Orientador: Ricardo Luis Coltro Antunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / O exemplar do AEL pertence a Coleção CPDS / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T02:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duraes_BrunoJoseRodrigues_M.pdf: 705344 bytes, checksum: dc3185a640ee253ef90189d7c239f2e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo central evidenciar e problematizar as condições precárias de trabalho dos trabalhadores de rua da cidade de Salvador em dois contextos díspares, um do final do século XIX (no contexto da abolição da escravidão) e o outro da atualidade (século XXI), evidenciando importantes elementos de similitudes, bem como, de incongruências. O problema que norteia a investigação proposta divide-se em dois. Pelo lado do século XIX ensejou-se responder a seguinte indagação: As formas de trabalho de rua de Salvador do final do século XIX representaram uma forma de trabalho avançada em relação a forma de trabalho predominante à época, a escrava? Por outro lado, referente às formas de trabalho de rua da atualidade, indagou-se: Serão estas formas de trabalho de rua atuais atrasadas em relação às formas de trabalho assalariado/formal da moderna produção capitalista, representando assim um retrocesso?Para responder a estas questões nos valemos do recurso da historiografia para o século XIX, compondo o cenário de vida e de trabalho das ruas da cidade de Salvador de finais deste século, utilizando de documentos e recortes de jornais históricos. Outrossim, para a atualidade usamos de uma pesquisa qualitativa com 191 trabalhadores de rua espalhados em diversos pontos da cidade de Salvador, e também de notícias em jornais. Estas bases permitiram compor duas paisagens de uma mesma cidade, em situações diferenciadas, mas que retratam formas similares de trabalho, principalmente, por estarem todas localizadas nas ruas da capital baiana. No século XIX os/as trabalhadores/as de rua eram denominadas de ganhadores/ganhadeiras e se encontravam ordenados/as em cantos delimitados na cidade. Hoje, são conhecidos/as como camelôs, vendedores/as ambulantes, informais e estão situados em todos os cantos da cidade, ainda com regulamentações, perseguições e ordenações, e uma máxima vem a tona, a saber, a busca frenética e incansável pela sobrevivência / Abstract: This present study has the main objective of evidence and discuss the precarious labour conditions of street workers on the city of Salvador in two different contexts, one is the end of the XIXth century (in the context of slavery abolition) and other is the present time (XXIth century), evidencing important elements of similarities, as well as, the incongruence. The problem that guides this inquiry is divided in two pieces. On the XIXth century, it was tried to answer the following investigation: the forms of street labour on Salvador's streets at the end of XIXth century had represented an advanced form of labour in comparison with the predominant form of labour at that time, the slave labour? On the other hand, referring to the forms of street labour at the present time, it was inquired: Have these current forms of street labour been less developed in comparison with the forms of formal wage-earning labour on the modern capitalist production, therefore, it represents a retrocession? To answer these questions, it was necessary the use of XIXth century historiography, to compose the scene of everyday life and work on the streets of Salvador at the end of this century, using documents and clippings of historical periodicals. So, on present time, we use a qualitative research with 191 street workers in diverse locations around the city of Salvador, and also clippings of actual periodicals. These bases had allowed composing two pictures of the same city, in differentiated situations, portraying similar forms of labour, all of it located on Salvador¿s streets. In XIXth century, the street workers were called of earners and they were found in delimited corners around the city. Today, they are knowed as ambulants, informal peddlers and sellers, and they are situated in all the corners around the city, still constrained by regulations, persecutions and ordinances, and a principle comes up: the frantic and untiring struggle for survival / Mestrado / Mestre em Sociologia

Informal trade in Feira de Santana, specially the one located on the streets downtown, has gone through significant changes from the beginning of the organization of the city with the street market and the cattle fair up to the city’s present organization with predominant industrialized products. The situation indicates that processes of capital accumulation have been included in the activity. The organization and relevance of such activity is the reflex of the power it possesses when it comes to attracting a great flow of people, mostly from the city’s micro region, and of the capacity of promoting the circulation of capital, characterizing the commercial center as a venue of great value for any kind of informal trade, including street market. Commerce is the strength of Feira de Santana’s economy. In this perspective, informal trade has become the focus of this study, considering its relevance. Continuity and changes in street trade in Feira de Santana are local result of global situation. Changes in the international scenario stablished over a short period of time will reset nations and cause significant economic and political changes in the contemporary world. The practice of street trade is a well-known model which gained new patterns if we consider what is commercialized presently since the street market is responsible, mostly, for commercializing agricultural or manufactured products. At the present organization, industrial production, mostly technological, is dominant in this kind of commerce. It is the result of a consolidating historic process, governmental actions, labor laws, as well as changes in production and labor relations at global level with local repercussions which resulted in a process of production restructuration. Furthermore, many citizens make a living out of this activity and many industries increase their capital by selling part of their production to this segment of commerce. Among continuity and changes, it is noticed that the street trade studied follows the logic and model of the society for which it is destined. In this context, trade conducted by street vendors has reflected clients’ needs and interests. The conclusion of this research shows that informal trade in Feira de Santana presents great heterogeneity, complexity and relevance for society and economy. Therefore, continuity and changes in the activity allow several further studies. / O comércio informal em Feira de Santana, particularmente o que ocorre nas ruas da cidade, passou por significativas transformações no intervalo que marca a origem do município e da cidade com a feira livre e a feira de gado bovino até a atual organização. Esta situação é um indicativo de que houveram inclusões de processos de acumulação de capital. Sua organização e relevância é reflexo do poder que possui em atrair um elevado fluxo de pessoas, em especial, de sua microrregião, e da capacidade em promover a circulação de capital, caracterizando o centro comercial como local de maior valor para todo tipo de comércio informal, incluindo o comércio de rua. É no comércio onde se encontra a força da economia de Feira de Santana, nesta perspectiva, determinou-se o comércio informal como objeto desse estudo, considerando sua relevância. Como tese foi estabelecido: A centralidade urbana em Feira de Santana se mantém perante o fortalecimento do circuito inferior da economia representado pelo comércio de rua realizado por ambulantes e camelôs. As permanências e resistências no comércio de rua em Feira de Santana também são repercussões locais de situações globais. O objetivo geral busca analisar o comércio informal em Feira de Santana, sua evolução e transformação reafirmando a centralidade associada à dinâmica urbana e popularização do consumo. As informações indispensáveis para a realização desta pesquisa foram organizadas a partir de fontes diversas. Os documentos governamentais foram consultados. Os dados estatísticos indicativos à população, os censos demográficos e informações sobre o comércio foram coletados no site do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Ainda foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com a intenção de identificar o perfil dos ambulantes e camelôs, além dos consumidores. Esta forneceu dados para a elaboração e discussão dos resultados apresentados no formato de texto, gráficos figuras, tabelas e mapas temáticos. Entre as permanências e mudanças evidenciadas percebe-se que o comércio de rua estudado segue a lógica e modelo de sociedade para o qual se destina. Nesse sentido, o comércio realizado por ambulantes e camelôs vem refletindo interesses e necessidades da clientela. O espaço público representado pelas ruas e avenidas do centro comercial da cidade de Feira de Santana confirma-se enquanto espaço para o comércio de rua realizado por ambulantes e camelôs. A tradição histórica da feira livre, o desemprego promovido pelas sucessivas reestruturações produtivas, a articulação local, regional e nacional para a realização da atividade comercial contribui para a consolidação do comércio formal e também do informal. Os logradouros estudados apresentam graves problemas de infraestrutura e ordenamento territorial que se corrigidos pelo poder público, não inviabilizam sua realização, principalmente por ser referência em escala regional. / São Cristóvão, SE

Magister Public Health - MPH / Malaria is a health, social and economic burden in Nigeria and consistently ranks amongst the four most common causes of childhood deaths. Treatment of malaria is usually started at home; care is only sought from the health facility when the treatment is ineffective (McCombie, 1996). Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have been identified as a widely patronized source for drugs used in the home treatment of malaria (Breiger et al, 2001; Goodman, et al, 2007; Salako et al, 2001). Inadequate or poor knowledge and practices in the use of anti-malaria drugs (AMDs) increases morbidity and mortality, undermines therapeutic efficacy, and promotes the emergence and spread of drugresistant malaria. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and self-reported practices of PMVs in the use of antimalarials, particularly artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), in a poor urban community in Lagos state, Nigeria. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Background: Street foods (SF) contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of adults and children in developing countries. They are inexpensive and a major source of income for a vast multitude. A major concern is the so-called ‘nutrition transition’, which has led to an increase in foods high in saturated fats, trans fats, sugar and salt, along with processed food items sold on urban community streets in developing countries. These foods contribute to nutritional disorders in the communities where consumed. South Africa’s stable unemployment rate, estimated at 25%, has further influenced business growth in the informal sector, particularly SF vending. As such, a well-developed SF-vending model (SFVM) could potentially address the challenges of unemployment and improve the nutritional status of poorer South Africans. Aim: To develop a sustainable SFVM for selling healthy and safe SF in the City of Cape Town enabling street vendors to make a decent living, and consumers to make healthy choices regarding food purchasing. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed mixed methodology (collecting qualitative and quantitative data). The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1a: Situation Analysis. This a SF-vendor survey which collected a) socio-demographic factors, b) vendors’ business operational models, c) food items sold, d) available facilities, e) challenges faced, f) certification, and g) nutrition knowledge using a validated questionnaire. An observational checklist capturing data on the appearance of vendors, their stalls, available equipment and type of food sold, supplemented this survey. Phase 1b: A consumer survey included collecting, a) socio-demographic factors, b) purchasing habits, c) consumption preferences, and d) nutrition knowledge using a validated questionnaire. Phase 2a: Semi-structured-interviews and focus group discussions with Environmental Health Officials and Economic Development Officials from the City of Cape Town were conducted to explore the existing -vending regulations and/or policies in the City of Cape Town and gain insight into the SF-vending operations from a regulatory perspective. Phase 2b: A document review was conducted to identify existing regulations and policies on SF vending. Phase 3: conducted in three steps: Step 1, data integration of the previous phases. Step 2, a participatory action research component checking the relevance, acceptability and practicability of identified themes and resulting components from Step 1. Step 3, development of the proposed SFVM using the findings of the previous two steps. Data Analysis: Quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS, 2010 Statistics version 23. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations were used to analyse data. Qualitative data were thematically analysed using the qualitative data software package Atlas ti 7.5.7.Results: Phase 1a: vendors in the Cape Town and surrounding areas work long hours up to seven days a week making a minimal income. Types of food items sold by vendors, their nutrition knowledge and hygiene practices were not ideal. A major lack in basic facilities existed. Phase 2a: SF consumers indicated spending a significant amount of their income on SF, and are open to buying healthier options should these be available. Phase 2a: government officials thought the SF-vending business should be guided by national legislature and provincial bylaws, and felt strongly about nutrition and health education for vendors and consumers. Phase 2b: thirteen regulations and bylaws applicable to SF vending were sourced. Phase 3: Data from the previous phases were integrated within a socio-ecological framework to develop the proposed SFVM. The components of this model are divided into four areas, i.e. a business component, food and nutrition component, hygiene component, and a vending cart. Conclusion: The four components in the proposed SFVM take into account various elements of the socio-ecological framework, i.e. intrapersonal/individual, interpersonal, the physical environment/community and the policy environment. This SFVM should be piloted, evaluated, adapted and before rolling it out on a large scale to test its effectiveness.

This thesis is about the tensions faced by communitarian water service providers in peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia, in their continued dependence on private water vending businesses, despite efforts to socialize service delivery. Based on fieldwork conducted in Cochabamba from May-July, 2013, this thesis argues that due in part to a lack of government intervention and regulation, many communitarian water associations in Cochabamba are being held captive by private water vendors who exploit the city’s unequal distribution of water resources for profit. It makes this argument by exploring two main points: that communitarian water associations leverage progressive forms of organization to improve service delivery, but are hindered by barriers which lie outside their control; and that small-scale water businesses are able to exploit the failures of the formal state/public and informal communitarian systems by positioning themselves as a necessary operation, in a way which limits the state’s ability to regulate their activities.

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode se constituir num alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não têm preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches (cachorro-quente) comercializados por vendedores ambulantes de Limeira-SP. Foram colhidas 5 amostras de 10 estabelecimentos centrais cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária, coletadas em dias diferentes. Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C, Clostridium sulfito-redutor, Bacillus cereus e investigada a presença de Salmonella spp. Entre as 50 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 34% estavam fora do padrão para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp. e de Clostridium sulfitoredutor. As contagens de Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C e Bacillus cereus estavam dentro dos valores permitidos. Os resultados obtidos através de uma Ficha de Inspeção de Estabelecimento não foram muito satisfatórios, o que pode ter contribuído para a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em números acima dos tolerados em aproximadamente 1/3 das amostras analisadas, bem como para a presença de Coliformes fecais. Recomenda-se regulamentar a atividade de ambulantes e investir em educação e melhoria da infra-estrutura para se evitar ou minimizar riscos de toxinfecções alimentares através do consumo de alimentos comercializados em vias públicas. / The commercialization of ready-made food by street vendors can constitute a high risk to consumer?s health, as the people involved in this kind of activity, generally, have no training in correct food handling. In this paper, preparation conditions and sanitaryhygienic quality of sandwiches (hot dogs) sold by street vendors in Limeira/SP were analyzed. Five samples were taken from 10 vending carts registered at Sanitary Vigilance in the central area of the town and they were collected in different days. Counts were made on hot dog samples for Staphylococcus coagulase positive, total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC, Clostridium sulfite reducers, Bacillus cereus, and it was analyzed the presence of Salmonella spp. From the 50 samples of hot dogs tested, 34% did not reach the standard for Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In none of the samples was detected the presence of Salmonella spp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. The counts on total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC and Bacillus cereus were within permitted values. The results obtained through the Inspection Form were not very satisfactory, which could have contributed to the high percentage of contaminated samples with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in numbers above of the tolerated ones showed in approximately 1/3 of the analyzed samples, besides the presence of fecal Coliforms. It is recommended to regulate the street food vending activities, invest in training and improve infrastructure to avoid or minimize risks of alimentary toxinfection in the commercialized food in public streets.

The study focuses on the regulation of informal trading, specifically street traders, within Polokwane Local Municipality. Municipalities required to manage street trading, and to deal with the challenge of increasing numbers of informal traders, which is affecting the formal trading economy. A small income and the limited ability of the government and the formal business sector to provide sufficient employment opportunities to people in the economically active age categories are two of the main reasons for informal trading in South African cities. As a result, the informal street trading sector plays an important role in providing a security net for millions of unemployed in the South African economy. However, informal street trading is not without its problems (Willemse, 2011:7). Often people blame government for not creating employment. When government is unable to provide sustainable employment to all the people, informal jobs emerge. Thus informal trading has become the only option for survival. Informal trading is a major source of income for the majority of the urban poor and therefore requires a properly regulated environment to address issues of income and unemployment for the poor. This study undertook to investigate how Polokwane Local Municipality regulates informal trading in the city of Polokwane. The research method employed in this study is qualitative. The main finding of the study is that because informal trading plays a significant role in creating employment, it must be well regulated and supported by the municipality in order to be organised. The main recommendation on the basis of this finding is that there should be a new approach, especially in terms of enforcement of by-laws. Most informal traders have applied for permits and have been waiting for a response from the Polokwane Local Municipality for years. In this regard, most of the informal traders are dissatisfied with municipal treatment of informal trading in the city. This dissatisfaction is also caused by lack of consultation.

(anglicky) Database vendors are traditional significant subjects of informaton industry. Today they operate on the information market for almost 50 years, during that time their services have changed. This master thesis aims to examine and basically analyze the actual offer of their services, compare chosen features of them and to carry out evaluation of the services. The text presents database vendors and so called aggreggators and their traditional services. Also the price policy of the database vendors is mentioned. Case study of the offer of services of four database vendors is performed. The results demostrated, that traditional services of database vendors are still significant part of their product offer. But the form has changed. And some subject also offer services not typical for traditional database vendors.

(anglicky) Database vendors and information suppliers are traditional and historically the main components of the information industry. The arrival of internet and its services, including current trends such as social media and networks, has changed and enriched information behaviour, channels and marketing strategies between information suppliers and user. Although the information industry subjects as database vendors are traditional in their marketing strategies, their engagement in social media marketing is proactive and developing. The exploration confirmed that 10 of 12 examined subjects actively develop these channels and support them.

[pt] A partir do questionamento de quem é a classe trabalhadora atual, esta pesquisa se propõe a compreender e analisar o trabalho informal sob a ótica das mulheres camelôs. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro mulheres ambulantes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de perceber as dinâmicas sociais entre elas e o espaço público. Assentando a discussão na necessidade de se atentar aos papéis de cuidado, impostos social e historicamente às mulheres, esta pesquisa atualiza as discussões a partir do contexto da pandemia de coronavírus. A região central do Rio de Janeiro, espaço delimitado para a pesquisa, ao mesmo tempo que é marcado por disputas entre a classe trabalhadora e o poder público, influenciado pelas elites dominantes, aparece, nesta pesquisa, como palco de construção de autonomia, liberdade e cidadania pelas camelôs, caracterizando-se também em campo político. Assim, esta pesquisa procura investigar as práticas coletivas, em um contexto individualizante, muitas vezes imposto pelo sistema neoliberal, percebendo exemplos de resistência coletivas e práticas que podem ser denominadas feministas. A pesquisa adotou como enquadramento teórico as teorias da reprodução social desenvolvidas pelos autores feministas-marxistas da chamada Teoria da Reprodução Social (TRS) e da intelectual negra Angela Davis, buscando realizar uma leitura sobre quem é classe trabalhadora atual, não deixando de fora uma investigação generificada e racializada, além de uma análise pautada na realidade concreta enfrentada pelas sujeitas desta pesquisa, não apartando teoria e prática. / [en] Based on the questioning of who is the current working class, this research aims to understand and analyze informal work from the perspective of women street vendors. For this, semi-structured interviews were carried out with four women street vendors in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to understand the social dynamics between them and the public space. Basing the discussion on the need to pay attention to the roles of care, socially and historically imposed on women, this research updates the discussions from the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The central region of Rio de Janeiro, the specific area of the research, concurrently marked by disputes between working classes and government, influenced by the ruling elites, appears in this research, as the setting of construction of autonomy, freedom and citizenship for the women vendors, featuring the region as well as a political field. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the collective practices, in an individualizing context, often imposed by the neoliberal system, noticing examples of collective resistance and practical actions that can be denominated feminists. This paper adopted as its theoretical framework the theories of social reproduction developed by feminist-marxists authors known as Social Reproduction Theory (SRT) and from the black intellectual Angela Davis, pircing an understanding about who comprises the current working class, not leaving out a gendered and racialized investigation, in addition to an analysis based on the concrete reality faced by the subjects of this research, not separating theory and practice.