of the three countries and, setting out several inductive propositions determining under which conditions these states adopted centralised unitary constitutional forms in preference to decentralised ones, federation or partition. Finally, the thesis is concluded by referring in a Postscript to the postindependence constitutional reassessment in the three countries concerned, the constitutional reassessment process in Africa in general, literature references to this process, and the prospects for constitutional reform on the continent. / Political Science / D. Lit. et Phil. (Politics)

The Community Trade Mark in Comparison with the National Trade Mark - Focused on the Unitary Character of the Community Trade Mark and the Absolute Grounds of Refusal Abstract The Community Trade Mark system has existed since 1994 when the Community Trade Mark Regulation No. 40/94/EC was adopted. Even though the European system is younger than the national trade mark systems, one cannot say that it is a less successful system - particularly according to the number of registered Community Trademarks. The regulation of trademarks is very complex and for this reason I have decided to focus only on one part of the regulation, namely the unitary character, which represents a special characteristic of a Community Trade Mark - and further on the absolute grounds of refusal and their comparison in European and Czech trade mark law. The two systems for the registration of trademarks show considerable resemblance; however, one shall find differences, e.g. an integration of bad faith as one of the absolute grounds of refusal appearing only in the national system. The purpose of my thesis is to compare the two systems of trademarks - the Community level and the National level, and to provide readers with clear guidance regarding the general rules applicable within the registration. I will do this through an analysis...