Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gelcimary Menegatti da Silva.pdf: 713014 bytes, checksum: aac0a1dc8ac09ff2b11ede59ff1df1d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Violence, understood as the detrimental act of violating social rules to the extent of harming others, is present in our everyday lives. The subjects are affected by the violence present indirectly in the news which is heard, seen or read in the different means of communication, as well as present as witnesses of situations of external violence, and directly as in an episode in which they become victims. Currently, a number of researches have been carried out with the aim of investigating the impact of varied forms of violence such as negligence, sexual abuse and physical violence. However, a specific study can overestimate the consequences of only one type of violence and underestimate the influence of other forms. In the studies performed since 2005 using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), whose objective is to map the quantity and co-occurrence of the victimizations, it was observed that polyvictim subjects, i.e., those who suffered four or more forms of violence in the previous year, presented worse levels of mental health, higher chances of being victims again or practicing violence, academic difficulties and higher vulnerability to adversities. Nevertheless, it is observed that some people, faced with difficult moments in their lives as the experience of violence, manage to continue their lives healthily, which can be due to the form of facing or coping used to manage the problem or the emotion coming from the source of stress. Research correlates positively the predominant use of coping focused on the problem to better levels of mental health. The teaching of these strategies can occur through varied ways, such as a cognitive-behavioral approach to psychotherapy. Therefore, this paper has as aim to analyze, based on theories of poly-victimization, coping and cognitive-behavioral approach, two clinic cases. The first one refers to a 31-year-old woman and the second, a child aged 3, both with experience of several episodes of violence. The sessions were divided in initial evaluation and intervention in the first case, and in initial evaluation, intervention and final evaluation in the second. According to the demand, in the psychotherapeutic intervention, Beck s cognitive therapy (1964) was used on the adult patient and analytical behavioral therapy on the juvenile patient. The results indicated better levels of mental health, higher frequency of usage of better adapted strategies, as those focused on the problem, and interruption of the victimization cycle. / A violência, entendida como o ato prejudicial de violar as regras sociais a ponto de prejudicar o próximo, está presente no nosso cotidiano. Os sujeitos são afetados pela violência presente indiretamente como nas notícias ouvidas, assistidas ou lidas por meio dos mais diferentes meios de comunicação, assim como presentes enquanto testemunhas de situações de violência externa, como também de maneira direta como num episódio em que se torna a vítima. Atualmente, muitas pesquisas têm surgido com o intuito de investigar o impacto das diversas formas de violência como a negligência, abuso sexual e violência física. No entanto, o estudo específico pode superestimar as consequências de apenas um tipo e subestimar a influência das outras formas de violência. Nos estudos realizados desde 2005 utilizando o Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) cujo objetivo é mapear a quantidade e co-ocorrências das vitimizações foram observados que os sujeito polivítimas, ou seja, aqueles que sofreram quatro ou mais formas de violência no ano anterior, apresentaram piores níveis de saúde mental, maiores chances de novamente serem vítimas ou praticar violência, dificuldades acadêmicas e maior vulnerabilidade as adversidades. No entanto, observa-se que algumas pessoas diante da vivência de momentos difíceis na vida como a experiência da violência, conseguem seguir suas vidas saudavelmente o que pode ser devido à forma de enfrentamento ou coping utilizadas para administrar o problema ou a emoção advindo da fonte estressora. Pesquisas correlacionam positivamente o uso predominante de coping focado no problema a melhores níveis de saúde mental. O ensino destas estratégias pode ocorrer por diversos meios como a psicoterapia de abordagem cognitivo-comportamental. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar com base nas teorias de polivitimização, coping e abordagem cognitivo-comportamental dois casos clínicos. O primeiro se refere a uma mulher com 31 anos de idade e o segundo, uma criança com 3 anos de idade, ambos com experiência de vários episódios de violência. As sessões foram divididas em avaliação inicial e intervenção para o primeiro caso e avaliação inicial, intervenção e avaliação final para o segundo. De acordo com a demanda, utilizou-se na intervenção psicoterapêutica, a terapia cognitiva de Beck (1964) para a paciente adulta e terapia analítico-comportamental para o paciente infantil. Os resultados apontam melhores níveis de saúde mental, mais frequência do uso de estratégias mais adaptadas como as focadas no problema e quebra do ciclo de vitimizações.

Two serious adverse health effects of obesity are development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which may also lead to stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and non-traumatic amputations. Diabetes and obesity occur more commonly among U.S. African-American women than among white women. One postulated mechanism in the development of obesity and diabetes is disruption of the neuroendocrine system by chronic psychosocial stress. Using data from the Black Women’s Health Study (BWHS), we examined three psychosocial stressors more prevalent in African-American women than white women, and their possible contribution to the incidence of diabetes and obesity among African-American women. Study 1 examined perceived racism and incidence of diabetes over 16 years (1997–2013), among 45,781 women. Women with higher scores for perceived everyday or lifetime racism had greater risk of diabetes compared to women with lesser exposure. Mediation by BMI may have accounted for half of these associations. Study 2 examined abuse victimization with incidence of diabetes in adulthood over eight years (2005–2013), among 29,193 women. Compared to women reporting no abuse in their life span, there was an increased risk of diabetes among women who experienced abuse only during adolescence, or only adolescence and childhood. Higher frequency of sexual abuse or greater severity of abuse increased risk of diabetes. There was some evidence for mediation by BMI, and as a modifier; in stratified analyses overweight women experienced an increased risk of diabetes with childhood sexual abuse. Study 3 evaluated the association of night shift work and weight change over an eight year period (2005–2013), among 28,565 women. Stratified analyses showed BMI modified the association: normal and overweight women who worked a night shift gained significantly more weight than women who did not work a night shift; this was not found among obese women. Younger night shift workers who worked 10 or more years appeared to gain more weight than younger non-night shift workers. In conclusion, there is evidence that perceived racism, abuse, and night shift work may be psychosocial stressors whose downstream effects may contribute to type 2 diabetes and weight gain among African-American women.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-08T13:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane da Silva.pdf: 656041 bytes, checksum: f54e215a353bd1fe33af95ef1363e3ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T13:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane da Silva.pdf: 656041 bytes, checksum: f54e215a353bd1fe33af95ef1363e3ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este estudo utiliza de métodos econométricos para analisar o crime pela ótica da vítima e busca encontrar quais as características pessoais e municipais tornam mais propensas à atração do criminoso no Brasil. A partir de dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílios de 2008 e de 2009, se estima modelos Probit para encontrar os determinantes da vitimização, e da propensão a registrar a ocorrência de três tipos de crime: furto, roubo e agressão física. Os resultados observados apontaram que o perfil do criminoso possui características contrárias ao perfil da vítima, ou seja, o indivíduo criminoso em geral possui baixa escolaridade enquanto o vitimado possui alta escolaridade. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o sexo e o estado civil dos indivíduos são características determinantes para a vitimização por estes crimes. O trabalho conclui que homens solteiros estão mais expostos a violência, o que corrobora com as teorias do estilo de vida e das atividades rotineiras na explicação da vitimização criminal. O trabalho ainda estuda o papel de outros fatores na explicação da violência no Brasil, tais como, rendimentos, idade e escolaridade e as condições macroeconômicas. / This study makes use of econometric methods to analyze crime from the perspective of the victim and seeks to find which personal and local characteristics trigger the attention of criminals in Brazil. From data provided by the National Research of Sample per Household of 2008 and 2009, Probit models are estimated to identify the reasons for victimization, and the likelihood to make a complaint of three types of crime: theft, robbery, and physical assault. Results show that the profile of the perpetrator features characteristics opposed to the profile of the victim, that is, the criminal generally has low education while the victim has high education. The findings also point that gender and marital status of individuals are crucial to victimization characteristics for such crimes. The study concludes that single men are more exposed to violence, which corroborates theories of lifestyle and routine activities in the explanation of criminal victimization. Besides that, the research takes into account the role of other factors in explaining violence in Brazil, such as, income, age and education, as well as macroeconomic conditions.

The abused-abuser hypothesis posits that a history of sexual victimization may increase the risk of engaging in sexually abusive behavior for some victims. Although many researchers have discovered a higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in sex offenders in comparison with non-sex offenders, less research has considered how specific characteristics of prior sexual abuse may contribute to how these individuals sexually abuse others. For the present study, archival data were collected from 243 youths receiving residential treatment for sexually abusive behavior and self-reported data were collected from university students with no known history of sexual offending. The present study confirms disproportionally high rates of CSA in the sample of sexually abusive youth, compared to non-sexual abusers. Further, among the sample of sexually abusive youth, we examined the effects of sexual perpetrator characteristics and age of sexual victimization on victim choice, age at first sexual offense, and number of sexual offenses, number of arrests, and sexual victims. Results revealed associations between perpetrator characteristics and victim choice. Additionally, being sexually victimized by a male or a relative was significantly associated with a younger age of onset of sexually abusive behavior and a younger age of sexual victimization suggested a greater number of sexual victims. Implications and future directions will be explored.

The present study examined sexual assault victimization and loneliness as predictors of self-harm behaviors in a sample of 224 female college students. Results from conducting regression analysis indicated that both sexual assault victimization and loneliness were unique and significant predictors of self-harm behaviors. This pattern remained even after controlling for concomitant suicidal behaviors. Interestingly, in a post hoc analysis predicting suicidal behaviors, it was found that loneliness, but not sexual assault victimization, was the only unique and significant predictor after controlling for self-harm behaviors. Some implications of the present findings for understanding self-harm behaviors in female college students and the importance of controlling for suicidal behaviors in studies of self-harm behaviors (and vice versa) are discussed.

Background- Bullying victimization, both physical and electronic, has been associated with health risk behaviors such as smoking and substance use; and chronic conditions such as obesity, depression and sleep disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between bullying victimization and risky sexual behavior. Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was used as an indicator of engagement in risky sexual activities. Methods- Data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a biennial nationally representative survey of 9-12 grade students (N=15,624) were used. After cleaning and re-coding the data set, a total of 5,037 students who reported ever having sex in their lifetime were included in the analyses. The explanatory variable included in the multiple logistic regression analysis was bullying victimization. Marijuana use and feeling of sadness or hopelessness in a row for two weeks or more during past twelvemonths were included as covariates. The analyses were adjusted for age and race, and odds ratios were stratified by gender. Results- No significant association was found between being a bullying victim at school property and not using condom in last sexual intercourse for both male (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.71-1.65) and female (OR: 0.98, 95% CI:0.65-1.47) students. This finding was consistent for both male (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 0.89-3.65) and female (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.70-1.55) victims of electronic bullying. Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was found to be associated with male students who were sad or hopeless in a row for two weeks or more during past 12 months (OR: 1.49,95% CI: 1.13-1.96). Conclusions- Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was not found to be significantly associated with bullying victimization. Other risky sexual behaviors such as having multiple sex partners, use of protective methods other than condom and use of drugs or alcohol before engaging into sexual relationship should be examined in further studies.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Criminology)) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Schools mirror the culture of violence that is endemic in our society. They have therefore become the focus of research on violence. However, much of our knowledge on violence that occurs in schools is on learners as victims of educator-on- learner and learner-on-learner violence; and as perpetrators of learner-on-learner because a great amount of research focuses only on these types of violence. Very little research has been done on teachers as victims of violence, and of learnerperpetrated violence, in particular. The little knowledge that is available indicates that objectionable behaviour, such as ill-discipline, class disruptions, and aggression and violent behaviour are aspects of interpersonal relationships that may cause teachers stress, burnout, job dissatisfaction, ill health, and lead to them quitting the teaching profession. This study investigated learner-perpetrated violence as a school and workplace violence. The results of this study, which are the outcomes of independently conducted qualitative and quantitative studies, confirm the parallel existence of learner-perpetrated violence and teacher stress and related ill health, behavioural reaction and organisational effects. The implications of these results are that the current legislation, the South African Schools Act, and regulations and policies associated with it, is inadequate in preventing the victimisation of teachers by learners, in their workplaces. Hence, this study recommends a model that can be implemented to prevent violence against teachers at a primary, secondary, and tertiary level. Learner violence is an occupational health and safety risk for teachers and needs to be handled in the same was as any other occupational health and safety hazard; hence the desire by teachers to be covered against violence at work under the Occupational Health and Safety Act. It is recommended that future research should focus on the incorporation of violence into the existing list of occupational hazard. This will force employers to take every step possible to prevent the victimisation of teachers in their workplaces. The reduction of incidents of violence against teachers has the potential of slowing teacher attrition down.

Teachers in elementary schools are often faced with countless disruptive bullying behaviors, which cause them to lose valuable classroom instruction time. In addition, bullying victims have shown a decline in academic success as compared to students who are not bullied. The purpose of this qualitative bounded case study was to explore teachers' understanding and awareness of bullying behaviors and policies at the elementary school level, particularly in an elementary school in a southeastern state that has experienced large increases in student disruptive behavior over the past 2 school years. Bandura's social cognitive theory served as the conceptual framework. Semi-structured interview data were collected from a purposeful sample of 8 certified teachers at the school who taught students in Grades 3 through 5 during the past 2 school years. Open and axial coding procedures were utilized to discover themes based on teachers' perceptions of bullying, interventions and regulations. The findings revealed that teachers struggled with recognizing bullying behaviors, were unsure of the policies and procedures related to reporting bullying incidents, and their confidence levels were low when handling bullying behavior. Findings reflected components of Bandura's social cognitive theory in that individuals with high levels of perceived competence were motivated to set goals and complete tasks. A professional development workshop was created to provide teachers with the necessary tools to assist them in recognizing, responding, and reporting bullying incidents. Positive social change might occur from promoting bullying awareness among teachers and creating a positive impact on teaching, student learning, and the overall school environment at the local level.

Sexual assault (SA) has been associated with various negative psychological consequences for survivors. Recent studies have shown an association between the history of sexual assault and sexual dysfunction among female survivors of sexual victimization. Specifically, sexual assault survivors experience difficulties with aspects of sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction, and sexual self-schemas (Rellini & Meston, 2011). The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sexual victimization severity and sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. In addition, we tested a sequential mediational model in which sexual self-schema followed by depressive and PTSD symptoms would mediate the relationship between sexual victimization severity and sexual satisfaction and sexual functioning. Seventy-three female college students with a history of sexual victimization were asked to complete a series of self-report questionnaires designed to assess the history of sexual victimization, sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction, sexual self-schemas and psychological distress levels (i.e., depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity). Results revealed no significant associations between severity of sexual victimization and sexual satisfaction and sexual functioning. Additionally, our sequential mediational models, in which sexual self-schema followed by depressive and PTSD symptoms would mediate the relationship between sexual victimization severity and sexual satisfaction and functioning were non-significant. Our findings may have been limited due to the lack of variability in sexual victimization severity. Future studies further investigating the role of sexual self-schema, depression, and PTSD on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction among sexual assault survivors are warranted.

The memory of the battle of Okinawa was shaped by politics. The memory of the battle for Okinawans emphasizes war crimes committed against them and the devastating impact that was inflicted upon their peaceful island. Their emphasis on sole victimization led to other Okinawan narratives being either downplayed or outright denied. To remove American bases off their island, gain recognition for Japanese atrocities plus reparations, the Okinawans portrayed themselves as a peaceful people that were the sole victims of the battle of Okinawa. The United States glossed over the crimes committed by the Japanese on Okinawa and Asia to use Japan as a bulwark against what they perceived as communist aggression in Asia. To solidify this new alliance, the United States promoted reconciliation instead of punishment. In doing so, they willingly forget atrocities committed by the Japanese against Asian nationals. Americans also remember the battle in conjunction with the dropping of two atomic bombs and to justify their morally superior position to the Soviet Union, promote a more complex picture of the decision to use the bombs. This included discussing how Okinawa changed the American leader’s perspectives on a mainland Japan invasion. As a result, has become increasingly difficult to separate Okinawa and the bombs because of their temporal closeness. The Japanese tend to remember the battle as a heroic last stand and emphasize sacrifice to inspire future generations partly out of fear that Japanese youth have gone soft, ultimately demonstrating that Japan has not fully come to terms with her memory of the Second World War.