This study focused on the impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province. A stratified sampling technique was used. The population of hawkers was selected from the five district municipalities of the province. Three major towns from each district were randomly selected for 366 questionnaire administration. Multiple regression analysis (linear, semi-log and double-log) was used to determine the impact of vegetable sales on the household income of hawkers. The outcome of the study revealed that, nine independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales of hawkers when the linear regression model was applied. On application of the semi-log regression, 11 independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales. Ten independent variables had a significant impact on vegetable sales when considering the double-log regression. The cross tabulation of total sales according to districts showed that an average of 1.6 respondents earned less than R200 which is close to, but lower than R174 which is the poverty line measure in South Africa. The study showed the degree of significance of different variables that have an impact on hawkers’ vegetable sales. Vegetable hawkers generate enough income from their sales to live above the poverty line. The recommendation was that the local municipalities should build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in hawkers’ markets. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode se constituir num alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não têm preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches (cachorro-quente) comercializados por vendedores ambulantes de Limeira-SP. Foram colhidas 5 amostras de 10 estabelecimentos centrais cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária, coletadas em dias diferentes. Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C, Clostridium sulfito-redutor, Bacillus cereus e investigada a presença de Salmonella spp. Entre as 50 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 34% estavam fora do padrão para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp. e de Clostridium sulfitoredutor. As contagens de Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C e Bacillus cereus estavam dentro dos valores permitidos. Os resultados obtidos através de uma Ficha de Inspeção de Estabelecimento não foram muito satisfatórios, o que pode ter contribuído para a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em números acima dos tolerados em aproximadamente 1/3 das amostras analisadas, bem como para a presença de Coliformes fecais. Recomenda-se regulamentar a atividade de ambulantes e investir em educação e melhoria da infra-estrutura para se evitar ou minimizar riscos de toxinfecções alimentares através do consumo de alimentos comercializados em vias públicas. / The commercialization of ready-made food by street vendors can constitute a high risk to consumer?s health, as the people involved in this kind of activity, generally, have no training in correct food handling. In this paper, preparation conditions and sanitaryhygienic quality of sandwiches (hot dogs) sold by street vendors in Limeira/SP were analyzed. Five samples were taken from 10 vending carts registered at Sanitary Vigilance in the central area of the town and they were collected in different days. Counts were made on hot dog samples for Staphylococcus coagulase positive, total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC, Clostridium sulfite reducers, Bacillus cereus, and it was analyzed the presence of Salmonella spp. From the 50 samples of hot dogs tested, 34% did not reach the standard for Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In none of the samples was detected the presence of Salmonella spp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. The counts on total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC and Bacillus cereus were within permitted values. The results obtained through the Inspection Form were not very satisfactory, which could have contributed to the high percentage of contaminated samples with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in numbers above of the tolerated ones showed in approximately 1/3 of the analyzed samples, besides the presence of fecal Coliforms. It is recommended to regulate the street food vending activities, invest in training and improve infrastructure to avoid or minimize risks of alimentary toxinfection in the commercialized food in public streets.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-14T11:12:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Dionisi Capelli.pdf: 1121890 bytes, checksum: dd25318584e115f6e0bea1e6178d9221 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T11:12:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Dionisi Capelli.pdf: 1121890 bytes, checksum: dd25318584e115f6e0bea1e6178d9221 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation aims to analyze the commerce situation in the wagons of the train compositions crossing the West Zone of São Paulo Metropolitan Region, foccusing on Line 8 (Diamond), which is a part of CPTM (Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos) structure. Considering that, a historical contextualization of the phenomenon (informal work) in which my object is inserted was developed. The analysis of the literature addressing the subject as to its concepts, as well as the field observation of the commerce inside the compositions in different days and times, substantiate this study to faithfully de-scribe the informal work carried out, which despite the illegality, represents the sub-sistence of those individuals. The relation of those illegal activities and the society in a general perspective was approached, based on the field observations and on the interviews of a selected group of workers. The data collected underlie the description and analysis of the set of relations concerned as the objective aimed to this dissertation / Esta presente dissertação tem como intenção primordial, a análise da situação que se encontra o comércio no interior dos vagões das composições que cruzam parte da porção oeste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo através da linha 8 (Diamante) que faz parte da estrutura da Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM). Para tanto, trabalhei a contextualização histórica do surgimento do fenômeno (Trabalho Informal) no qual meu objeto está inserido. A análise de obras que já conceituaram o fenômeno em conjunto com vários dias de observação do comércio no interior das composições, são o fundamento desse estudo que, espero, tenha conseguido descrever com fidedignidade o trabalho ali realizado que, apesar de ilegal, garante a subsistência daqueles que a praticam. Temos aqui, uma visão de como essas atividades ilegais se relacionam com a sociedade mais ampla. Através das observações de um trabalho de campo e de uma entrevista aplicada a um grupo desses trabalhadores, esta dissertação intentou em descrever e analisar o conjunto dessas relações

<p>Malaria is a health, social and economic burden in Nigeria and consistently ranks amongst the four most common causes of childhood deaths. Treatment of malaria is usually started at home / care is only sought from the health facility when the treatment is ineffective (McCombie, 1996). Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have been identified as a widely patronized source for drugs used in the home treatment of malaria (Breiger et al, 2001 / Goodman, et al, 2007 / Salako et al, 2001). Inadequate or poor knowledge and practices in the use of anti-malaria drugs (AMDs) increases morbidity and mortality, undermines therapeutic efficacy, and promotes the emergence and spread of drugresistant malaria. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and self-reported practices of PMVs in the use of antimalarials, particularly artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), in a poor urban community in Lagos state, Nigeria.</p>

Background: Due to the increasing global competition managers must realize the importance of competitive advantage. This can be done by reconsider how new knowledge should be acquired into the organization.  The importance of new competence creation is well known as a factor for longitudinal success for companies. There is a growing trend in outsourcing human resources activities that used to be in-house. There are numerous training vendors active on the market offering training and development opportunities to small firms. It can therefore be questioned how well the programs offered by the training vendors suites the needs of small firms. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigating the perceived training and development needs for small firms. This to understand and overcome the differences in the perception of small firms’ needs, between training vendors and small firms. Method: The research approach of this study is inspired by Grounded theory. Ten in-depth interviews have been performed, four with training vendors and six with small firms. The findings where then coded and categorized to answer the research questions and purpose of the research. Conclusion: From this research it can be seen that both small firms and training vendors do understand the need for training and development of small firms. The areas where training and development is needed for small firms can be summarised to fields of general business management and business specific knowledge. However, this research also identifies barriers that prevent small firms from attending external training. These barriers are cost, time, relevance, pride, flexibility and suitability. Time and cost are the most commonly mentioned barriers, but not the primary barriers that training vendors and small firms should focus on overcoming. Instead we argue that, the efforts should be on the attitude driven barriers: relevance, suitability, flexibility and pride. If you change the attitude among small firms towards training, the perceived benefits will become larger and therefore cost and price will become less important. If the small firms and the training vendors co-operate these barriers could easier be decreased. This could be done by ensuring that the training results in practical tools that the firms use and that they work on building a trustworthy relationship. This will help the small firms to see the relevance and the suitability of the courses offered and the training vendors to understand how to make the courses appear more relevant and suitable to the small firms. / Bakgrund: I och med den ökade globala konkurrensen, måste företagsledare förstå vikten av att inneha och bevara en konkurrens fördel. Detta kan göras genom att fokusera på hur kunskap kan tas in i organisationen. Vikten av kompetens utveckling är en välkänd faktor för långsiktig framgång för företag. Det finns en ökad trend att lägga ut ansvaret för human resources på externa företag, vilket tidigare sköttes inom företaget. Det finns ett stort antal externa utvecklingsleverantörer på marknaden. Det kan därför ifrågasättas hur väl programmen, som de externa träningsleverantörerna erbjuder, passar med behoven hos småföretagarna. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka uppfattningen om tränings- och utvecklingsbehov hos småföretagare. Detta för att få en förståelse av småföretagarnas behov och komma över skillnaderna i uppfattningarna mellan externa utvecklingsleverantörer och småföretagare. Metod: Forskningsansatsen till den här studien är inspirerad av Grundad teori. Tio djupintervjuer har genomförts, fyra stycken med externa utvecklingsleverantörer och sex stycken med småföretagare. Det empiriska materialet har organiserats genom kodning och kategorisering enligt Grundad teori. Slutsats: Från den här studien kan det ses att både småföretagare och externa utvecklingsleverantörer ser behovet av träning och utveckling i småföretag. De områden där träningsbehov är identifierade kan summers till generell företagsekonomi och specifik kunskap inom företagets bransch. Genom denna studie har dock barriärer som motverkar träning och utveckling i småföretag identifierats. Barriärerna är: kostnad, tid, relevans, stolthet, flexibilitet och lämplighet. Tid och kostnad är de mest nämnda barriärerna, men dock inte de barriärer som primärts bör fokuseras på. Istället anser vi att kraften skall fokuseras på att minska de attityd drivna barriärerna: relevans, lämplighet, flexibilitet och stolthet hos företagarna. Om attityden hos småföretagarna ändras vad gäller träning så kommer den uppfattade fördelen av träning att öka, därmed minskar vikten av barriärerna kostnad och pris. Dessa barriärer kan lättare överbyggas om småföretagarna och de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna samarbetar. Samarbetet kan ske genom att fastställa att det praktiska verktygen, utvecklade av de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna, används av småföretagarna och att en tillförlitlig relation byggs. Detta skulle hjälpa småföretagarna att se relevansen och lämpligheten i de erbjudna kurserna och de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna skulle få en förståelse i hur man kan få kurserna att framstå som relevanta och lämpliga för småföretag.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to the increasing global competition managers must realize the importance of competitive advantage. This can be done by reconsider how new knowledge should be acquired into the organization.  The importance of new competence creation is well known as a factor for longitudinal success for companies. There is a growing trend in outsourcing human resources activities that used to be in-house. There are numerous training vendors active on the market offering training and development opportunities to small firms. It can therefore be questioned how well the programs offered by the training vendors suites the needs of small firms.</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong><strong> </strong><em>The purpose of this study is to investigating the perceived training and development needs for small firms. This to understand and overcome the differences in the perception of small firms’ needs, between training vendors and small firms. </em></p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The research approach of this study is inspired by Grounded theory. Ten in-depth interviews have been performed, four with training vendors and six with small firms. The findings where then coded and categorized to answer the research questions and purpose of the research.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From this research it can be seen that both small firms and training vendors do understand the need for training and development of small firms. The areas where training and development is needed for small firms can be summarised to fields of <em>general business management</em> and <em>business specific knowledge</em>. However, this research also identifies barriers that prevent small firms from attending external training. These barriers are <em>cost</em>, <em>time</em>, <em>relevance</em>, <em>pride</em>, <em>flexibility</em> and <em>suitability</em>. Time and cost are the most commonly mentioned barriers, but not the primary barriers that training vendors and small firms should focus on overcoming. Instead we argue that, the efforts should be on the attitude driven barriers: relevance, suitability, flexibility and pride. If you change the attitude among small firms towards training, the perceived benefits will become larger and therefore cost and price will become less important. If the small firms and the training vendors co-operate these barriers could easier be decreased. This could be done by ensuring that the training results in practical tools that the firms use and that they work on building a trustworthy relationship. This will help the small firms to see the <em>relevance</em> and the <em>suitability</em> of the courses offered and the training vendors to understand how to make the courses appear more <em>relevant </em>and <em>suitable</em> to the small firms.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>I och med den ökade globala konkurrensen, måste företagsledare förstå vikten av att inneha och bevara en konkurrens fördel. Detta kan göras genom att fokusera på hur kunskap kan tas in i organisationen. Vikten av kompetens utveckling är en välkänd faktor för långsiktig framgång för företag. Det finns en ökad trend att lägga ut ansvaret för human resources på externa företag, vilket tidigare sköttes inom företaget. Det finns ett stort antal externa utvecklingsleverantörer på marknaden. Det kan därför ifrågasättas hur väl programmen, som de externa träningsleverantörerna erbjuder, passar med behoven hos småföretagarna.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong><em>Syftet med studien är att undersöka uppfattningen om tränings- och utvecklingsbehov hos småföretagare. Detta för att få en förståelse av småföretagarnas behov och komma över skillnaderna i uppfattningarna mellan externa utvecklingsleverantörer och småföretagare. </em></p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Forskningsansatsen till den här studien är inspirerad av Grundad teori. Tio djupintervjuer har genomförts, fyra stycken med externa utvecklingsleverantörer och sex stycken med småföretagare. Det empiriska materialet har organiserats genom kodning och kategorisering enligt Grundad teori.</p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Från den här studien kan det ses att både småföretagare och externa utvecklingsleverantörer ser behovet av träning och utveckling i småföretag. De områden där träningsbehov är identifierade kan summers till generell företagsekonomi och specifik kunskap inom företagets bransch. Genom denna studie har dock barriärer som motverkar träning och utveckling i småföretag identifierats. Barriärerna är: <em>kostnad, tid, relevans, stolthet, flexibilitet </em>och<em> lämplighet.</em> Tid och kostnad är de mest nämnda barriärerna, men dock inte de barriärer som primärts bör fokuseras på. Istället anser vi att kraften skall fokuseras på att minska de attityd drivna barriärerna: relevans, lämplighet, flexibilitet och stolthet hos företagarna. Om attityden hos småföretagarna ändras vad gäller träning så kommer den uppfattade fördelen av träning att öka, därmed minskar vikten av barriärerna kostnad och pris. Dessa barriärer kan lättare överbyggas om småföretagarna och de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna samarbetar. Samarbetet kan ske genom att fastställa att det praktiska verktygen, utvecklade av de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna, används av småföretagarna och att en tillförlitlig relation byggs. Detta skulle hjälpa småföretagarna att se <em>relevansen</em> och <em>lämpligheten</em> i de erbjudna kurserna och de externa utvecklingsleverantörerna skulle få en förståelse i hur man kan få kurserna att framstå som <em>relevanta</em> och <em>lämpliga</em> för småföretag.</p>

Thesis (MTech. degree in Agriculture)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2011. / Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework as a guide, livelihoods of street traders involved in the purchase and retail of fresh produce from farmers at the Dzindi smallholder irrigation scheme were documented, analysed and assessed.

<p>Malaria is a health, social and economic burden in Nigeria and consistently ranks amongst the four most common causes of childhood deaths. Treatment of malaria is usually started at home / care is only sought from the health facility when the treatment is ineffective (McCombie, 1996). Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have been identified as a widely patronized source for drugs used in the home treatment of malaria (Breiger et al, 2001 / Goodman, et al, 2007 / Salako et al, 2001). Inadequate or poor knowledge and practices in the use of anti-malaria drugs (AMDs) increases morbidity and mortality, undermines therapeutic efficacy, and promotes the emergence and spread of drugresistant malaria. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and self-reported practices of PMVs in the use of antimalarials, particularly artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), in a poor urban community in Lagos state, Nigeria.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoilmaDO.pdf: 1497670 bytes, checksum: 6afa777694c5f707addc8aed7c410256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study aid to understand the work conditions of street vendors located on the sidewalks of two malls in Brazil Northeast Natal / RN - Both malls Natal Shopping and Via Direta, to analyze their inclusion in the informal economy and to study the supposed autonomy provided by work as self-employment in its both aspects economic and social analyzing the importance on the condition of "masters of their own business" has for the street vendors, as an alternative to not submission to the figure of the boss, that represents the exploitation of one class over another. The theoretical and methodological aspects that support this study was aimed in discussion on the restructuring of production, considering its effects on the world of work, pointing to unemployment as one of the potencies element of excluded processes that exciting workers to engage in the informal market. Informality is presented as a survival strategy and as integrating part of the reproduction of capital. This research was conducted under a critical perspective, whish has been utilized quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results of this study format questions that provided during the research process the socio-economic characterization of workers, main cause of this study, and how street vendors expres their status of workers as self-employed for their work, and the perception that they have on their form of inclusion in the informal market. / O presente estudo objetiva apreender as condi??es de trabalho dos vendedores ambulantes situados nas cal?adas de dois shoppings de Natal/RN Natal Shopping e Via Direta, analisar a sua inser??o na informalidade e estudar o alcance da suposta autonomia proporcionada pelo trabalho por conta pr?pria, em seus aspectos econ?micos e sociais analisando a import?ncia que a condi??o de donos de seus pr?prios neg?cios tem para os camel?s, como alternativa ? n?o submiss?o ? figura do patr?o, que representa a explora??o de uma classe sobre a outra. Os aspectos te?ricometodol?gicos que d?o suporte a este estudo se pautaram na discuss?o sobre a reestrutura??o produtiva, considerando seus efeitos para o mundo do trabalho, apontando o desemprego como um dos elementos potenciadores dos processos excludentes que instigam os trabalhadores a se inserirem no mercado informal. A informalidade apresenta-se como estrat?gia de sobreviv?ncia e como parte integrante da reprodu??o do capital. Esta pesquisa foi realizada sob uma perspectiva cr?tica, tendo sido utilizadas abordagens quanti-qualitativas. Os resultados desse estudo formatam indaga??es que proporcionaram ao longo do processo de pesquisa a caracteriza??o s?cio-econ?mico dos trabalhadores, sujeitos deste estudo, e de como os vendedores expressam a sua condi??o de trabalhadores por conta pr?pria, e a percep??o que os mesmos possuem sobre sua forma de inser??o no mercado informal.

This study focused on the impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province. A stratified sampling technique was used. The population of hawkers was selected from the five district municipalities of the province. Three major towns from each district were randomly selected for 366 questionnaire administration. Multiple regression analysis (linear, semi-log and double-log) was used to determine the impact of vegetable sales on the household income of hawkers. The outcome of the study revealed that, nine independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales of hawkers when the linear regression model was applied. On application of the semi-log regression, 11 independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales. Ten independent variables had a significant impact on vegetable sales when considering the double-log regression. The cross tabulation of total sales according to districts showed that an average of 1.6 respondents earned less than R200 which is close to, but lower than R174 which is the poverty line measure in South Africa. The study showed the degree of significance of different variables that have an impact on hawkers’ vegetable sales. Vegetable hawkers generate enough income from their sales to live above the poverty line. The recommendation was that the local municipalities should build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in hawkers’ markets. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)