Bakgrund: Urinvägsinfektion (UVI) är den vanligaste förekommande bakteriella infektionen på äldreboenden. Idag behandlas den oftast med antibiotika men med det ständiga hotet av antibiotikaresistens krävs det andra alternativ till prevention. Tranbär är en nordamerikansk frukt som förekommer i olika former; tranbärsjuice, tranbärskapslar, tranbärspulver eller tranbärscocktails och som används som alternativ behandling. På grund av anatomiska skillnader, där kvinnans urinrör är närmre anus, är kvinnor överrepresenterade i studier om urinvägsinfektion. Syfte: Syftet var att med hjälp av studier undersöka om det går att förebygga urinvägsinfektioner, med fokus på äldre, med hjälp av tranbär och redogöra för andra effekter av dess behandling. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturstudie med artiklar hämtade från CINAHL och PubMed, internationella databaser för forskning inom medicin och omvårdnad. Artiklarna granskades med SBU:s (statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering) mall för kvalitetsgranskning.  Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie visar på att tranbär uppvisar effekt i prevention av urinvägsinfektioner i jämförelse med placebo eller annan intervention. Enstaka studier påvisar ett icke signifikant resultat trots en viss minskning i incidensen av urinvägsinfektioner. Speciellt god effekt har tranbär på Escherichia coli (E. coli bakterier) och dess vidhäftningsförmåga. Tranbär påverkar E. coli bakteriens fimbrier och försvårar därmed vidhäftningen. Till följd av tranbärsintervention rapporteras minskad användning av antibiotika.  Konklusion: Tranbärets effekt har uppvisat flera positiva resultat och är ett alternativ som är värt att överväga. Tranbär är ett billigare alternativ som kan ersätta kontinuerliga doser av antibiotika och det medför inte samma mängd biverkningar. Om det dessutom används som tillägg till antibiotikabehandling kan det minska antalet antibiotikaförskrivningar vilket på lång sikt minskar utvecklingen av antibiotikaresistens. Tranbär kan rekommenderas till äldre för att förebygga och behandla urinvägsinfektioner. / Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in nursing homes. Today it is usually treated with antibiotics but with the constant threat of antibiotic resistance other alternatives to prevention are required. Cranberries are a North American fruit that comes in various forms; cranberry juice, cranberry capsules, cranberry powder or cranberry cocktails. Due to anatomical differences, where the woman's urethra is closer to the anus, women are overrepresented in studies of urinary tract infections. Aim: The aim was to examine with the help of studies whether it is possible to prevent urinary tract infections, with focus on older care recipients, with the help of cranberries and account for other effects of its treatment. Method: A quantitative literature review with articles taken from CINAHL and PubMed, international databases for research in medicine and nursing. The articles were reviewed with SBU's (the Swedish Agency for Medical and Social Evaluation) criteria for quality review. Results: The results of this study show that cranberry demonstrates an effect in the prevention of urinary tract infections in comparison to placebo or other interventions. A few of the studies show a non-significant result despite some reduction in the incidence of urinary tract infections. Cranberry has particularly good effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli bacteria) and its adhesion. Cranberries affects the fimbriae of E. coli bacteria to make adhesion more difficult. Less use of antibiotics is reported after intake of cranberry. Conclusion: The effect of cranberry has shown several positive results and is an option worth considering. Cranberries can be seen as an unnecessary cost but could replace continuous doses of antibiotics. Cranberries are also a cheaper alternative and they do not cause the same amount of side effects as antibiotics. If it is used as a supplement to antibiotic treatment, it may not be necessary to prescribe antibiotics, which in long-term reduces the development of antibiotic resistance. Cranberry can be recommended to elderly for prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections.

No description available.

Infecção do Trato Urinário (ITU) é o segundo tipo de infecção bacteriana mais comum em crianças. Nesse estudo amostras de urina de 6012 pacientes pediátricos foram analisadas, a prevalência de ITU foi determinada, os uropatógenos foram identificados e o perfil antimicrobiano dos mesmos foi determinado. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de ITU varia de acordo com o sexo e a idade do paciente. Bactérias Gram-negativas foram responsáveis por 89 % de todos os casos de ITU e Escherichia coli foi a espécie mais prevalente. Os uropatógenos foram resistentes a ampicilina 63 %, a nitrofurantoina 37 % e ao trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 28 %. Todavia, 99 % deles foram sensíveis a cefalexina e 96 % ao cloranfenicol. Resultados obtidos com a caracterização de 90 isolados de E. coli, mostraram que todas as amostras foram positivas para os marcadores fimA e fimH, 53 % para pap, 32 % para sfa, 10 % para o marcador genético da toxina pic e 29 % foram capazes de produzir hemolisina-a. Esses isolados se distribuíram entre os grupos filogenéticos da seguinte maneira: B2 42 %, D 25 %, A 21 % e B1 11 %. Dessas amostras 19 % não foram tipáveis (ONT), 15,56 % pertenceram ao sorogrupo O2 e 12,22 % aos sorogrupos O6 e OR. A maioria dos isolados de E. coli aderiu às células epiteliais, poliestireno e PVC. / Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the second most common type of bacterial infection in children. In this study, 6012 urine samples from pediatric patients were analyzed, the prevalence of UTI was determined, the uropathogens were identified and their antimicrobial profile was determined. The results have shown that the prevalence of UTI varies according to the sex and age of the patient. Gram negative bacteria were responsible for 89 % of all cases of UTI and E. coli was the most prevalent species. The uropathogens were resistant to: ampicillin 63 %, nitrofurantoin 37 % and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 28 %. However, 99 % of them were sensitive to cephalexin and 96 % to chloramphenicol. Results obtained with the characterization of 90 isolates of E. coli showed that all of them were positive for fimA and fimH, 53 % were positive for pap, 32 % were positive for sfa, 10 % were positive for the genetic marker of pic and 29 % were able to produce hemolysin-a. These isolates were distributed between the phylogenetic groups as follows: B2 42 %, D 25 %, A 21 % and B1 11 %. Nineteen percent of these samples were untypeable (ONT), 15.56 % belonged to O2 serogroup and 12,22 % belonged to the O6 and OR serogroups. Most E. coli isolates were able to adhere to epithelial cells, polystyrene and PVC.

Det overordnede målet med denne avhandling var å få en oversikt over ulike forstyrrelser i de nedre urinveier hos gamle. Dernest var målet å beskrive oppfatninger og barrierer som influerte på personalets muligheter for å gi riktig inkontinenspleie til beboere i sykehjem. Avhandlingen består av en kvantitativ studie (artikkel I, II, III), og en kvalitativ studie (artikkel IV). Artikkel I var en tverrsnittstudie. Artikkel II og III var en prospektiv tidsdesignstudie med en oppfølgingsperiode på ett år. 183 beboere fra seks sykehjem deltok i den kvantitative studien. I artikkel I ble prevalensen av urininkontinens hos norske sykehjembeboere evaluert. I tillegg ble det forsøkt å identifisere faktorer som var assosiert med urininkontinens i denne populasjonen. I artikkel II ble det undersøkt om residualurin var en risiko for å utvikle urinveisinfeksjon hos gamle på sykehjem. I artikkel III ble det undersøkt om bleiebruk per døgn er en pålitelig metode for å kvantifisere urininkontinens hos sykehjemsbeboere. Det ble også studert om det var sammenheng mellom urinveisinfeksjon, bleiebruk per døgn og væskeinntak. I den kvalitative studien var målet å identifisere oppfatninger og barrierer som influerte på pleiernes muligheter for å gi riktig inkontinenspleie. Fem avdelingsledere, fem sykepleiere og fem hjelpepleiere ble intervjuet i til sammen tre fokusgruppeintervjuer.Analysen i artikkel I viste at 122 beboere (69 %) var inkontinent for urin og 144 (83 %) brukte bleier. 14 % brukte bleier for sikkerhets skyld. Lav ADL-skår, demens og urinveisinfeksjon var assosiert med urininkontinens (P = <0.01). I artikkel II hadde 98 beboere (63.3 %) residualurin mindre enn 100 ml, og 52 (34.7 %) hadde residualurin på 100 ml eller større. I løpet av oppfølgingsperioden hadde 51 beboere (34 %) utviklet en eller flere urinveisinfeksjoner. Forekomsten av urinveisinfeksjon var høyere hos kvinnene enn hos mennene (40.4 % versus 19.6 %; P = 0.02). Det ble ikke funnet noen signifikant forskjell i gjennomsnittlig residualurin mellom beboere som utviklet og som ikke utviklet urinveisinfeksjon (79 versus 97 ml, P = 0.26). Residualurin på 100 ml eller større var ikke assosiert med større risiko for utvikling av urinveisinfeksjon.I artikkel III brukte 118 (77 %) av beboerne bleier. Bleiebruk per døgn er et upålitelig mål på urininkontinens hos beboere i sykehjem. Beboere som brukte bleier hadde en økende risiko for å utvikle urinveisinfeksjon sammenlignet medvibeboere som ikke brukte bleier (41 versus 11 %; P = 0.001). Daglig væskeinntak var ikke assosiert med urinveisinfeksjoner (P = 0.46). Antall bleieskift viste ingen korrelasjon med risikoen for utvikling av urinveisinfeksjon (P = 0.62). Bleiene som beboerne brukte per døgn, viste stor variasjon i inkontinensvolum. I den kvalitative studien ledet innholdsanalysen fram til tre emner og åtte kategorier. Det første emnet, Oppfatninger og barrierer assosiert med beboerne, inneholdt en kategori ”fysiske og kognitive problemer”. Det andre emnet, Oppfatninger og barrierer assosiert med personalet, inneholdt tre kategorier: ”manglende kunnskaper”, ”holdninger og tro” og ”manglende tilgjengelighet”. Det tredje emnet, Oppfatninger og barrierer assosiert med den organisatoriske kulturen, inneholdt fire kategorier: ”rigide rutiner”, manglende ressurser”, ”manglede dokumentasjon” og ”svakt lederskap”. Resultatene i denne avhandlingen viser at forekomsten av urininkontinens i sykehjem er høy. Absorberende produkter er hyppig brukt uten en kjent historie av urininkontinens. Fysisk svekkelse, demens og urinveisinfeksjon er assosiert med urininkontinens. Residualurin er vanlig hos beboere i sykehjem. Det ble ikke funnet noen sammenheng mellom residualurin og urinveisinfeksjon. Bruk av absorberende bleier er assosiert med økt risiko for utvikling av urinveisinfeksjon. Bleiebruk per døgn og væskeinntak var ikke korrelert med økt risiko for utvikling av urinveisinfeksjon. Bleiebruk per døgn er et upålitelig mål på urininkontinens hos beboere i sykehjem. Funnene fra den kvalitative studien viser at det er mange barrierer som influerer på personalets evne til å gi riktig inkontinenspleie til beboere i sykehjem. Det kan likevel se ut som om personalets oppfatninger og holdninger, samt manglende kunnskaper om urininkontinens, er de viktigste barrierene for å gi riktig inkontinenspleie. / The overall aim of this thesis was to get an overview over different dysfunction in the lower urinary tract in the elderly. Also, we wanted to describe the perceptions and barriers that influence the nursing staff`’s ability to provide appropriate incontinence care in nursing home residents. The thesis includes one quantitative study (paper I, II, III), and one qualitative study (paper IV). Paper I was a cross-sectional study. Paper II and III were a prospective surveillance with a follow-up period of 1 year. 183 residents from six Norwegian nursing homes participated. In paper I, the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Norwegian nursing home residents was evaluated. The factors possibly associated with urinary incontinence were also studied. In paper II, we investigated whether residual urine was a risk factor for developing urinary tract infections in the elderly in nursing homes. In paper III, the objective was to determine whether pads per day usage is a reliable measure of urinary incontinence in nursing home residents. Furthermore, we wanted to study the association between urinary tract infections, pads per day usage and fluid intake. In the qualitative study, the aim was to identify perceptions and barriers that influence the ability of nursing staff to provide appropriate incontinence care. Five charge nurses, five registered nurses and five certified nursing assistants participated in the focus group interviews.The analysis in paper I, showed that 122 (69 %) of the resident were incontinent for urine and 144 used absorbent pads (83 %). 14 % of residents used absorbent pads ‘just to make sure’. They did not have a history of urinary incontinence. Low ADL score, dementia and urinary tract infection were significantly associated with incontinence for urine (P = <0.01). In paper II, 93 of the residents (65.3 %) had postvoid residual urine (PVR) < 100 mL and 52 residents (34.7 %) had a PVR 100 mL. During the follow-up period, 51 residents (34.0 %) had one or more urinary tract infections (UTI). The prevalence of UTI among females was higher than among men (40.4 % versus. 19.6 %; P = 0.015). There was no significant difference in mean PVR among residents that did or did not develop UTI (79 mL versus 97mL; P = 0.26). A PVR 100 mL was not associated with an increased risk of developing UTI`s (P = 0.59).In paper III, 118 (77 %) used absorbent pads. Residents that used absorbent pads were at increased risk of developing UTIs compared to residents that did notviiiuse pads (41 % versus 11 %; P = 0.001). Daily fluid intake was not associated with UTIs (P = 0.46). The number of pad shifts had no relation with the risk of developing UTIs (P = 0.62). Residents with a given pad per day (PPD) presented a wide range of incontinence volumes.In paper IV, three topics and eight categories were identified. The first topic, Perceptions and barriers associated with residents, consisted of one category: ‘physical and cognitive problems’. The second topic, Perceptions and barriers associated with nursing staff, consisted of three categories: ‘lack of knowledge’, ‘attitudes and beliefs’ and ‘lack of accessibility’. The third topic, Perceptions and barriers associated with organizational culture, consisted of four categories: ‘rigid routines’, ‘lack of resource’, ‘lack of documentation’ and ‘lack of leadership’.The results of the thesis show that the prevalence of urinary incontinence in nursing homes is high. Absorbent products are frequently used without a history of urinary incontinence. Physical impairment, dementia and urinary tract infections are associated with urinary incontinence. is common in nursing home residents. No association between PVR and UTI was found. The use of absorbent pads is associated with an increased risk of developing UTIs. PPD and daily fluid intake are not correlated with the risk of developing UTIs. PPD is an unreliable measure of urinary incontinence in nursing home residents. The findings from the qualitative study shows that there are many barriers that might influence the possibilities of nursing staff to provide appropriate incontinence care to residents in nursing homes. However, it can nevertheless seem like opinions and the attitude of nursing staff, together with a lack of knowledge about urinary incontince, are the most important barriers to provide appropriate incontinence care.

Infecção do Trato Urinário (ITU) é o segundo tipo de infecção bacteriana mais comum em crianças. Nesse estudo amostras de urina de 6012 pacientes pediátricos foram analisadas, a prevalência de ITU foi determinada, os uropatógenos foram identificados e o perfil antimicrobiano dos mesmos foi determinado. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de ITU varia de acordo com o sexo e a idade do paciente. Bactérias Gram-negativas foram responsáveis por 89 % de todos os casos de ITU e Escherichia coli foi a espécie mais prevalente. Os uropatógenos foram resistentes a ampicilina 63 %, a nitrofurantoina 37 % e ao trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 28 %. Todavia, 99 % deles foram sensíveis a cefalexina e 96 % ao cloranfenicol. Resultados obtidos com a caracterização de 90 isolados de E. coli, mostraram que todas as amostras foram positivas para os marcadores fimA e fimH, 53 % para pap, 32 % para sfa, 10 % para o marcador genético da toxina pic e 29 % foram capazes de produzir hemolisina-a. Esses isolados se distribuíram entre os grupos filogenéticos da seguinte maneira: B2 42 %, D 25 %, A 21 % e B1 11 %. Dessas amostras 19 % não foram tipáveis (ONT), 15,56 % pertenceram ao sorogrupo O2 e 12,22 % aos sorogrupos O6 e OR. A maioria dos isolados de E. coli aderiu às células epiteliais, poliestireno e PVC. / Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the second most common type of bacterial infection in children. In this study, 6012 urine samples from pediatric patients were analyzed, the prevalence of UTI was determined, the uropathogens were identified and their antimicrobial profile was determined. The results have shown that the prevalence of UTI varies according to the sex and age of the patient. Gram negative bacteria were responsible for 89 % of all cases of UTI and E. coli was the most prevalent species. The uropathogens were resistant to: ampicillin 63 %, nitrofurantoin 37 % and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 28 %. However, 99 % of them were sensitive to cephalexin and 96 % to chloramphenicol. Results obtained with the characterization of 90 isolates of E. coli showed that all of them were positive for fimA and fimH, 53 % were positive for pap, 32 % were positive for sfa, 10 % were positive for the genetic marker of pic and 29 % were able to produce hemolysin-a. These isolates were distributed between the phylogenetic groups as follows: B2 42 %, D 25 %, A 21 % and B1 11 %. Nineteen percent of these samples were untypeable (ONT), 15.56 % belonged to O2 serogroup and 12,22 % belonged to the O6 and OR serogroups. Most E. coli isolates were able to adhere to epithelial cells, polystyrene and PVC.

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a major source of avoidable hospital-acquired infections. The scientific evidence supports utilization of nurse-driven protocols to reduce CAUTIs. Purpose: The purpose of this quality improvement project was to update and implement an evidence-based CAUTI prevention protocol for the nursing staff on a medical-surgical unit in an adult acute care hospital to decrease the utilization of indwelling urinary catheters and CAUTIs. Theoretical Framework: Donabedian’s structures, processes, and outcomes (SPO) model was utilized as the framework for this project. Donabedian’s SPO model focuses on strong healthcare structures and processes to improve nurse, patient, and organizational outcomes. Methods: This project utilized a quantitative design. A convenience sample of 28 nurses from the medical-surgical unit of a South Florida hospital participated in the project. An educational intervention was delivered on CAUTI prevention based on guidelines from regulatory agencies, and the hospital existing protocol was updated and revised to reflect the guidelines. The sample was administered a short demographic survey, and 10-item pretests and posttests on CAUTI prevention before and after implementation of the standardized evidence-based protocol. To determine possible differences in nurses’ knowledge and perceptions of indwelling urinary catheters before and after the implementation, paired t tests were conducted. To determine if the proportions of days with urinary catheters were statistically significantly different 30 days before and after implementation of the standardized evidence-based guideline, a 2-proportion z-test was conducted. Results: On analysis of the pretests and posttests, a statistically significant difference was found in 6 of the 10 questions, indicating that nurses’ knowledge and perceptions of CAUTIs improved after the intervention (p < .001 to p < .043). After the intervention, urinary catheter days relative to patient days also decreased significantly (z = 5.562, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Implementation of an evidence-based nurse-driven protocol in a hospital in South Florida improved nurses’ knowledge and perceptions of CAUTI prevention. Nursing practice and healthcare delivery can benefit from development of such guidelines and educational interventions to empower nurses to better manage patients’ indwelling urinary catheters, and decrease the incidence of CAUTIs in hospitals.

No description available.