Submitted by ANDRÉ DUTRA MURRER null (andremurrer@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T11:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Murrer - Dissertação Mestrado - Repositório.pdf: 10760673 bytes, checksum: ee3bf05aefe45588bc2bd606cf760b35 (MD5) / Rejected by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - o item “folha de aprovação” nos itens pré-textuais é obrigatório segundo as normas da ABNT, portanto deve constar no arquivo anexo. Caso seja necessário, consulte o modelo em: http://www.ia.unesp.br/Home/Biblioteca/orientacoes-para-a-normalizacao-de-trabalhos-academicos_iaunesp_26_03.pdf Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-04-02T19:43:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANDRÉ DUTRA MURRER null (andremurrer@gmail.com) on 2018-04-03T15:21:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Murrer - Dissertação Mestrado - Repositório x.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T20:43:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 murrer_ad_me_ia.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T20:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 murrer_ad_me_ia.pdf: 10789954 bytes, checksum: 7fce5906a1abdd98b9f0ff2ced45323f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-03 / O Teatro Paulista do Estudante foi um grupo amador criado em 1955, por jovens militantes do Partido Comunista. Tinham como principal objetivo divulgar o teatro entre os estudantes secundaristas e universitários e atrair novos integrantes para as fileiras do Partido. Entre seus mais representativos fundadores estavam Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. O Grupo acreditava que poderia fazer um teatro que se popularizasse e chegasse às massas de trabalhadores e estudantes, articulando o fazer teatral com a função política e social. Em 1956, menos de um ano após sua fundação, o TPE se une ao Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, e os jovens amadores se tornam profissionais de teatro. Em 1958, o Grupo estreia o espetáculo Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, escrita por Guarnieri. Os remanescentes do TPE, em conjunto com o Teatro de Arena, conseguem, com esta peça, colocar em prática o que almejavam desde o início de suas atividades: incentivar o autor nacional e colocar em cena obras que refletissem sobre a realidade brasileira e colocassem a classe operária como protagonista. A apresentação de Eles Não Usam Black-Tie foi o prenúncio da forma teatral que lhes interessava desenvolver e a motivação que faltava para que o Teatro de Arena estabelecesse um processo de construção de uma nova dramaturgia, a partir de discussões políticas, históricas e estéticas. A este processo se deu o nome de Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena. / The amateur theatre group Teatro Paulista do Estudante was founded in 1955 by young political activists from the Communist Party. Their main goal was to publicize the theatre among the high school and college students, and to atract new members for the Party. Some of its most representative founders were Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. The Group believed they could do a popular theatre, one that could reach the masses of workers and students by joining acting with political and social roles. In 1956, after less than a year of its foundation, the TPE fuses the Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, and the young amateurs become theatre professionals. In 1958 the Group debuts the theatre play Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, written by Guarnieri. With this play, the remaining members of TPE together with Teatro de Arena, succeed to execute what they longed for since the beggining of their activities: to encourage the national authors and to perform plays that could reflect Brazilian reality, bringing the working class as leading figure. The performance of Eles Não Usam Black-Tie was the harbinger of the theatre form they wished to develop and also the missing motivation for Teatro de Arena to organize a new dramaturgy building process based on political, historical and aesthetic discussions. This process was named Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena (Dramaturgy Seminars of Arena).

Orientador: Alexandre Luiz Mate / Resumo: O Teatro Paulista do Estudante foi um grupo amador criado em 1955, por jovens militantes do Partido Comunista. Tinham como principal objetivo divulgar o teatro entre os estudantes secundaristas e universitários e atrair novos integrantes para as fileiras do Partido. Entre seus mais representativos fundadores estavam Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. O Grupo acreditava que poderia fazer um teatro que se popularizasse e chegasse às massas de trabalhadores e estudantes, articulando o fazer teatral com a função política e social. Em 1956, menos de um ano após sua fundação, o TPE se une ao Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, e os jovens amadores se tornam profissionais de teatro. Em 1958, o Grupo estreia o espetáculo Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, escrita por Guarnieri. Os remanescentes do TPE, em conjunto com o Teatro de Arena, conseguem, com esta peça, colocar em prática o que almejavam desde o início de suas atividades: incentivar o autor nacional e colocar em cena obras que refletissem sobre a realidade brasileira e colocassem a classe operária como protagonista. A apresentação de Eles Não Usam Black-Tie foi o prenúncio da forma teatral que lhes interessava desenvolver e a motivação que faltava para que o Teatro de Arena estabelecesse um processo de construção de uma nova dramaturgia, a partir de discussões políticas, históricas e estéticas. A este processo se deu o nome de Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena. / Abstract: The amateur theatre group Teatro Paulista do Estudante was founded in 1955 by young political activists from the Communist Party. Their main goal was to publicize the theatre among the high school and college students, and to atract new members for the Party. Some of its most representative founders were Vera Gertel, Oduvaldo Vianna Filho and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri. The Group believed they could do a popular theatre, one that could reach the masses of workers and students by joining acting with political and social roles. In 1956, after less than a year of its foundation, the TPE fuses the Grupo Arena da Cidade de São Paulo, and the young amateurs become theatre professionals. In 1958 the Group debuts the theatre play Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, written by Guarnieri. With this play, the remaining members of TPE together with Teatro de Arena, succeed to execute what they longed for since the beggining of their activities: to encourage the national authors and to perform plays that could reflect Brazilian reality, bringing the working class as leading figure. The performance of Eles Não Usam Black-Tie was the harbinger of the theatre form they wished to develop and also the missing motivation for Teatro de Arena to organize a new dramaturgy building process based on political, historical and aesthetic discussions. This process was named Seminários de Dramaturgia do Arena (Dramaturgy Seminars of Arena). / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3236.pdf: 10667295 bytes, checksum: 4577e702fe0c4a20dd47793beb779bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02 / The motion picture cameras have changed through the years. However, they have kept their main design which has not changed during this period. One of the goals of this text is to understand how that design was created, and also the changes it has suffered without losing its essence. Besides that, this text aims to understand how different cameras connected with the Brazilian cinema production in the fifties and sixties. A change on camera s use is noticeable in that period in Brazil. There is a change in appreciation from the more traditional cameras linked to the studio system to the European cameras developed in the thirties and forties, which were lighter and more portable. This issue coincides with a specific characteristic in Brazilian cinema at that time, when people started to believe in the independent cinema production as an answer to the studio system, which was the main thought until then. In order to show this entire context, it has been chosen the Vera Cruz and Cinema Novo, their movies and shootings, to confront and connect them to camera models and their relation to the mode of production / As câmeras cinematográficas passaram por mudanças ao longo dos anos. Porém, manteve um design que se perpetuou durante este período. Um dos objetivos do presente trabalho é entender como este design foi criado, e as variações pelas quais ele passou, sem perder a sua essência. Em paralelo a isso, entender como estas diferentes câmeras travaram relação com a produção do cinema brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960. É nesta época que se observa no país uma troca de postura em relação às câmeras. Passa-se de uma valorização das câmeras mais tradicionais, ligadas ao sistema de estúdio, à valorização das câmeras européias criadas no anos 1930 e 1940, que eram mais leves e portáteis. Isso coincide com um momento específico do cinema brasileiro, aquele em que se passa a crer numa solução de cinema independente como resposta ao cinema de estúdio, que era o pensamento majoritário até então. Para ilustrar todo este contexto, escolhemos a Vera Cruz e o Cinema Novo, seus filmes e filmagens, para relacioná-los e confrontá-los em relação aos tipos de câmeras e sua relação ao modo de produção.

As Neoplasias mieloproliferativas (NMP) representam um vasto grupo de doenças clonais hematológicas malignas com três elementos principais: Policitemia vera (PV), Trombocitemia essencial (TE), e Mielofibrose Primária (MFP). JAK2 é uma proteína citoplasmática com atividade de tirosina quinase com função na transdução de várias vias na hematopoiese. A identificação da mutação do gene JAK2 (JAK2V617F) nas PV, TE e MFP representa um importante avanço para a compreensão da biologia destas NMPs. Variações marcantes na frequência desta mutação são observadas entre os diferentes estudos e acredita-se que um dos fatores responsáveis por estas diferenças seja a sensibilidade do método utilizado. Atualmente, diversas técnicas para detecção de JAK2V617F têm sido utilizadas, testadas e validadas quanto à sua sensibilidade e especificidade, entre elas: PCR RFLP (Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphysm), ARMS PCR (Amplification-Refractory Mutation System), HRM (High-Resolution Melt Analysis) e Sequenciamento pela técnica de Sanger. Neste estudo foram realizadas todas as metodologias citadas anteriormente para a detecção da mutação de JAK2V617F em amostras de sangue de 136 pacientes (PV=20; MFP=20; TE=28; suspeita de NMP=68). Os resultados obtidos foram concordantes para as quatro técnicas empregadas nos pacientes com PV e MFP, já nos pacientes com TE as metodologias PCR-ARMS e PCR-HRM detectaram a mutação JAK2V617F em 67,8% enquanto o PCR-RFLP e o Sequenciamento pela técnica de Sanger foi 71,4% e 64,2% respectivamente. Nos casos onde houve suspeita diagnóstica de NMP também foram encontradas discordâncias entre as metodologias PCR-RFLP (4,4%) e PCR-HRM (1,5%) quando comparadas ao PCR-ARMS (3%) e o Sequenciamento (3%). O PCR-ARMS foi considerado nesse estudo como a melhor técnica para a detecção da mutação JAK2V617F, devido o menor risco de contaminação cruzada durante a reação, baixo tempo de execução, além da sua capacidade de determinação da carga alélica de JAK2, importante para o acompanhamento do paciente / Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) represent a large group of clonal hematologic malignant diseases with three main members: Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), and Primary Mielofibroses (PMF). JAK2 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase protein and is important in different signal transduction pathways. Identification of JAK2V617F mutation in PV, ET and PMF is an important advance for understanding the biology of MPN. Differences in the frequency of this mutation are reported among different studies and it is believed that technical sensitivity could be the major reason for this variability. Currently, several techniques for detection of JAK2V617F have been developed, tested and validated for their sensitivity and specificity, including: PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphysm), PCR-ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System), PCR-HRM (High-Resolution Melt analysis) and Sanger Direct Sequencing. The present study, evaluated all four molecular diagnostic methods mentioned above blood samples from 136 patients (PV=20; MFP=20; ET=28 and other MPN=68). Comparable results were observed for PV and PMF when all technics were applied. Patients with diagnosis of ET JAK2V617F mutations were detected in 67.8% when PCR-ARMS and PCR-HRM were used whilst PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing detected 71.4% and 64.2% respectively. In 68 patients with suspicion of MPN discordant results were seen between PCR-RFLP (4.4%) and PCR-HRM (1.5%) when compared to PCR-ARMS (3%) and direct sequencing (3%) related to JAK2V617F frequency. In conclusion PCR-ARMS was considered the most reliable methodology for JAK2V617F detection by presenting the lowest risk for cross contamination, less laborious, and the ability in determining allele burden that is becoming an important tool for risk stratification

Untersuchung der postprandialen Reaktion gesunder Hunde auf Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel und Coriandrum sativum L. Samen, als mögliche Futterzusatzstoffe im Hinblick auf eine zukünftige Wirksamkeitsprüfung der benannten Stoffe bei diabetischen Tieren.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Arzneipflanzenextrakte als orale Antidiabetika in der Therapie des Diabetes Mellitus 2 2.2 Evaluierte antidiabetogen wirkende Pflanzen bzw. pflanzliche Substanzen 3 2.3 Gattung Aloe L. 5 2.3.1 Allgemeines 5 2.3.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 6 2.3.2.1 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 10 2.3.2.2 In klinischen Studien geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaften von A. vera 11 2.3.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von A. vera bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 14 2.3.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch A. vera Gel 20 2.4 Gattung Coriandrum L. 21 2.4.1 Allgemeines 21 2.4.2 Coriandrum sativum L. 21 2.4.2.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 23 2.4.2.2 In einer klinischen Studie geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum 26 2.4.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 27 2.4.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch C. sativum Samen 31 2.5 Diabetes Mellitus 32 2.5.1 Epidemiologie des Diabetes Mellitus 33 2.5.2 Typ I Diabetes Mellitus 34 2.5.3 Typ II Diabetes Mellitus 35 2.5.4 Andere Diabetes Mellitus Typen 36 2.5.5 Risikofaktor Adipositas 37 2.5.5.1 Adipositas bei Hund und Katze 38 2.5.5.1.1 Epidemiologie von Übergewicht und Fettleibigkeit 38 2.5.5.1.2 Fehlfütterung als Ätiologie der Adipositas 38 2.5.5.1.3 Folgen einer alimentären Adipositas 38 2.5.6 Maßnahmen zur Behandlung und Prävention von Diabetes Mellitus 40 2.5.6.1 Insulin-Therapie 41 2.5.6.2 Diätetik 41 2.5.6.2.1 Einfluss von Fasern 42 2.5.6.2.2 Einfluss von Stärke 42 2.5.6.2.3 Supplementierung von Chrom 43 2.5.6.3 Gewichtsreduzierung 43 2.6 Fragestellung der Arbeit 44 3 Tiere, Material und Methode 45 3.1 Experimentelle Strategie 45 3.2 Tiere des Vorversuchs 45 3.3 Tiere des Hauptversuchs 46 3.4 Haltung 47 3.5 Vorversuch 47 3.6 Hauptversuch 47 3.6.1 Kontrollperiode 48 3.6.2 Behandlungsperiode 48 3.6.3 Washout-Periode 50 3.6.4 Fütterung 50 3.6.5 Extrakte der Arzneipflanzen 52 3.6.5.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 52 3.6.5.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 52 3.6.6 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen und Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.6.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen 52 3.6.6.2 Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.7 Gewinnung und Lagerung der Blutproben 53 3.6.8 Blutuntersuchungen 53 3.6.8.1 Blutchemische Parameter 54 3.7 Chemische Analysen des Futtermittels und Berechnung des Energiegehaltes 55 3.7.1 Futtermittelanalyse nach Weender 55 3.7.2 Bestimmung von Kohlenhydraten 57 3.7.3 Berechnung des Energiegehalts 57 3.7.4 Futterzusammensetzung, Energiebewertung, Trockensubstanz-, Nährstoff- und Energieaufnahme 57 3.8 Statistische Auswertung 57 4 Ergebnisse 59 4.1 Vorverusch 59 4.1.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 59 4.1.2 Plasmaglukosekonzentrationen im postprandialen Verlauf 59 4.2 Hauptversuch 60 4.2.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 60 4.2.2 Veränderungen der Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung während der Behandlungsphasen 60 4.2.3 Gewichtsentwicklung während der Versuchsphasen 61 4.2.4 Biochemische Untersuchungen 64 4.2.4.1 Gesamteiweiß, Albumin, Harnstoff und Kreatinin im Blutplasma 64 4.2.4.2 Cholesterin, Triglyceride und Bilirubin im Blutplasma 67 4.2.4.3 Kalium, Natrium und Phosphor im Blutplasma 70 4.2.4.4 Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentrationen 71 4.2.4.5 Enzymaktivitäten 78 5 Diskussion 80 5.1 Versuchsdurchführung 80 5.2 Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung 83 5.3 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Gewichtsentwicklung der Hunde 83 5.4 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentration 84 5.5 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf blutchemische Parameter 88 5.6 Schlussfolgerung 92 6 Zusammenfassung 93 7 Summary 95 8 Literaturverzeichnis 97 / Einleitung: Fettleibigkeit und erhöhte Blutzuckerspiegel sind zwei der relevantesten Prädispositionsfaktoren eines Diabetes Mellitus in der Veterinärmedizin. Aufgrund der Interaktion von Diabetes und Fettleibigkeit umfassen basistherapeutische Maßnahmen unter anderem eine Ernährungsumstellung, Gewichtsreduktion und den Einsatz von oralen, antidiabetogen wirkenden Substanzen. Orale antidiabetogen wirkende Produkte synthethischer Herkunft sind mit mehreren Nebenwirkungen verbunden, weshalb ein primäres Interesse an oralen, antidiabetogen wirkenden Substanzen pflanzlichen Ursprungs existiert. Ziel der Studie: Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durchgeführt, um die postprandiale Reaktion gesunder Hunde auf Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel und Coriandrum sativum L. Samen als mögliche Futterzusätze zu prüfen. Zukünftig könnte aufgrund dieser Studie die Wirksamkeit der benannten Stoffe an diabetischen Tieren untersucht werden. Material und Methoden: Vier weibliche und fünf männliche gesunde Hunde der Rasse Beagle wurden in zwei unabhängigen Phasen, mit jeweils fünf Wochen (eine Woche Kontrollperiode [Basis-Ration], zwei Wochen Testphase [Basis-Ration + Arzneipflanzenextrakt], zwei Wochen Washout [Basis-Ration]) untersucht. Die pflanzlichen Substanzen wurden in der Testphase 1x täglich, in einer Dosierung von rund 1,8 g/kg KG in die Basis-Ration eingemischt und verabreicht. Die Körpergewichte wurden einmal pro Woche ermittelt; eine allgemeine klinische Untersuchung erfolgte zweimal pro Woche. Glukose- und Insulinkonzentrationen sowie weitere blutchemische Parameter wurden nach der Kontrollperiode und nach der ersten und zweiten Woche der Testperiode bestimmt. Die Körpergewichte der Hunde wurden durch den gepaarten t-test, die blutchemischen Parameter mittels Two-way-ANOVA mit Messwertwiederholungen, die Integrale der Kurven (AUC), die Maximalwerte sowie die Zeit bis zum Maximum mittels One-way-ANOVA mit Messwertwiederholungen analysiert. Die angegeben Werte geben Mittelwerte ± Standardabweichungen wieder. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei p < 0,05. Ergebnisse: Der Zusatz der pflanzlichen Substanzen zu der Kontrolldiät veränderte weder die Akzeptanz noch die Futteraufnahme der Hunde. Sowohl Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel als auch Coriandrum sativum L. Samen zeigten innerhalb einer 14-tägigen oralen Verabreichung an die Versuchshunde, mit einer Menge von rund 1,8 g/kg KG keine negativen Auswirkungen auf das klinische Allgemeinbefinden und auf die untersuchten blutchemischen Parameter. Nach der zweiwöchigen Verabreichung von A. vera Gel, stellte sich eine statistisch signifikante (p = 0,003) Körpergewichtsreduktion um 1,4 % im Vergleich zum Ausgangsgewicht ein. Nach der 14-tägigen C. sativum Zufütterung, reduzierte sich das Körpergewicht der Hunde um 0,8 % ohne statistische Signifikanz zu erreichen. Die Fläche unter der Kurve (AUC) der Blutzucker- sowie Insulinkonzentrationen zeigten, nach der 14-tägigen Fütterung von C. sativum Samen, keinen signifikanten Unterschied zur Kontrollperiode. Die Maximalwerte der genannten Parameter erwiesen, nach zwei Wochen C. sativum Samen Verabreichung, keinen eindeutigen Unterschied zu den Maximalwerten der Kontrollkonzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse der Fläche unter der Kurve (AUC) nach der 7-tägigen A. vera Gel Behandlung (Glu: 1813 ± 147 mmol x min/l, Ins: 10434 ± 5393 µU x min/l) wiesen erhöhte Konzentrationen im Vergleich zur Kontrollwoche (Glu: 1709 ± 152 mmol x min/l; Ins: 8264 ± 3358 µU x min/l) auf; für Glukose konnte Signifikanz (p = 0,018) nachgewiesen werden. Nach 14-tägiger A. vera Gabe wurde -ohne das Signifikanzniveau zu erreichen- für die Glukosekonzentration eine Reduzierung und für die Insulinkonzentration eine Erhöhung im Vergleich zu den Werten aus der Kontrollwoche dokumentiert. Die Maximalwerte der beiden Parameter waren nach einwöchiger A. vera Zugabe gegenüber der Kontrolle erhöht. Für Glukose konnte eine Signifikanz (p = 0,045) nachgewiesen werden (Glu: 5,84 ± 0,45 mmol/l vs 5,43 ± 0,39; Ins: 51,6 ± 25,6 µU/ml vs 36,8 ± 10,6 µU/ml). Nach 14-tägiger Zufuhr von A. vera Gel lag die Maximalkonzentration von Glukose mit 5,31 ± 0,38 mmol/l und das Maximum der Insulinwerte mit 39,0 ± 24,0 µU/ml signifikant (p < 0,05) geringer als die Maxima nach der ersten Woche A. vera Zulage, jedoch zeigte sich keine Signifikanz zur Kontrolle. Die weiteren blutchemischen Parameter lagen jederzeit in dem für sie vorgegebenen Referenzbereich; vereinzelt ließen sich signifikante Veränderungen innerhalb dieses Bereiches feststellen. Schlussfolgerung: Grundsätzlich sind, durch die in der vorliegenden Studie am gesunden Hund überprüften Arzneipflanzenextrakte: Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel und Coriandrum sativum L. Samen, Wirksamkeitsprüfungen der pflanzlichen Zubereitungen bei gesunden als auch diabetischen Hunden vorbereitet. Sowohl das A. vera Gel als auch die C. sativum Samen erwiesen sich beim gesunden Hund als potentielle, die metabolische Situation verbessernde Futterzusätze. Eine mögliche Modifizierung der postprandialen Glukose- und Insulinantwort, scheint vor allem durch den Einsatz von A. vera Gel möglich zu sein. :Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Arzneipflanzenextrakte als orale Antidiabetika in der Therapie des Diabetes Mellitus 2 2.2 Evaluierte antidiabetogen wirkende Pflanzen bzw. pflanzliche Substanzen 3 2.3 Gattung Aloe L. 5 2.3.1 Allgemeines 5 2.3.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 6 2.3.2.1 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 10 2.3.2.2 In klinischen Studien geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaften von A. vera 11 2.3.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von A. vera bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 14 2.3.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch A. vera Gel 20 2.4 Gattung Coriandrum L. 21 2.4.1 Allgemeines 21 2.4.2 Coriandrum sativum L. 21 2.4.2.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 23 2.4.2.2 In einer klinischen Studie geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum 26 2.4.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 27 2.4.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch C. sativum Samen 31 2.5 Diabetes Mellitus 32 2.5.1 Epidemiologie des Diabetes Mellitus 33 2.5.2 Typ I Diabetes Mellitus 34 2.5.3 Typ II Diabetes Mellitus 35 2.5.4 Andere Diabetes Mellitus Typen 36 2.5.5 Risikofaktor Adipositas 37 2.5.5.1 Adipositas bei Hund und Katze 38 2.5.5.1.1 Epidemiologie von Übergewicht und Fettleibigkeit 38 2.5.5.1.2 Fehlfütterung als Ätiologie der Adipositas 38 2.5.5.1.3 Folgen einer alimentären Adipositas 38 2.5.6 Maßnahmen zur Behandlung und Prävention von Diabetes Mellitus 40 2.5.6.1 Insulin-Therapie 41 2.5.6.2 Diätetik 41 2.5.6.2.1 Einfluss von Fasern 42 2.5.6.2.2 Einfluss von Stärke 42 2.5.6.2.3 Supplementierung von Chrom 43 2.5.6.3 Gewichtsreduzierung 43 2.6 Fragestellung der Arbeit 44 3 Tiere, Material und Methode 45 3.1 Experimentelle Strategie 45 3.2 Tiere des Vorversuchs 45 3.3 Tiere des Hauptversuchs 46 3.4 Haltung 47 3.5 Vorversuch 47 3.6 Hauptversuch 47 3.6.1 Kontrollperiode 48 3.6.2 Behandlungsperiode 48 3.6.3 Washout-Periode 50 3.6.4 Fütterung 50 3.6.5 Extrakte der Arzneipflanzen 52 3.6.5.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 52 3.6.5.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 52 3.6.6 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen und Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.6.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen 52 3.6.6.2 Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.7 Gewinnung und Lagerung der Blutproben 53 3.6.8 Blutuntersuchungen 53 3.6.8.1 Blutchemische Parameter 54 3.7 Chemische Analysen des Futtermittels und Berechnung des Energiegehaltes 55 3.7.1 Futtermittelanalyse nach Weender 55 3.7.2 Bestimmung von Kohlenhydraten 57 3.7.3 Berechnung des Energiegehalts 57 3.7.4 Futterzusammensetzung, Energiebewertung, Trockensubstanz-, Nährstoff- und Energieaufnahme 57 3.8 Statistische Auswertung 57 4 Ergebnisse 59 4.1 Vorverusch 59 4.1.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 59 4.1.2 Plasmaglukosekonzentrationen im postprandialen Verlauf 59 4.2 Hauptversuch 60 4.2.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 60 4.2.2 Veränderungen der Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung während der Behandlungsphasen 60 4.2.3 Gewichtsentwicklung während der Versuchsphasen 61 4.2.4 Biochemische Untersuchungen 64 4.2.4.1 Gesamteiweiß, Albumin, Harnstoff und Kreatinin im Blutplasma 64 4.2.4.2 Cholesterin, Triglyceride und Bilirubin im Blutplasma 67 4.2.4.3 Kalium, Natrium und Phosphor im Blutplasma 70 4.2.4.4 Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentrationen 71 4.2.4.5 Enzymaktivitäten 78 5 Diskussion 80 5.1 Versuchsdurchführung 80 5.2 Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung 83 5.3 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Gewichtsentwicklung der Hunde 83 5.4 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentration 84 5.5 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf blutchemische Parameter 88 5.6 Schlussfolgerung 92 6 Zusammenfassung 93 7 Summary 95 8 Literaturverzeichnis 97 / Introduction: Adiposity and elevated blood glucose levels are the most significant predisposing factors in veterinary-medicine of developing diabetes mellitus. Due to the relationship between diabetes mellitus and obesity, common preventative and therapeutic methods include dietary change, weight loss, and the use of oral antidiabetic drugs. Oral synthetic antibiabetic agents have well known side effects, thus there is an outstanding importance to find effective antibiabetogenic substances of herbal origin. Aim of the study: The present study was carried out to evaluate the postprandial reaction in healthy dogs after Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. gel and Coriandrum sativum L. seeds were added to their food, in order to provide insight for potential future research on mentioned plants on diabetic dogs. Materials and methods: Four female and five male healthy beagle dogs were examined in two experimental phases of five weeks (one week of control period [control diet], two weeks of test-period [control diet + herbal preparation], two weeks of washout period [control diet]). The herbal preparations were mixed in with one daily meal during the test-period and administered to the dogs with an average dose of 1.8 g/kg body weight. Glucose (glu), Insulin concentrations (ins) and other blood parameters were assessed after control period, first- and second week of test-period. A general examination was carried out two times per week while bodyweight was measured weekly. Statistical analysis of the bodyweight was carried out with the paired t-test. The blood chemical parameters were analysed by use of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements. The Area under the curve (AUC), the maximum values and the time to reach maximum value were testet by use of one-way ANOVA with repeated mesaurements. Data were presented as means ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0,05.   Results: The addition of herbal preparations to the control diet neither changed palatability nor feed intake. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. gel and Coriandrum sativum L. seeds administered in a two-week oral treatment period with an average dosage of 1.8 g/kg body weight had no significant side effects on general conditions and on blood chemical parameters of the experimental dogs. In the case of A. vera Gel, after two weeks a statistically significant (p = 0.003) reduction in body weight of 1.4 % as compared to the initial control weight was observed. In the C. sativum group the body weight decreased by 0.8 % after two weeks of treatment but did not reach the level of statistical significance. The area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose concentration, as well as insulin concentration, after 14 days of C. sativum seed test period showed no significance compared to the control period. Furthermore, the maximum values of both aforementioned parameters revealed no obvious differences in comparison to the values of control period after the second week of C. sativum feeding. The results of the AUC after 7 days A. vera treatment (glu: 1813 ± 147 mmol x min/l, ins: 10434 ± 5393 µU x min/l) presented higher concentrations compared to the control values (glu: 1709 ± 152 mmol x min/l; ins: 8264 ± 3358µU x min/l), whereas glucose concentration reached statistical significance (p = 0.018). After two weeks of A. vera gel treatment there was a reduction of glucose and a rise of insulin compared to control conditions, however no significance was achieved. The maximum values of both parameters reached higher concentrations after one week of A. vera gel treatment compared to control conditions, with the maximum value of glucose reaching statistical significance (p = 0.045; glu: 5.84 ± 0.45 mmol/l vs 5.43 ± 0.39; ins: 51.6 ± 25.6 µU/ml vs 36.8 ± 10.6 µU/ml). After 14 days of plant intake, the maximum values of glucose and insulin revealed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05; glu: 5.31 ± 0.38 mmol/l l, ins: 39.0 ± 24.0 µU/ml) compared to the first week of A. vera feeding, however, no statistically significances results were detected in comparison with the control week. Further parameters of blood chemistry revealed no deviations from the diagnostic reference levels. Sporadic significances within these references occurred. Conclusion: Based on the present investigation of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. gel and Coriandrum sativum L. seeds on healthy dogs, efficacy examinations of the herbal preparations on both healthy and diabetic dogs are recommended. Both the A. vera Gel and the C. sativum seeds were proven as potential food additives with positives effects on the metabolic status of an organism. Furthermore, a modifying effect to the postprandial glucose- and insulin-response appears to be possible by feeding A. vera gel.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Arzneipflanzenextrakte als orale Antidiabetika in der Therapie des Diabetes Mellitus 2 2.2 Evaluierte antidiabetogen wirkende Pflanzen bzw. pflanzliche Substanzen 3 2.3 Gattung Aloe L. 5 2.3.1 Allgemeines 5 2.3.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 6 2.3.2.1 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 10 2.3.2.2 In klinischen Studien geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaften von A. vera 11 2.3.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von A. vera bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 14 2.3.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch A. vera Gel 20 2.4 Gattung Coriandrum L. 21 2.4.1 Allgemeines 21 2.4.2 Coriandrum sativum L. 21 2.4.2.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 23 2.4.2.2 In einer klinischen Studie geprüfte antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum 26 2.4.2.3 Antidiabetogene Eigenschaft von C. sativum bei labortierexperimentellen Studien 27 2.4.2.4 Dokumentierte Nebenwirkungen durch C. sativum Samen 31 2.5 Diabetes Mellitus 32 2.5.1 Epidemiologie des Diabetes Mellitus 33 2.5.2 Typ I Diabetes Mellitus 34 2.5.3 Typ II Diabetes Mellitus 35 2.5.4 Andere Diabetes Mellitus Typen 36 2.5.5 Risikofaktor Adipositas 37 2.5.5.1 Adipositas bei Hund und Katze 38 2.5.5.1.1 Epidemiologie von Übergewicht und Fettleibigkeit 38 2.5.5.1.2 Fehlfütterung als Ätiologie der Adipositas 38 2.5.5.1.3 Folgen einer alimentären Adipositas 38 2.5.6 Maßnahmen zur Behandlung und Prävention von Diabetes Mellitus 40 2.5.6.1 Insulin-Therapie 41 2.5.6.2 Diätetik 41 2.5.6.2.1 Einfluss von Fasern 42 2.5.6.2.2 Einfluss von Stärke 42 2.5.6.2.3 Supplementierung von Chrom 43 2.5.6.3 Gewichtsreduzierung 43 2.6 Fragestellung der Arbeit 44 3 Tiere, Material und Methode 45 3.1 Experimentelle Strategie 45 3.2 Tiere des Vorversuchs 45 3.3 Tiere des Hauptversuchs 46 3.4 Haltung 47 3.5 Vorversuch 47 3.6 Hauptversuch 47 3.6.1 Kontrollperiode 48 3.6.2 Behandlungsperiode 48 3.6.3 Washout-Periode 50 3.6.4 Fütterung 50 3.6.5 Extrakte der Arzneipflanzen 52 3.6.5.1 Coriandrum sativum L. Samen 52 3.6.5.2 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Gel 52 3.6.6 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen und Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.6.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchungen 52 3.6.6.2 Gewichtsermittlung 52 3.6.7 Gewinnung und Lagerung der Blutproben 53 3.6.8 Blutuntersuchungen 53 3.6.8.1 Blutchemische Parameter 54 3.7 Chemische Analysen des Futtermittels und Berechnung des Energiegehaltes 55 3.7.1 Futtermittelanalyse nach Weender 55 3.7.2 Bestimmung von Kohlenhydraten 57 3.7.3 Berechnung des Energiegehalts 57 3.7.4 Futterzusammensetzung, Energiebewertung, Trockensubstanz-, Nährstoff- und Energieaufnahme 57 3.8 Statistische Auswertung 57 4 Ergebnisse 59 4.1 Vorverusch 59 4.1.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 59 4.1.2 Plasmaglukosekonzentrationen im postprandialen Verlauf 59 4.2 Hauptversuch 60 4.2.1 Allgemeine klinische Untersuchung 60 4.2.2 Veränderungen der Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung während der Behandlungsphasen 60 4.2.3 Gewichtsentwicklung während der Versuchsphasen 61 4.2.4 Biochemische Untersuchungen 64 4.2.4.1 Gesamteiweiß, Albumin, Harnstoff und Kreatinin im Blutplasma 64 4.2.4.2 Cholesterin, Triglyceride und Bilirubin im Blutplasma 67 4.2.4.3 Kalium, Natrium und Phosphor im Blutplasma 70 4.2.4.4 Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentrationen 71 4.2.4.5 Enzymaktivitäten 78 5 Diskussion 80 5.1 Versuchsdurchführung 80 5.2 Nährstoff- und Energieversorgung 83 5.3 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Gewichtsentwicklung der Hunde 83 5.4 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf die Plasmaglukose- und Insulinkonzentration 84 5.5 Einfluss von Coriandrum sativum L. Samen und Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Gel auf blutchemische Parameter 88 5.6 Schlussfolgerung 92 6 Zusammenfassung 93 7 Summary 95 8 Literaturverzeichnis 97

Throughout history men and women have not always been given the same opportunities to work. As a result of prevailing politics and norms, women have been relegated to household chores. To portray women and the working-class in the same picture can therefore be contradictory - how do you portray the working-class through those who do not work? The aim of this study is to explore, with help from Panofsky’s iconology as a method for image analysis, how women from the working-class are being portrayed in art. The study is focused on artworks made by a group of Swedish artists active during the first half of the 20th century. The group’s main motifs were the working-class and social injustices, and they used their art as a form of activism against the ongoing world war, capitalism and patriarchy. Common for the portraits of women by all of the artists is that they portray women as housewives and mothers. Explanations for this are searched, and found, in Ulla-Britt Tillman’s theory about women as a motif in working-class art and Laura Mulvey’s Male gaze theory.

Tesis

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Zürich, 1999.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-13T13:41:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Cavalcanti Souza de Melo.pdf: 1262965 bytes, checksum: a0b751f71b7ca0dbc7f0a215b3c2b60f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T13:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Cavalcanti Souza de Melo.pdf: 1262965 bytes, checksum: a0b751f71b7ca0dbc7f0a215b3c2b60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aim was to evaluate the effect of the Aloe vera gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller), in association with the Tris base (hydroxymethyl aminomethane) or powdered coconut water (ACP- 106®) in canine semen conservation, as well as the action of this gel in the renewal process of the extender. Semen samples from five dogs, of breed Basset Hound, were used. In Experiment 1, samples were diluted in duplicate, using Tris plus 20% egg yolk (G1 and G2) or 5% Aloe vera (G3 and G4) and evaluated at 0, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After 48 hours, all samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes (400g) in a cooled centrifuge (5 °C). In the groups G1 and G3 the supernatant was removed and a new extender was added. In the other groups (G2 and G4) pellets were re-diluted in the same supernatant, without renewal. For Experiment 2, samples were divided into two equal aliquots, according to the treatments (G1: Tris + 20% egg yolk, control G2: Tris + 5% Aloe vera; G3: ACP-106® + 5% Aloe vera) and evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after cooling. In both experiments were performed sperm kinetics and membrane integrity analysis (iMP). In Experiment 1 results the diluent renewal did not affect on any parameter analyzed in the group using egg yolk (G1), shown when comparing the two treatments of this substance. The G2 (without renewal) did not demonstrate a significant difference when compared to G1 (renewal). However, groups with Tris-Aloe vera (G3 and G4) were lower (P <0.05) than the groups with Tris-egg yolk (G1 and G2) after the renewal, and this has showed deleterious effect on the group that sperm received new diluent (G3) in all parameters. There were no statistical differences in Experiment 2 in the parameters of total motility, straightness and oscillation index and plasma membrane integrity comparing treatments and evaluation times. However, the progressive motility in G1 proved to be significantly higher (P <0.05) than the other treatments in the first assessment period (0h). However, at 24 the G3 showed values similar to G1. The linearity values of G3 were significantly higher (P <0.05) than other groups from the start of the evaluations. According to the findings from Experiment 1, it can be concluded that the replacement of diluent is not necessary for the preservation of canine spermatozoa undergo cooling (5 °C) for 96 h. Furthermore, it was found that the gel of Aloe vera may be used to replace egg yolk in dog semen cooling diluent at a concentration of 5% without renewal. In the Experiment 2, it can be concluded that Aloe vera can be used at a concentration of 5% to replace egg yolk in dog semen cooling diluent, regardless of the one used. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do gel da planta Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), associado ao diluidor Tris (hidroximetil aminometano) ou Água de coco em pó (ACP-106®) na conservação de sêmen de cães, bem como a ação desse gel no processo de renovação do diluidor. Foram utilizadas amostras seminais de cinco cães da raça Basset Hound. No Experimento 1, as amostras foram diluídas em duplicata, utilizando Tris + 20% de gema de ovo (G1 e G2) ou 5% de Aloe vera (G3 e G4), e avaliadas nos tempos de 0, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Após a análise de 48h, todas as amostras foram centrifugadas por 10 min (400g) em centrífuga refrigerada (5 ºC). Nos grupos G1 e G3 o sobrenadante foi removido e um novo diluidor foi adicionado. Nos outros grupos (G2 e G4) os pellets foram re-diluídos no mesmo sobrenadante, sem renovação. Para o Experimento 2, as amostras foram divididas em alíquotas iguais, de acordo com os tratamentos (G1: Tris + 20% gema de ovo, controle; G2: Tris + 5% Aloe vera; G3: ACP-106® + 5% Aloe vera) e avaliados nos tempos de 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas após refrigeração. Em ambos experimentos foram realizadas análises de cinética espermática e de integridade da membrana (iMP). Nos resultados do Experimento 1 a renovação do diluidor não influenciou em nenhum parâmetro analisado no grupo que utilizou gema de ovo (G1), fato evidenciado quando comparados os dois tratamentos que utilizaram esta substância. O G2 (sem renovação) não determinou diferença significativa quando comparado ao G1 (com renovação). Entretanto, os grupos com Tris-Aloe vera (G3 e G4) foram inferiores (P<0,05) aos grupos com Tris-gema de ovo (G1 e G2) após a renovação, e esta mostrou efeito deletério nos espermatozoides do grupo que recebeu novo diluidor (G3), em todos os parâmetros. No Experimento 2 não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nos parâmetros de motilidade total, retilinearidade e índice de oscilação e integridade de membrana plasmática quando comparados os tratamentos e os tempos de avaliação. Entretanto, a motilidade progressiva no G1 mostrou-se significativamente superior (P<0,05) aos demais tratamentos no primeiro tempo de avaliação (0h). No entanto, às 24h o G3 demonstrou valores semelhantes ao G1. Os valores de linearidade no G3 foram significativamente superiores (P<0,05) aos demais grupos desde o início das avaliações. De acordo com os achados do Experimento 1, pode-se concluir que a renovação do diluidor não é necessária para a preservação dos espermatozoides caninos submetidos à refrigeração (5 ºC) por 96 h. Além disso, constatou-se que o gel da Aloe vera pode ser utilizado em substituição à gema de ovo, no diluidor de refrigeração de sêmen de cães, na concentração de 5%, sem renovação do diluidor. Já no Experimento 2, pode-se concluir que a Aloe vera pode ser empregada na concentração de 5% em substituição à gema de ovo no diluidor de refrigeração de sêmen de cães, independente do diluidor utilizado.

Orientadores: Márcia Regina Braga, Simone de Pádua Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caccere_Rodrigo_M.pdf: 5287310 bytes, checksum: 7433584cc6dacc1485f7ed86dd51116e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Inga vera Pennington produz sementes com alta sensibilidade à dessecação, o que dificulta seu armazenamento. Diversos mecanismos estão relacionados tolerância à dessecação, dentre eles o acúmulo de reservas insolúveis e de moléculas protetoras, redução do metabolismo e dobramento da parede celular. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento de eixos embrionários e cotilédones de I. vera com respeito a seus teores e composição de açúcares solúveis, de reserva e de parede celular e quanto à ultra-estrutura durante a maturação e após a secagem. Eixos embrionários e cotilédones de I. vera durante a maturação, acumulam altos níveis de amido e armazenam também outras substâncias como compostos fenólicos. O acúmulo de massa seca e o processo de vacuolização durante todo o desenvolvimentos dos embriões desta espécie indicam alta atividade metabólica até o momento da dispersão. Além disso, as paredes celulares de eixos embrionários e cotilédones acumulam galactanos que podem lhe conferir maior rigidez. Embriões de I. vera secos até 35% de teor de água apresentaram redução da capacidade germinativa. Esta desidratação parcial provocou um estímulo metabólico, evidenciado pela mobilização de reservas e deposição de material nas paredes celulares, além de intensa atividade do retículo endoplasmático rigoso, observada nos eixos embrionários. A secagem severa (17% de teor de água) provocou rompimento das membranas resultando no aparecimento de células completamente colapsadas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que embriões I. vera mantém o metabolismo ativo durante a desidratação até que os processos de injúria comecem a ocorrer. / Abstract: Inga vera Pennington produces recalcitrant seeds, characterized by desiccation sensibility and short post-harvest life span, no longer than one mouth. Mechanisms proposed to explain the ability of organisms to survive desiccation include accumulation of insoluble reserves and protective molecules, metabolic "switch off" and cell wall folding, among others. The aim of the present study was to analyze the behavior of I.vera embryos (axes and cotyledons) with respect to sugar content, cell wall composition and ultrastructure during different stages of development and after desiccation. Axes and cotyledons accumulate starch and phenolic compounds and also showed vacuolization all over development, suggesting high metabolic activity up to the end of the maturation period. Moreover, cell walls of axes and cotyledons cantain polysaccharides, like galactans, that can provide more rigidity to the cell wall. Mature I.vera seeds were dried 35% or 17% and seed variability was skilghtly reduced due to drying to 35% of water content, but no seeds survived to severe desiccation (17% water content). Starch mobilization, increase in the cell wall thickness in axes and cotyledons, and high degree of development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in axes suggest that drying to 35% of water content enhanced metabolic activity. Severe desiccation resulted in membrane breaking leading to collapsed protoplasm. Therefore we can conclude that I.vera embryos keep high metabolic activity during desiccation until damage processes start. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural