Estudou-se nesta pesquisa o processo de lodos ativados para pós-tratamento do efluente proveniente de um reator anaeróbio compartimentado, que recebe esgoto sanitário. Isso se deu em vários ensaios em sistema descontínuo (\"batch\'\') para avaliar a biodegradabilidade dessa água residuária e em um ensaio em sistema contínuo com finalidade de melhorar a qualidade do efluente final e determinar os coeficientes cinéticos, os parâmetros a\' e b \', a taxa de utilização de oxigênio e o coeficiente &#945. Também realizaram-se ensaios hidrodinâmicos para verificação do tipo de reator utilizado. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se com base em uma célula de aeração, em escala de laboratório, composta por quatro câmaras (reatores) que possuíam tanque de aeração e decantador secundário justapostos, separados por uma cortina fixa. Não houve controle de temperatura nos dois sistemas utilizados. No ensaio em sistema contínuo quatro reatores foram operados simultaneamente com as respectivas idades do lodo de 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias durante 35 dias. O tempo de detenção hidráulico foi mantido próximo de 8 horas. Nesse ensaio os reatores quando se encontravam estabilizados dinamicamente, apresentaram remoção superior a 95% para DBO bruta, 90% para DBO filtrada, 87% para DQO bruta, 80% para DQO filtrada e 95% para SST. Mesmo não sendo realizado processo adicional para remoção de nutrientes, os reatores, após a estabilização dinâmica, apresentaram remoção de fosfato de até 28% e de nitrogênio amoniacal até níveis de não serem detectados pelos métodos de análises utilizados. Os ensaios hidrodinâmicos mostraram que os reatores são do tipo mistura completa. / In this work the activated sludge process for post-treatment of effluent anaerobic baffled reactor which receives sanitary sewage was studied. This was established during various experiments in batch system to evaluate the biodegradable of this wastewater and also in an experiment of continuous system aiming to improve the quality of the final effluent and to determine the kinetic coefficients, the a\' and b\' parameters, the oxygen uptake rate and the &#945 coefficient. Hydrodynamic tests to verify the type of reactor used in this research were also perfonned. The work was developed and based on an aeration cell bench-scale, composed of four chambers (reactors) which had an aeration tank and a secondary settling tank in the same chamber, separated by a fixed baffle. Temperature control was not used in both systems. In the experiment of continuous system, four reactors were simultaneously operated with sludge age of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days during 35 days. The hidraulic retention time was maintained at around 8 hours. When the reactors were dynamically stabilized, they showed an average removal superior to 95% for BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 90% for filtrated BOD, 87% for COD (chemical oxygen demand), 80% for filtrated COD and 95% for TSS (total suspended solids). Without additional process of nutrient removal, after the dynamic stabilization the reactors presented up to 28% of total phosphate removal and ammonia nitrogen up to levels of not being detected by the analyses methods used. The hydrodynamic tests showed that the reactors are of the complete-mix type.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T17:53:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardocoelhopertence.pdf: 1941969 bytes, checksum: f7f3753c2825d1dfd1c727018b9807ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:21:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardocoelhopertence.pdf: 1941969 bytes, checksum: f7f3753c2825d1dfd1c727018b9807ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardocoelhopertence.pdf: 1941969 bytes, checksum: f7f3753c2825d1dfd1c727018b9807ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos da aplicação contrapesos no VO2, FC e PE durante a pedalada unilateral. Participaram do estudo 11 ciclistas (31 ± 8 anos, 176 ± 8 cm, 70,6 ± 10,8 Kg, 22,7 ± 2,1 Kg.m2, e 64 ± 9 ml.kg-1.min-1). Os ciclistas compareceram ao laboratório em 7 dias diferentes. No primeiro dia, foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, a um teste de pedalada bilateral (PB) em carga constante nas potências de 60 e 100 W e cadências de 60, 75 e 90 rpm, seguido por um teste de PB incremental. Do segundo ao sétimo dia, foram realizados os testes de pedalada unilateral (PU) com o membro inferior dominante utilizando os contrapesos de 2,5 kg ou 5,0 kg ou sem contrapeso nas potências de 60 e 100 W. O VO2, FC e PE foram medidos em todos os testes de PB e PU. Os dados foram apresentados por média ± desvio padrão. Foi utilizada ANOVA para medidas repetidas e posteriormente a plotagem de Bland-Altman para verificar a concordância entre a PU e a PB. Na potência de 60 W, a PU pode ser executada sem a necessidade de aplicação de contrapesos. Na potência de 100 W, durante a PU, tanto o contrapeso de 2,5 quanto o de 5,0 Kg equipararam o VO2 com o da PB, independentemente da cadência utilizada. Para a frequência cardíaca e percepção do esforço, o uso de contrapesos na potência de 60 W mostrou-se efetivo em reproduzir a PB. Entretanto, na potência de 100 W, a aplicação de contrapesos tanto para a frequência cardíaca quanto para a percepção do esforço, não foi um método eficaz para tornar a PU similar a PB. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of applying counterweight on VO2, HR and RPE during single-leg cycling. The study included 11 cyclists (31 ± 8 years, 176 ± 8 cm, 70.6 ± 10.8 kg, BMI 22.7 ± 2.1 and 64 ± 9ml.kg-1.min-1). The experimental design was divided into 7 different days. On the first day, the volunteers were submitted to anthropometric evaluation, a double-leg test of cadences in powers of 60 and 100 W and cadences of 60, 75 and 90 rpm followed by a double-leg incremental test. From the second to the seventh day, were performed single-leg tests with dominant leg using the counterweight 2.5 kg or 5kg or noncounterweight and in the 60 W and 100 W powers. The VO2, HR and RPE values were measured in all tests. The data were presented by mean ± standard deviation. We used, ANOVA for repeated measures and subsequently the Bland-Altman plot to assess the agreement between single-leg and double-leg cycling. The PU60 was not different from PB60 from the point of view of oxygen uptake. At 100 W workload, both the counterweights 2.5 Kg and 5,0 Kg matched the oxygen uptake, enabling single-leg cycling to be performed with the same metabolic cost of double-leg cycling. However, at 100 W workload, the counterweight apparatus was not effective to make similar single-leg and double-leg cycling based on HR and RPE comparisons.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-29T12:23:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 maycondemourareboredo.pdf: 1544240 bytes, checksum: 68095903b11ee63d1c317e3afc57036d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-30T13:52:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maycondemourareboredo.pdf: 1544240 bytes, checksum: 68095903b11ee63d1c317e3afc57036d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T13:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maycondemourareboredo.pdf: 1544240 bytes, checksum: 68095903b11ee63d1c317e3afc57036d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introdução: A diminuição da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) nos pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) sob tratamento hemodialítico representa um fator de risco independente para a mortalidade cardíaca, especialmente a morte súbita. Estes pacientes também apresentam anormalidades hemodinâmicas e musculares que podem reduzir a tolerância ao exercício e lentificar a cinética do consumo de oxigênio ( O2). Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do exercício aeróbico, realizado durante as sessões de hemodiálise, na VFC, na função ventricular esquerda, na tolerância máxima ao exercício e na cinética do O2 em pacientes com DRC. Métodos: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes randomizados em dois grupos: exercício (n=12, 50,7 ± 10,7 anos, 5 homens) e controle (n=12, 42,2 ± 13 anos, 5 homens). Os pacientes do grupo exercício foram submetidos a três sessões semanais de exercício aeróbico, realizado nas duas horas iniciais da hemodiálise, durante 12 semanas. No período basal e após 12 semanas de estudo, todos os pacientes foram submetidos aos exames de Holter e de ecocardiograma, a um teste de exercício cardiorrespiratório máximo e dois com carga constante utilizando protocolos de exercício moderado e intenso. Para comparação dos valores basais e finais em cada grupo foram realizados o teste t de Student pareado ou o teste de Wilcoxon. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student não pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney (p <0,05). Resultados: Após 12 semanas de exercício aeróbico, não foi observada diferença significante na fração de ejeção e nos parâmetros da VFC nos domínios do tempo e da frequência. Por outro lado, o O2pico (25,8 ± 5,5 ml/Kg/min-1 vs. 29 ± 7 ml/Kg/min-1) e o TLIM [232 (59s) vs. 445 (451s)] aumentaram significativamente nos pacientes do grupo exercício. As repostas da cinética do O2 foram mais rápidas na transição on nos protocolos de exercício moderado (τ diminui de 62,5 ± 19,6s para 45 ± 12,6s, p <0,05) e intenso (τ diminui de 52,9 ± 17,4s para 40,4 ± 13,8s, p <0,05) após o período de treinamento. Respostas semelhantes foram observadas na transição off em ambos os protocolos. Conclusões: O exercício aeróbico realizado durante as sessões de hemodiálise proporcionou aumento da tolerância máxima ao exercício e resposta mais rápida da cinética do O2, apesar de não modificar a VFC e não promover melhora na função ventricular esquerda em pacientes renais crônicos / Introduction: Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis is predictive of cardiac death, especially due to sudden death. These patients have several hemodynamic and peripheral muscle abnormalities which could decrease exercise tolerance and slow the kinetics of oxygen uptake ( O2). Objectives: To evaluate the effects of aerobic training performed during hemodialysis on HRV, left ventricular function, maximal aerobic capacity and O2 kinetics in ESRD patients. Methods: Twenty four patients were randomized into two groups: exercise (n=12, 50.7 ± 10.7 years, 5 men) and control (n=12, 42.2 ± 13 years, 5 men). Patients assigned to the exercise group were submitted to exercise training during hemodialysis, three times weekly, for 12 weeks. At the baseline and after 12 weeks of study, all the participants were submitted to a 24 hours Holter monitoring, an echocardiography, an incremental and two constant work exercises tests (moderate and heavy intensity). Paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test were used to assess the change between baseline and the end of the 12 weeks of study. Comparisons between groups were done by unpaired Student's ttest or Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05). Results: After 12 weeks of protocol, no significant differences were observed in ejection fraction and in time and frequency domains measures of HRV. On the other hand, the O2peak (25.8 ± 5.5 ml/Kg/min-1 vs. 29 ± 7 ml/Kg/min-1) and TLIM [232 (59s) vs. 445 (451s)] increased significantly in the exercise group. Training significantly accelerated on-exercise O2 kinetics at both moderate (τ decreased from 62.5 ± 19.6s to 45 ± 12.6s) and heavy (τ decreased from 52.9 ± 17.4s to 40.4 ± 13.8s) exercise intensity domains. Similar beneficial findings of training were observed at the off-exercise O2 kinetics at both exercise intensity domains. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise training performed during hemodialysis sessions increased exercise tolerance and accelerated O2 kinetics, despite no changes in HRV and left ventricular function in ESRD patients.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-11T12:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianodasilvabrum.pdf: 18446282 bytes, checksum: 7310bb73832b9312a18b83babb7d931d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-11T13:00:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianodasilvabrum.pdf: 18446282 bytes, checksum: 7310bb73832b9312a18b83babb7d931d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T13:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianodasilvabrum.pdf: 18446282 bytes, checksum: 7310bb73832b9312a18b83babb7d931d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-23 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / INTRODUÇÃO. Os sintomas do trato urinário inferior (LUTS) têm alta prevalência, ocorrendo em 50 % dos homens com mais de 50 anos e em 90% após 80 anos e está associado à hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) em 50% das vezes. LUTS e HPB têm sido associados mais recentemente à síndrome metabólica, a fatores de risco cardiovascular e ao baixo nível de atividade física, porém estas associações são complexas e nãe estão bem esclarecidas. A atividade física para ser adequada deve gerar melhora da aptidão cardiorrespiratória, sendo esta avaliada pelo volume máximo de oxigênio (Vo2max). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a associação do LUTS com Vo2max, flexibilidade, o nível de atividade física e variáveis antropométricas em homens com 50 a 59 anos. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle no qual o LUTS foi considerado como o desfecho e o Vo2max, a flexibilidade, o nível de atividade física e variáveis antropométricas como a exposição. Foram avaliados 100 homens com idade entre 50 e 59 anos provenientes do ambulatório de especialidades clínicas do Hospital Universitário (HU-CAS) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, sendo alocados 49 pacientes no grupo caso (com LUTS) e 51 no grupo controle (sem LUTS). Os pacientes passaram pelo seguinte protocolo experimental: anamnese, avaliação do nível de atividade física pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) em sua versão curta, avaliação do LUTS pelo Questionário Internacional de Sintomas Prostáticos (IPSS), avaliação antropométrica com a medida do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ) e circunferência abdominal. Para a avaliação do Vo2max foi realizado o Polar Fitness Test e para avaliar a flexibilidade foi utilizado o teste de Sentar e Alcançar. RESULTADOS: na análise bi-variada foi identificada associação estatisticamente significativa do LUTS com o nível de atividade física (OR = 0,37, IC95% = 0,16 a 0,84, p= 0,02); com o Vo2max (OR = 0,206, IC95% = 0,086 a 0,495, p<0,001) e com a flexibilidade (OR = 0,309, IC95% = 0,130 a 0,337, p= 0,01). Porém, o modelo multivariado adotado indicou que controlando o efeito da flexibilidade e do nível de atividade física, o Vo2max foi a única variável associada de forma estatisticamente significativa com o LUTS, com Odds ratio ajustada de 0,30 ( IC95% = 0,105 a 0,875, p= 0,027). CONCLUSÃO: Homens com idade entre 50 a 59 anos com Vo2max adequado, têm aproximadamente 70% a menos de chance de desenvolver LUTS. / INTRODUCTION. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are highly prevalent, occurring in 50% of men over 50 years old and in 90% of men over 80, and is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in 50% of the cases. LUTS and BPH have more recently been associated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and low physical activity level, but these associations are complex and not well understood. Physical activity, to be considered adequate, should generate improved cardiorespiratory fitness, which is assessed by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of LUTS with VO2max, flexibility, physical activity level, and anthropometric variables in men aged 50 to 59 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a case-control study in which LUTS was considered as the outcome and VO2max, flexibility, physical activity level, and anthropometric variables as the exposure variables. We evaluated 100 men aged between 50 and 59 years from the outpatient specialty clinics of the University Hospital (HU-CAS), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, assigning 49 patients to the case group (with LUTS) and 51 to the control group (without LUTS). The patients underwent the following experimental protocol: anamnesis, physical activity level assessment using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in its short version, LUTS assessment using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) Questionnaire, anthropometric assessment measuring body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference. For the assessment of VO2max, the Polar Fitness Test was performed, and to assess flexibility, the Sit and Reach test was used. RESULTS: In bivariate analysis a statistically significant association was identified for LUTS with physical activity level (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.84, p = 0.02); with VO2max (OR = 0.206, 95% CI = 0.086 to 0.495, p <0.001); and with flexibility (OR = 0.309, 95% CI = 0.130 to 0.337, p = 0.01). However, the multivariate model adopted indicated that, controlling for the effect of flexibility and of physical activity level, VO2max was the only statistically significant variable associated with LUTS, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.30 (95% CI = 0.105 to 0.875 , p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Men aged 50 to 59 years, with adequate VO2max, have approximately a 70% less chance of developing LUTS.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-03T17:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rodrigo Sobrinho.pdf: 3591957 bytes, checksum: 2927de76042f83d833c2294256be9c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T17:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rodrigo Sobrinho.pdf: 3591957 bytes, checksum: 2927de76042f83d833c2294256be9c4a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Candidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis são organizações multi celulares, classificada como pertencentes ao grupo de sulfato redutoras e que possuem em seu citoplasma cristais de greigita, que dá a eles a característica magnetotática. São encontrados em ambientes aquáticos na região de tra nsição oxica-anóxica onde há uma estratificação química vertical. Entretanto, po uco conhecimento se tem sobre as características ambientais que favorecem seu cresci mento e sua sobrevivência, o que impede seu cultivo em laboratório e a compreens ão sobre sua influência nos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos ambientes onde são encont rados. O presente trabalho tem, neste sentido, o objetivo de caracterizar as c ondições geoquímicas que exercem influência sobre a população de Candidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis através de uma avaliação das variáveis mais relevan tes para seu metabolismo. Foram realizadas, para isso, duas coletas nos meses de março e junho de 2007 em três pontos da Lagoa de Araruama, quantificando a d istribuição vertical da população de Ca . M. multicellularis em extratos de sedimento e as variáveis abióticas nos mesmos extratos. Os resultados mostra ram que o ferro exerce influência sobre o crescimento populacional na maio ria dos pontos. Entretanto, no ponto da Praia da baleia, onde foram encontrados 89 % de todos os indivíduos quantificados, o ferro encontra-se em concentrações maiores e outros fatores exercem maior influência sobre o crescimento popula cional, como a disponibilidade de enxofre e nitrogênio. O trabalho conclui que Ca . M. multicellularis são encontrados em maior abundância em sedimentos que f avorecem a formação de sulfetos de ferro e a população concentra-se em ext ratos onde as condições ambientais favorecem a formação e a manutenção dos cristais encontrados no citoplasma ou onde há maior disponibilidade de nutr ientes, de acordo com a necessidade metabólica das células. / andidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis consist of multicellul ar aggregate that are classified as sulfate reductors, with grei gite crystals in their cytoplasm, which give them magnetotactic characteristics. They are f ound in aquatic environments, on the oxi-anoxi transition zone, where a vertical che mical stratification. However, little is known about the environmental characteristics that favor their survival and growth. This fact prevents their controlled breed and cultu re in a laboratorial environment and also impairs the understanding of their influence o n biogeochemical cycles of the environments where they are found. Therefore, the o bjective of the present work is to characterize the environmental conditions that favo r the Ca . M. multicellularis survival through an in situ evaluation of the variables that are more importan t to the cellular metabolism. In order to obtain this data, two sampl e collections were conducted in three spots of the Araruama lagoon, in the months m arch and in june of 2007 quantifying the vertical distribution of the Ca . M. multicellularis population in sediment extracts and their abiotic variables. The results s howed that the quantified iron acts as a limiting factor in most of the collection spot s. However, in Praia da Baleia, where 89% of the total quantified individuals were found, a higher concentration of iron was also found and it does not act as a limiting factor . At the latter collection spot, other factors such as sulfur and nitrogen availability re gulate the population growth. As a conclusion, this work demonstrates that Ca . M. multicellularis are found in more abundance in sediments that enable iron sulfide for mations. Moreover, they use their magnetotactic characteristics to adapt themselves t o environmental variations that occur frequently in the referred sediment region an d they try to find a region where the environmental conditions may allow the formatio n and maintenance of the crystals found in the cytoplasm or where there are more nutrients available.

Introduction and Background: Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are infectious diseases, primarily of childhood, which cause significant mortality and morbidity globally. These infections are, however, vaccine preventable and there is potential for them to be eradicated worldwide through the strategic use of organised population immunisation programmes. Following the introduction of the MMR vaccination in the UK in 1988, uptake was initially good and a high level of population vaccination coverage was achieved. This was sustained until 1998 when a study by Dr Wakefield and colleagues was published in the Lancet suggesting the theoretical possibility of an association between MMR and Autism/bowel disease. Intense media coverage followed, uptake of MMR vaccine fell to less than 80% in Somerset, and community outbreaks of measles, which had almost been eliminated in the UK, began to reappear. The Wakefield study was subsequently discredited and was eventually retracted by the Lancet in 2010. In August 2008 the Chief Medical Officer announced a national MMR catch-up campaign, targeting all children between the age of 13 months and 18 years who had either not been vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella, or had only partial immunisation. These children were invited again for vaccination and the campaign was completed in January 2009. This study was undertaken to explore, in depth, the quantitative data available in respect of the uptake of MMR at the time of the 2009 campaign, and also to provide new qualitative data in relation to the attitudes, beliefs and experience of MMR and immunisation services of parents who continued to decline MMR for their children after the 2009 campaign, in order to identify factors which affected parental decision-making, add to the wider knowledge base, and to use this knowledge to improve the future development of immunisation services in Somerset. Methods: The overall objective of the study was to investigate a number of social, demographic and geographic characteristics of parents and children associated with MMR uptake, to compare these characteristics within and between defined sub-sets of the Somerset population, and to explore the basis on which parents in Somerset make decisions in relation to MMR immunisation. The study design adopted was a ‘mixed methods’ approach comprising of a cross-sectional design with three sequential phases - an exploration of baseline epidemiological data; a survey conducted with parents of children who remained unimmunised after 2009; and finally, semi-structured interviews with a sub-set of these parents. Results: The key findings from the study are: Parents who decline MMR for their children are not a homogenous group, but consist of a number of sub-groups each of which have different motives, decision pathways and predicted outcomes in relation to potential to change their mind and accept MMR There are differences in geographic distribution between the two age groups investigated Whilst the ‘Wakefield’ study did, and still does have, an impact, it is not the only or most important factor in their continuing decision-making. There is evidence that health professionals have a key role in addressing parental concerns in respect of immunisation. GP practice was the most significant factor associated with uptake in the Phase 1 study, and this was further confirmed in interviews with parents. Parents make decisions through engagement, through communicating and relating to others and this offers a potential mechanism for health professionals to influence decisions through open engagement with parents. Discussion and Conclusions: Three parent sub-groups were identified (Single Vaccines; Medical Comorbidities and Natural Health). These sub-groups were further investigated and factors associated with the decision-making pathways of each group were identified. This resulted in the development of the ‘MMR Parent Engagement Framework’ as a tool for use by professionals in planning their interactions with parents to improve and encourage more open dialogue in order to positively influence parental decision-making in relation to accepting MMR or other vaccinations. From a commissioning perspective, embedding frameworks such as this in service specifications offers a more cost-effective approach to improving immunisation uptake than funding large, poorly targeted catch-up campaigns. It is therefore recommended that further research is undertaken to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the approach in practice, and to inform future commissioning decisions. Additional recommendations to improve the effectiveness and delivery of immunisation services are also made in respect of GP Practice specific factors, independent schools, ethnic minority communities, vaccine overload, media, and data validation. The study has already directly influenced changes in current practice at both a local and a national level.

Background: Physiologic functional capacity through maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) can be measured in many different ways depending on sport and qualities needed to be assessed.In handball a demanding 3000 meter (m) running test is used to evaluate V̇O2max. If this test is sport specific or if it could be replaced by a less strenuous test is unknown. Aim: The aim ofthis study was to compare performance on 3000-meter running with predicted V̇O2max from a submaximal treadmill jogging test (SMTJ) and performance of the Yo-Yo intermittentrecovery test 1 (IR1). Methods: Male handball players (n = 12) performed the 3000 m running test, the Submaximal Treadmill Jogging test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1. Measurements in seconds (s), ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1 and meters where collected and correlated using Pearson r, interclass correlation. Results: A strong significant linear correlation (p &lt; 0.01) was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (m), r = - 0.724 (r2 = 0.524). A weak, not significant linear correlation (p &gt; 0.05)was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and predicted V̇O2max from submaximal treadmill test (ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1), r = - 0.309 (r2 = 0.095). Conclusion: According to this study the 3000 m running test could be replaced by the Yo-Yo IR1 test or vice versa in adolescent male handball players. The submaximal treadmill test used in this study had several potential errors in estimating V̇O2max, this is probably the reason why only a weak correlation was found between the SMTJ and the 3000 m running test.

Dans un sens large, le statut azoté de l’arbre impacte largement sa physiologie au printemps. Cependant la plupart des recherches conduites sur la remobilisation du carbone et de l’azote en cette période ont négligé l’hypothèse d’un rôle significatif de l’absorption d’azote avant le débourrement, en particulier, celui agissant en interaction avec l’utilisation des réserves carbonées et azotées et qui interviendrait dans la qualité de la croissance des jeunes pousses. Cette recherche a été entreprise avec une approche expérimentale et a été conduite avec de jeunes peupliers hybrides (Populus tremula × Populus alba, clone INRA 717-1B4). Ils ont été utilisés en nombre limité, mais présentaient, par construction initiale, des architectures différentes. Trois séries d’expériences ont ainsi été conduites en trois ans : tout d’abord avec le scion d’un an, puis une petite souche de deux ans et enfin, en associant les deux types de structure, une petite souche portant des réitérations équivalentes au scion d’un an. Les essais ont été conduits en environnement contrôlé et ont fait appel à trois régimes de fertilisation azotée appliquée en solution nutritive recyclée et pendant la transition « repos végétatif et reprise de croissance foliaire » : une fertilisation sans aucun apport en azote (i), un apport d’azote strictement limité à la période amont au débourrement (ii), un apport permanent en azote (iii). Les résultats montrent que le peuplier peut absorber de l’azote avant le débourrement et que son absorption produit des effets significatifs. Elle conduit en particulier à une forte poussée racinaire qui permet d’augmenter la teneur en eau des tissus caulinaires. Selon les essais, l’effet de l’absorption d’azote avant débourrement et sur le débourrement lui-même dépend de la structure de la plante, de la structure des bourgeons et de la température de conservation hivernale pour le traitement de la dormance. D’autre part, l’application d’azote avant débourrement améliore significativement la croissance des nouvelles pousses en augmentant, avec un temps de croissance identique dans les essais, la surface foliaire et la matière sèche. L’absorption d’azote pendant la transition de croissance maintient en partie la teneur en azote des tissus des plantes et en améliore même la teneur dans les jeunes racines et les jeunes pousses. Elle influence aussi l’utilisation des réserves carbonées. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’azote appliqué au printemps et avant débourrement joue un rôle significatif sur la physiologie du jeune arbre et sa reprise de croissance au printemps. / Nitrogen status widely impacts tree physiological process. However, most research concentrated on endogenous carbon and nitrogen remobilization in spring neglected the hypothesis of significant effect of nitrogen uptake before bud break on nitrogen and carbohydrate reserve used, and the quality of new growth. This study undertook experimental-based research on young poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba, clone INRA 717-1B4) with different structures. Three series of experiments were conducted in a coordinated manner : the one year old scion (i), the young stump (ii), and the system then reiterated associated the “stump”, and the “scion” (iii). The experiments were to study plants in a controlled environment with soilless culture and three terms of nitrogen supply: without nitrogen supply (i), with a limited supply prior to bud break (ii), and with continuous nitrogen supply (iii). Results show that poplar can uptake nitrate before bud break and it found to have significant effect by induce a strong root pressure which in turn increased water content of all tissues. Accordingly, the effect of nitrogen uptake before bud break on bud break time depended on plant architecture, bud structure, and temperature during winter to break down bud dormancy. In addition, nitrogen uptake before bud break had significantly effect on the growth and development of new shoots after bud break by increase leaf area and dry weight of new shoots. It also influenced on the quantity of nitrogen and non-structural carbon reserves in all tissues especially increase nitrogen contents in roots and new shoots. Therefore, results indicate nitrogen supply before bud beak plays a significant role on plant physiology and quality of the re-growth.

Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but d'obtenir une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes de dégradation, lors de l'exposition à un milieu agressif, de primaires de peinture en phase aqueuse (époxy-polyamino amide) utilisés dans l'industrie aéronautique pour la protection contre la corrosion de l'alliage d'aluminium 2024 à l'aide des techniques d'impédances globale et locale. Deux revêtements formulés soit avec du chromate de strontium soit avec un mélange de pigments non-chromatés ont été comparés. Les diagrammes d'impédance des deux revêtements, mesurés dans des conditions sèches (en contact avec Hg), présentent un comportement proche de celui d'une capacité pure, et ont été analysés à l'aide du modèle en loi de puissance, qui correspond à un comportement CPE (Constant Phase Element). Lors de l'immersion dans une solution chlorurée, le comportement des revêtements s'écarte progressivement de l'idéalité. Les données d'impédance électrochimique obtenues pour différents temps d'immersion ont été analysées avec un modèle qui suppose une variation exponentielle de la résistivité le long de l'épaisseur du revêtement (modèle de Young). Cette analyse a confirmé que la pénétration de l'eau et des ions dans le revêtement ne se fait pas de façon identique. La vitesse de pénétration de l'eau est plus rapide et celle-ci affecte plus fortement la permittivité que la résistivité, alors que la diffusion des ions Na+ et Cl- est plus lente et affecte exclusivement la résistivité du revêtement. L'utilisation de ces modèles permet non seulement d'expliquer les comportements CPE et pseudo CPE observés sur les diagrammes d'impédance mais aussi de déterminer la prise en eau des revêtements durant le test. Celle-ci est en accord avec des mesures gravimétriques. L'effet d'auto-cicatrisation des deux revêtements en présence de blessures artificielles a ensuite été étudié par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique locale. Les diagrammes locaux et les cartographies (2D ou 3D) ont permis de suivre les phénomènes d'auto-cicatrisation pour le système chromaté ou bien le développement de la corrosion pour le système non-chromaté. Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie qui servira de référence pour développer et caractériser les performances de peintures contenant des inhibiteurs écologiques et en particulier leur processus d'auto-cicatrisation. / The aim of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms, as a function of exposition time in an aggressive environment, of commercial coatings (epoxy-polyaminoamide waterborne paint) used in aeronautical industry for corrosion protection of 2024 aluminium alloy by global and local impedance techniques. The coatings formulated with either strontium chromate (SrCrO4) or Cr(VI)-free pigments were compared. The behavior of dry coatings (in contact with Hg) was close to that of an ideal capacitor and could be accurately modelled with the power-law model corresponding to a CPE (Constant Phase Element). Upon immersion in NaCl solution, the behavior of the wet coatings became progressively less ideal, i.e. farther from a capacitive behavior. The impedance data was analyzed with the Young model that take into account the exponential variation of the coating resistivity along its thickness. This analysis confirmed that penetration of water and ions occurs on different time scales. The former process is faster and affects permittivity more strongly than resistivity; the latter is slower and affects almost exclusively resistivity. The models allows to explain not only the CPE or pseudo-CPE behaviors observed on impedance diagrams but also to determine the coatings water uptake during the test which is in good agreement with gravimetric measurements. Then, the self-healing properties of artificially damaged coatings were studied by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS). The local diagrams and the mappings (2D or 3D) allowed self-healing processes for the chromated system or corrosion developments for the unchromated system to be observed. The present work proposed a methodology to develop and to characterize coatings containing environmentally friendly inhibitors, and particularly the self-healing process.

Au cours des interactions plante/agent pathogène, la disponibilité en sucres est un des enjeux majeurs pour les deux partenaires. Il s'établit donc une compétition vis-à-vis des ressources carbonées entre l'agent pathogène hétérotrophe pour le carbone et la plante consommant de l'énergie pour se défendre. Les transporteurs de sucres sont les acteurs moléculaires qui interviennent dans cette compétition et probablement dans le devenir de l'interaction. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l'implication des transporteurs de sucres au cours de l'interaction entre la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana et le champignon nécrotrophe Botrytis cinerea.Parmi la famille des transporteurs d'hexoses (STPs) d'A. thaliana, l'expression du gène STP13 est régulée positivement durant l'infection par B. cinerea. Le rôle potentiel de STP13 au cours de cette interaction a donc été étudié à l'aide de plantes transgéniques (Knock-Out et surexpresseur). Le suivi du développement des symptômes et la mesure d'absorption du glucose ont permis de montrer des modifications phénotypiques entre les différents génotypes étudiés. Les résultats indiquent une corrélation entre le niveau d'expression de STP13, le transport de glucose et le développement du champignon, confortant ainsi le rôle de STP13 dans la tolérance face à B. cinerea.Les résultats préliminaires de l'étude du transport de glucose à l'échelle cellulaire montrent une inhibition dans des conditions mimant l'infection. Ces analyses ont été effectuées grâce à un modèle constitué d'une suspension cellulaire d'A. thaliana subissant un traitement éliciteur à partir d'un extrait protéique de B. cinerea.Nous nous sommes également intéressés au transport de saccharose à l'échelle de la plante infectée. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'inoculation par le champignon modifie les flux de saccharose classiquement observés créant ainsi une nouvelle force d'appel. Ainsi, la feuille infectée se comporte comme un nouveau puits. Ces travaux de recherche s'inscrivent dans la nécessité d'une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de transport des sucres qui permettra à terme d'agir sur les capacités de résistance des plantes vis-à-vis d'agents pathogènes. / During plant/pathogen interactions, sugar availability is one of the major issues for both partners. There is a competition for the same carbohydrates necessary for carbon supply on the pathogen's side and to support the additional energy demand for plant's defense. Sugar transporters are the molecular actors in this competition which is determinant for the final outcome of the interaction. In this study, we characterized the implication of sugar transporters in the interaction between the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea.Among the A. thaliana hexose transporter family (STPs), STP13 is induced during B. cinerea infection. A potential role of STP13 in this interaction was investigated using transgenic plants (Knock-Out and over-expressor lines). Disease symptoms characterization and glucose uptake assays showed phenotypical variations between the different genotypes. It seems that STP13 expression, glucose uptake and fungus spreading are correlated pointing to a role of STP13 in tolerance to B. cinerea. Other preliminary results showed an inhibition of the cellular glucose uptake upon condition mimicking B. cinerea infection. These analyses were performed on a model composed of an A. thaliana cell suspension elicited with a proteinaceous extract from B. cinerea.We also studied sucrose fluxes in the whole infected plant. Our results suggest that fungus inoculation modifies the usual fluxes creating a new sink.This study may lead to a better understanding of sugar transport mechanisms to improve plant resistance capacity against pathogens in the future.