This work aims at improving the understanding of the fundamental physics behind molecular doping of organic semiconductors, being a requirement for efficient devices like organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPV). The underlying physics is studied by electrical conductivity and thermoelectrical Seebeck measurements and the influences of doping concentration and temperature are investigated. Thin doped layers are prepared in vacuum by thermal co-evaporation of host and dopant molecules and measured in-situ. The fullerene C60, known for its high electron mobility, is chosen as host for five different n-dopants. Two strongly ionizing air-sensitive molecules (Cr2(hpp)4 and W2(hpp)4) and three air-stable precursor compounds (AOB, DMBI-POH and o-MeO-DMBI-I) which form the active dopants upon deposition are studied to compare their doping mechanism. High conductivities are achieved, with a maximum of 10.9 S/cm. Investigating the sample degradation by air-exposure, a method for regeneration is proposed, which allows for device processing steps under ambient conditions, greatly enhancing device fabrication possibilities. Various material combinations for p-doping are compared to study the influence of the molecular energy levels of host (MeO-TPD and BF-DPB) and dopant (F6-TCNNQ and C60F36). Corrections for the only estimated literature values for the dopant levels are proposed. Furthermore, the model system of similar-sized host pentacene and dopant F4-TCNQ is studied and compared to theoretical predictions. Finally, a model is developed that allows for estimating charge carrier mobility, density of free charge carriers, doping efficiency, as well as the transport level position from combining conductivity and Seebeck data. / Diese Arbeit untersucht organische Halbleiter und den Einfluss von molekularer Dotierung auf deren elektrische Eigenschaften, mit dem Ziel effizientere Bauelemente wie organische Leuchtdioden oder Solarzellen zu ermöglichen. Mittels Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen sowie thermoelektrischen Seebeck-Messungen werden die Einflüsse der Dotierkonzentration sowie der Temperatur auf die elektrischen Eigenschaften dünner dotierter Schichten analysiert. Das Abscheiden der Schichten durch Koverdampfen im Vakuum ermöglicht eine in-situ Analyse. Das Fulleren C60, bekannt für besonders hohe Elektronenbeweglichkeit, wird als Wirt für fünf verschieden n-Dotanden, zwei extrem stark ionisierende luftreaktive (Cr2(hpp)4 und W2(hpp)4) sowie drei luftstabile (AOB, DMBI-POH und o-MeO-DMBI-I), verwendet. Dies ermöglicht Schlüsse auf die unterschiedlichen zugrunde liegenden Dotiermechanismen und das Erreichen von Leitfähigkeiten von bis zu 10.9 S/cm. Für einen der luftreaktiven Dotanden wird die Probendegradation an Luft untersucht und eine Regenerationsmethode aufgezeigt, die Prozessierungsschritte in Luft erlaubt und somit entscheidend für zukünftige Bauelementfertigung sein könnte. Verschiedene p-dotierte Materialkombinationen werden untersucht, um den Einfluss der molekularen Energieniveaus von Wirt (MeO-TPD und BF-DPB) und Dotand (F6-TCNNQ und C60F36) auf die Dotierung zu studieren. Dies ermöglicht Schlussfolgerungen auf die in der Literatur bisher nur abgeschätzten Energieniveaus dieser Dotanden. Ferner werden die Eigenschaften des bereits theoretisch modellierten Paares Pentacen und F4-TCNQ mit den Vorhersagen verglichen und die Abweichungen diskutiert. Abschießend wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Abschätzung von Dotiereffizienz, Ladungsträgerkonzentration, Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit sowie der Position des Transportniveaus aus Leitfähigkeits- und Seebeck-Messungen erlaubt.

The motivation for development of energy efficiency and implementation of novel advanced materials applied in buildings can be traced to increasing energy costs in conjunction with an enhanced environmental awareness among people. This doctoral dissertation presents contributions towards sustainable building, where factors such as building technology, energy efficiency in buildings, workers' health issues during construction measures, and certain economic considerations for renovation of buildings have been considered. The research study aims to provide a knowledge base for motivating building owners to renovate buildings based on energy efficiency and improved indoor environment. The initial phase of the research study identifies a detailed description of common drivers, expected in renovation projects by building owners. In the second phase, an information base is identified which may facilitate the bidding processes for decision makers by means of technological, social and economic aspects. The aforementioned information base can also contribute to attentive decisions regarding sustainable renovation and energy saving measures. A strategy was developed within the Renovation Workshop of Riksbyggen, in order to promote energy saving measures concurrent with major renovations in residential buildings. This operational decision support process was applied in a tenant owners' cooperative in Sweden. The objective of this process was to showcase and more importantly to implement energy saving measures, based on knowledge transfer between different parties involved in the renovation project. For the conducted case study, this process was shown to be of great importance when decisions regarding energy saving measures in conjunction with scheduled renovations are being planned. A unique case study was conducted on two of the most commonly used environmental certification programs for buildings in Sweden; Environmental Building (Miljöbyggnad) and GreenBuilding. Following a granted access to a limited database of submitted applications to Sweden Green Building Council, the most common mistakes in these were identified and categorized. This study contributed to further understanding about the level of ability among building consultants, comprehension of environmental certification, and enhancement of the ability to produce high-quality calculations concerning building-related energy usage. In addition, this insight can provide a basis for planning of continuing education of consultants within the field of building technology. For a church building, a study was conducted subsequent to an exchange of an existing electric coil heating system to a hydronic ground source heat pump system. Analyses of the energy demand and energy signature, prior to and after installation were carried out. The replacement of the original heating system with a ground source heat pump system for the church building constitutes a reduced energy consumption level of approximately 66%, at the average outside temperature of -2.30 °C. This study demonstrated that data from a detailed electric bill can be utilized in order to obtain the energy signature of the building and henceforth assess the energy savings. One aspect of the research, examined the decision making process related to sustainable renovation and refurbishment in buildings. The utilized methodology identified three distinct phases in order to instigate an engagement in sustainable renovation, by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. In particular, the attitudes of stakeholders in Sweden, Denmark and Cyprus to sustainable building were studied through three separate case studies. Within the framework of this study, it was identified that building physics and durability are among the most important drivers for energy renovation. The results provided an insight into the renovation process in the aforementioned countries and identified that drivers such as improvement of indoor air quality and elimination of moisture in the building envelope are also of crucial importance. Another aspect of the conducted research highlights workplace accidents occurring within the Swedish construction sector. The purpose of this study was to serve as a useful tool to track the working environments of construction workers in order to reduce health and safety issues within the construction sector. The findings of this research suggest that despite laws, regulations or additional factors that seek to ensure a safe and healthy environment for construction workers, the Swedish construction work force still faces challenges. Moreover, it is identified that construction workers participating in the study call for additional measures to ensure occupational health and safety. Improved knowledge of economic performance and technical results of renovations can contribute to a snowball effect, with more property owners recognizing the value of energy aspects and thus provide an increased level of energy savings. / <p>QC 20140127</p> / A Concept for promotion of sustainable retrofitting and renovation in Early Stages (ACES)

Registered nurses are exposed to the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and contracting the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Qualitative phenomenological research was conducted to explore registered nurses' experiences of working in such a high-risk environment and how their experiences influence the therapeutic relationship. A sample of registered nurses who care for HIV-infected persons or persons who suffer from AIDS was purposefully selected. Focus group interviews were conducted. Qualitative data analysis was performed. Frankl's theory of meaning of life served as a theoretical foundation for interpreting the research findings. The research results revealed that registered nurses experience existential frustration due to the intentional and unintentional risks that they are exposed to. This negatively impacts upon their ability to maintain a healthy therapeutic relationship with patients. However, evidence was obtained indicating that some factors support their quest for finding meaning in life in the workplace. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Ce mémoire traite de la mise au point et des applications d’un fluxmètre gazeux à pression constante, instrument de référence primaire pour la mesure de très faibles débits gazeux, couramment utilisé par les Laboratoires nationaux de métrologie. Il intervient dans la traçabilité des basses pressions absolues, via la méthode d’expansion continue, et celle des fuites d’hélium, liées aux applications dans le domaine du vide. De plus, nous avons montré que le fluxmètre à pression constante du Laboratoire commun de métrologie (LCM) permettait le raccordement des mesures de micro-débits, sous-domaine de la débitmétrie. Outre les points clés de la conception et la caractérisation métrologique, ce mémoire décrit l’étude de l’expansion continue ainsi que les travaux de comparaison du fluxmètre gazeux à pression constante avec les méthodes de référence employées au LCM, en particulier la méthode de gravimétrie dynamique. / This dissertation concerns the development and applications of a constant pressure gas flowmeter, the primary reference instrument used by National metrology laboratories to measure very low gas flows. It guarantees the traceability of low absolute pressures, via the continuous expansion method, and that of helium leaks, both related to applications in the field of vacuum. In addition, we have shown that the Laboratoire commun de métrologie (LCM) constant pressure flowmeter is well suited to micro-flow measurements, a sub-field of flow metering. Besides key points of the design and metrological characterization, this document describes the study of the continuous expansion method and work on comparisons of the constant pressure gas flowmeter with reference methods used at LCM, in particular the dynamic gravimetric method.

L'étape clé pour intégrer des nanotubes de carbone à une échelle industrielle demeure un meilleur contrôle de leur croissance et notamment le contrôle sélectif de leurs chiralités en lien avec leurs propriétés électroniques. Ce travail a pour but de s'intéresser à la synthèse in-situ et à la caractérisation de nanotubes de carbone individuels par émission de champ pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes de nucléation et de croissance qui conditionnent sa chiralité. Nous avons développé un microscope à émission de champ couplé à un réacteur CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) pour observer directement la croissance catalytique de nanotubes de carbone individuels sur des pointes émettrices. Nous avons ainsi découvert que les nanotubes tournent souvent axialement pendant leur croissance, soutenant ainsi un modèle de « dislocation de vis ». L’analyse détaillée des résultats obtenus montre que nous observons directement la croissance atome par atome d'un nanotube monofeuillet individuel avec ajout d’un dimère de carbone à la fois à sa base. Parallèlement, des échantillons ont été caractérisés en détail sous émission de champ. Nous avons établi un protocole de collage de nanotubes individuels à l’apex d’une pointe métallique sous microscopies optique et électronique à balayage à l’aide d’un nanomanipulateur. Leur dépendance en température à très bas courant a été mise en évidence avec un compteur d’électrons afin d'identifier les différents domaines d'émission électronique. L'analyse des distributions énergétiques a fait apparaître un phénomène de chauffage induit qui peut mener à des températures de l’ordre de 2000 K à l’extrémité du nanotube lorsqu’il est soumis à un fort champ. / The key issue for realizing the potential of carbon nanotubes has always been, and still remains, a better control of their growth and in particular the selective control of their chirality related to their electronic properties. This work aims to address the in-situ synthesis and characterization of individual carbon nanotubes by field emission to better understand the mechanisms of nucleation and growth that determine their chirality. We have developed a field emission microscope coupled to a CVD reactor (Chemical Vapor Deposition) to observe directly the catalytic growth of individual carbon nanotubes on metallic tips. We found that nanotubes often turn axially during growth, thereby supporting a model of "screw dislocation". Detailed analysis of results shows that we directly observe the atom by atom growth of one individual single wall nanotube with addition of a carbon dimer to the base. In parallel, certain samples were characterized by in-depth field emission studies. For this we established a protocol of bonding individual nanotubes at the apexes of metal tips under optical and scanning electron microscopies using a nanomanipulator. Their temperature dependence at very low current has been demonstrated with an electron counter to identify the various fields of electron emission. Analysis of energy distributions revealed an induced heating phenomenon that can lead to temperatures of about 2000 K at the end of the nanotube subjected to strong fields that create high current emission.

La vaporisation explosive, ou flashing, par dépressurisation rapide du C6F14 au travers d'une vanne à boisseau sphérique est analysée expérimentalement sur une grande plage de surchauffe. Les visualisations rapides montrent un jet s’ouvrant très largement en aval, preuve de l'existence d'un fort gradient de pression. Des mesures locales par sonde optique et par vélocimétrie phase Doppler ont permis de caractériser tailles, vitesses, concentration et flux numérique des gouttes en fonction de la surchauffe. La faible influence du degré de surchauffe sur la remontée en pression et sur les tailles et flux de gouttes suggère que le champ de pression s’adapte, et que par conséquent le liquide est soumis à une surchauffe locale bien plus faible que la surchauffe globale imposée. Différents scenarii sont discutés pour expliquer les observations, dont le fait que les tailles de gouttes sont peu sensibles à la surchauffe. Celui basé sur l’existence d’un front d’ébullition est le plus probable. / Depressurization (flashing) experiments through a ball valve were conducted with C6F14 for a large range of superheat. High-speed imaging shows a rapid and wide expansion of the jet, which evidences strong pressure gradients. Local measurements with phase detection optical probes and phase Doppler velocimetry were used to characterize size, speed, concentration and volumetric flux of drops as a function of superheat. The level of superheat has little influence on the vaporized fraction and on drop size and flux: this suggests that due to strong pressure gradients the liquid sees a much weaker level of superheat than the global superheat imposed on the system. Different scenarii are discussed to explain observations, in particular the fact that drop size remains approximately constant independent of the superheat. A scenario based on the existence of a boiling front seems to be the most consistent.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6385.pdf: 11264050 bytes, checksum: cd77b4a424829bd8ae1b48ccd53f5616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-08 / Introduced during the colonial period in Brazil, nowadays sugar cane is one of the main crops of the country's economy, generating more than 2 billion dollars per year in the Brazilian trade balance. Despite the benefits of expanding the sugarcane sector every year, the environmental impacts caused by burning straw cane sugar made the State of São Paulo Government create the Protocol of Agro-Environmental Cooperation in 2007, which aims the total elimination of cane burning by 2017. However, when the sugar cane stops being burned, some components of the plant, which remained in the field due to the burning, will start being in larger quantities in the process, and the effects of this future reality in sugar quality have not been studied In this doctoral thesis, the two components of great impact on the specifications or quality of the sugar were chosen: starch and dextran which were studied in the crystallization unit operation (by controlled cooling and vacuum evaporation), so that the impact on the final product (sugar) were evaluated. This current study used a reponse surface methodology, with 2 levels (309 and 1062 ppm), two factors (dextran and starch), 3 center points (one central point in triplicate) and 4 axial points, totaling 11 trials per type of crystallization. The experiments were conducted with sugar Type 2 solutions contaminated with starch and dextran, in an agitated and jacketed crystallizer (8 liters) in the laboratory. When the crystallization was performed, the matters were centrifuged, the sugars were separated from the honeys, and forwarded to the physico-chemical, textural and optical microscopy analyzes. In relation to the physicochemical analyzes of sugar, starch and dextran contamination interfered directly in the responses: starch, dextran, color, turbidity and alcoholic floc in both crystallization techniques, however, the controlled cooling under the same conditions of contamination (0-2000 ppm), presented sugars to lower rates, which kept the product according to the market specifications. The results of grain size analysis showed frequency curves with accumulation of smaller crystals at the opening of 0.5 mm, according to the increase of dextran in the tests. And the optical microscopy analysis identified the existence of a relationship between the amount of contaminants, and the appearance of agglomerated crystals, besides "needle-like" crystals were not observed. The experimental chosen design collaborated in the identification of starch and dextran agents, in the increase or decrease of the analyzed responses, besides suggesting the collaboration of the combined effect on the quality of sugar. Concerning the product quality, the use of crystallization technique by controlled cooling proved to be the most suitable in the reduction of contaminants in the sugar, particularly in solutions containing 2,000 ppm of dextran and starch. Given the crop of sugarcane in the coming years, and that the contamination of dextran and starch may be higher than those found in syrups of industrial processes currently, this work may contribute to the knowledge of the contaminants and their combined actions in the crystallization and in understanding of the differences in the product quality. / Introduzida no período colonial no Brasil, a cana-de-açúcar é hoje uma das principais culturas da economia do país, gerando mais de 2 bilhões de dólares por ano na balança comercial brasileira. Apesar dos benefícios da expansão do setor sucroalcooleiro a cada ano, os impactos ambientais causados pelas queimadas da palha de cana-de-açúcar, levaram o Governo Estadual Paulista a criar em 2007, o Protocolo de Cooperação Agroambiental, que visa a eliminação total da queima de cana até 2017. No entanto, quando a cana-de-açúcar deixar de ser queimada, alguns componentes da planta que ficavam no campo com a queima passarão a entrar no processo em maiores quantidades, e os efeitos dessa futura realidade na qualidade do açúcar ainda não foram estudados. Nesse trabalho de doutorado, foram escolhidos dois componentes de grande impacto nas especificações ou qualidade do açúcar: o amido e a dextrana, os quais foram estudados na operação unitária de cristalização (por resfriamento controlado e por evaporação a vácuo), para que o impacto no produto final (açúcar) fosse avaliado. O presente trabalho utilizou um delineamento composto rotacional, com 2 níveis (309 e 1062 ppm), dois fatores (dextrana e amido), 3 pontos centrais (1 ponto central em triplicata) e 4 axiais, totalizando 11 experimentos por tipo de cristalização. Os experimentos foram realizados com soluções de açúcar Tipo 2, contaminadas com amido e dextrana, em um cristalizador agitado e encamisado (8 litros), em laboratório. Realizadas as cristalizações, as massas foram centrifugadas, e os açúcares separados dos méis, e encaminhados para as análises físico-químicas, granulométricas e de microscopia óptica. Em relação às análises físico-químicas do açúcar, as contaminações de dextrana e amido interferiram diretamente nas respostas: amido, dextrana, cor, floco alcoólico e turbidez, nas duas técnicas de cristalização, no entanto, o resfriamento controlado, nas mesmas condições de contaminação (0 a 2000 ppm), apresentou açúcares com os menores índices, o que manteve o produto nas especificações do mercado. Os resultados das análises granulométricas demonstraram curvas de frequência com acúmulo de cristais menores na abertura de 0,5 mm, conforme o aumento de dextrana nos testes. E as análises de microscopia óptica identificaram a existência de uma relação entre a quantidade de contaminantes, e o aparecimento dos cristais aglomerados, além de não serem observados cristais tipo agulha . O planejamento experimental adotado colaborou na identificação dos agentes amido e dextrana, no aumento ou na diminuição das respostas analisadas, além de sugerir a colaboração do efeito combinado desses na qualidade do açúcar. Em termos de qualidade do produto, a aplicação da técnica de cristalização por resfriamento controlado mostrou-se mais indicada na redução dos contaminantes no açúcar, principalmente em soluções com 2000 ppm de dextrana e amido. Tendo em vista a colheita de cana crua nos próximos anos, e que as contaminações de dextrana e amido poderão ser superiores as encontradas nos xaropes dos processos industriais hoje, o presente trabalho pode contribuir no conhecimento dos contaminantes e de suas ações combinadas na cristalização, e no entendimento das diferenças na qualidade do produto.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WesleyCO_DISSERT.pdf: 6721230 bytes, checksum: 88cae54372de377ee09da74089205341 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / In last decades, the importance of including the contents of the Nature of Science (NOS) in Science Education has been emphasized. Several studies have focused on investigating the conceptions of NOS, supported by students and teachers, as well as design, implement and evaluate proposals that aim to provide a reflection on this theme in the educational context. Considering the complexity of such content, studies indicate the need for explicit and contextualized approaches and the History of Science (HS) is one of the possible paths to this inclusion. We started from the premise that, through a historical study, that aims to discuss the meaning and the basis of our "beliefs", we can know the process of building on what we "believe" and better understand its meaning. This thesis is part of this perspective, proposing to explore the History of the Vacuum, a themed high didactic potential still little used, in order to collaborate with the teaching content of NOS. We present actions on different fronts that originated three products in the context of this research. On the first front, we insert the research and production of instructional materials (three historical texts) to subsidize people interested in the implementation of HPS for educational context through this material. The relevance of this front is justified by the existence of gaps with regard to the production of such material for the context of teacher training. However, we consider that the preparation of instructional material of good quality and accessible does not guarantee that these resources will be used, if they will not be accompanied by discussions in teacher training, on how to use them, contexts and obstacles to be faced. The second part presented refers to the organization and implementation of a workshop for undergraduate students in physics and physics teachers, considering the instrumentalization of these individuals to the preparation and use of teaching strategies to approach aspects of NOS through episodes of History of the Vacuum, as well as the preparation of the text orientation for people interested in implementing the instructional material for secondary education. This guidance text contemplates the difficulties anticipated by the literature of the area and the main challenges faced by the participants about the didactic transposition of HPS for the educational context they were noted during the workshop. The relevance of this second front, in particular, is justified by the existence of gaps with regard to the inclusion of the theme of NOS and the HPS teacher training / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, a import?ncia de incluir conte?dos de Natureza da Ci?ncia (NdC) no ensino de ci?ncias tem sido enfatizada. Diversos trabalhos tem se preocupado em investigar as concep??es sobre NdC sustentadas por alunos e professores, bem como em elaborar, implementar e avaliar propostas cujos objetivos se relacionam a propiciar espa?os de reflex?o sobre essa tem?tica no contexto educacional. Dada a complexidade desses conte?dos, estudos apontam a necessidade de abordagens explicitas e contextualizadas dos mesmos, sendo a Hist?ria da Ci?ncia (HC) um dos poss?veis caminhos para essa inser??o. Partiu-se da premissa de que, por meio de um estudo hist?rico, que visa discutir o significado e a base de nossas cren?as , pode-se conhecer o processo de constru??o do que acreditamos e entender melhor o seu significado. A presente disserta??o se insere nessa perspectiva, propondo, com o objetivo de colaborar com o ensino de conte?dos de NdC, explorar a Hist?ria do V?cuo, tem?tica de alto potencial did?tico ainda pouco utilizado. Apresentaram-se a??es em diferentes frentes que originaram tr?s produtos no ?mbito do presente trabalho. Na primeira frente, inseriu-se a pesquisa e a produ??o de materiais instrucionais (tr?s textos hist?ricos) para subsidiar interessados na transposi??o da HFC para o contexto educacional a partir do referido material. A relev?ncia dessa frente, em particular, se justifica pela exist?ncia de lacunas no que diz respeito ? produ??o desse tipo de material para o contexto de forma??o de professores. Considerou-se, no entanto, que a elabora??o de material instrucional acess?vel e de boa qualidade n?o ? garantia de que esses recursos venham a ser empregados se n?o forem acompanhados de discuss?es, na forma??o dos professores, sobre como utiliz?-los, contextos e obst?culos a serem enfrentados. Partindo desse pressuposto, a segunda vertente apresentada diz respeito ? organiza??o e implementa??o de uma oficina para licenciandos e professores de F?sica, tendo em vista a instrumentaliza??o desses indiv?duos para a elabora??o e uso de estrat?gias did?ticas para abordagem de aspectos de NdC por meio de epis?dios da Hist?ria do V?cuo, bem como a elabora??o do texto de orienta??o aos interessados em transpor o material instrucional para o Ensino M?dio. Esse texto de orienta??o contempla as dificuldades previstas pela literatura da ?rea (FORATO, 2009) e os principais desafios enfrentados pelos participantes acerca da transposi??o did?tica da HFC para o contexto educacional, que foram notados durante a oficina. A relev?ncia dessa segunda frente, em particular, se justifica pela exist?ncia de lacunas no que diz respeito ? inser??o da tem?tica NdC e da pr?pria HFC na forma??o de professores

Dans le cadre d’un projet étudiant la possibilité de remplacer le SF6 par du vide comme milieu de coupure dans les disjoncteurs Haute-Tension, un travail ayant pour objet d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension du comportement d’un arc de vapeurs métalliques à grandes distances inter-électrodes (> 10 mm) et contrôlé par un champ magnétique axial (AMF) a été entrepris. Ce travail a premièrement donné lieu à l’élaboration d’une expérience au cours de laquelle des arcs, créés entre deux contacts en CuCr25 fixes, ont été visualisés par vidéo rapide dans une maquette démontable d’ampoule à vide. Différents types de régime d’arc ont été observés. En outre, à l’aide d’une méthode numérique de détection des spots cathodiques, nous avons pu étudier l’évolution de la distribution spatiale des spots cathodiques, mesurer l’intensité moyenne du courant porté par un spot et déterminer le profil radial moyen de la densité de courant cathodique. Cette thèse a aussi eu pour objet le développement d’un modèle magnétohydrodynamique à 2 fluides, 2D-axysimétrique et quasi-stationnaire, de la zone d’écoulement hydrodynamique de l’arc, permettant de traiter le cas des régimes d’arc diffus supersonique et diffus subsonique. Ce modèle a permis d’étudier le comportement du plasma d’arc en fonction des intensités du courant d’arc et de l’AMF et de la distance inter-électrodes / In the frame of a project investigating the possibility to replace SF6 by vacuum as a breaking medium in High-Voltage circuit breakers, a study that focusses on acquiring a better understanding of the behavior of a metal vapor arc at long contact gap (> 10 mm) and controlled by an axial magnetic field (AMF) has been undertaken. The study involves first the building of an experimental setup where arcs, created between two fixed CuCr25 contacts, were visualized using a high-speed camera in a vacuum demountable chamber. Various types of arc regime have been observed. Moreover, by means of a numerical method of detection of the cathode spots, we were able to study the evolution of the spatial distribution of the cathode spots, to measure the average current carried by a spot and to determine the average radial profile of the current density at the cathode surface. This study had also for object the development of a 2D-axisymetric and quasi-steady magnetohydrodynamic model of the hydrodynamic flow region of the arc based on a two-fluid approach. The model allows to simulate the supersonic and the subsonic diffuse arc regimes. It is used to study the arc behavior as a function of to the arc current, the AMF intensity and the contact gap

Orientadores: Antonio J. Ramirez, Maria Clara F. Ierardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seraphim_RafaelMolena_M.pdf: 6485115 bytes, checksum: 380cfffee5fa982ec74a9cdc78c88e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O avanço cientifico no estudo de átomos, moléculas e proteínas tem recebido uma contribuição significativa dos aceleradores de partículas, que em sua grande maioria são utilizados para a geração de radiação síncrotron. Por isso, o aprimoramento destas máquinas mostra-se de extrema importância para manter a ciência em seu contínuo avanço. O sistema de vácuo destas máquinas apresenta-se como um importante parâmetro para o seu bom funcionamento e melhorias neste promovem diretamente melhorias na qualidade da radiação síncrotron gerada. Logo, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo das juntas soldadas das câmaras de vácuo que compõem o acelerador do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS). As juntas foram preparadas com o processo de soldagem GTAW (Gás Tungsten Arc Welding) mediante a utilização de diferentes gases de proteção, como Argônio, Hélio e Nitrogênio, e misturas entre estes. Os estudos concentraram-se na análise da influência dos gases de proteção na dessorção de gases das juntas soldadas. Para a caracterização destas utilizaram-se as técnicas de análise de superfícies Dessorção Estimulada por Elétrons (DEE) e Dessorção Estimulada por Fótons (DEF). Adicionalmente, realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre as duas técnicas buscando-se estabelecer relações entre os resultados fornecidos pelas mesmas. Os resultados mostraram que a dessorção de gases independe do gás de proteção de soldagem, mas depende sim do nível de oxidação das juntas soldadas, as quais podem apresentar altas taxas de dessorção caso estejam muito oxidadas e os óxidos não sejam camadas contínuas. Em conclusão pode-se dizer que as juntas soldadas para câmaras de vácuo de aceleradores de partículas devem apresentar baixos níveis de oxidação, e apesar das semelhanças encontradas entre a DEE e a DEF é aconselhável utilizar a DEF para a caracterização de superfícies para trabalharem com radiação síncrotron / Abstract: The scientific advance of atoms, molecules and proteins studies has received an important contribution from particle accelerators, which are mainly used to generate synchrotron radiation. Hence, the improvement of these machines is necessary to maintain the continuous advance of science. One of the key components for the adequate operation of these accelerators is the vacuum system. Thus, its improvement directly impacts on the quality of the generated synchrotron radiation. Therefore, the principal purpose of this work is to study the gas desorption from the welding joints on the particle accelerators vacuum chambers. The welds were prepared using the GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) process with different shielding gases, as argon, helium and nitrogen, and some mixtures of them. The study concentrated on the analysis of the shielding gas influence on the gas desorption from the welded joints. The gas desorption of the joints was evaluated using Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD). In addition, it was carried out a comparative study between both desorption techniques to establish relationships between the results provided by them. The results showed that the gas desorption from the welding joints does not depend on the welding shielding gas, but on the oxidation level of the joint, which can present high desorption yield if it is highly oxidized and these oxides are not a continuous film. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize the oxidation during welding of vacuum chambers for particle accelerators. Regarding the comparison between ESD and PSD they were found some similarities. However, PSD will have better performance characterizing surfaces that will be exposed to synchrotron radiation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica