Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse a été dépouillée de certains documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Nous proposons dans ce travail que l’artiste Egon Schiele (1890-1918) a su exprimer l’ambivalence et l’angoisse entourant la question de la sexualité à Vienne au début du XXe siècle, plus spécifiquement à travers ses œuvres érotiques féminines sur papier réalisées en 1910-1911. À cette époque, des discours polarisés essentialisant la femme et sa sexualité se développent, notamment dans les sphères de la psychanalyse et de la philosophie continentale. La liberté sexuelle des jeunes femmes est réprimée et l’accès à l’information sur la sexualité leur est refusé. Pour les hommes, il s’avère ardu de concilier les propos puritains prônant l’abstention et leurs pulsions et curiosité libidinales, qui ne peuvent être assouvies que secrètement auprès de prostituées. Pour plusieurs, une vie sexuelle active devient synonyme de maladies vénériennes et de déchéance sociale. C’est en favorisant une approche théorique psychanalytique et féministe, portant sur le regard confronté au corps sexué, que nous étudions les modes d’adresse s’établissant entre les modèles, le spectateur et l’artiste à travers ce corpus, afin de mieux comprendre les affects particuliers et les bouleversements des traditions phallocentriques mis de l’avant par Schiele. Ce mémoire considère qu'en optant pour une représentation plastique du corps féminin dérangeante et constamment variable, de même qu’en interpellant ses contemporains de façon ambiguë grâce à des dispositifs visuels hybrides, le jeune artiste a su ébranler l'autorité traditionnelle du spectateur/voyeur masculin face à l’objet de désir féminin. Il serait ainsi parvenu à critiquer l'hypocrisie et l'inconfort identitaire et sexuel dominants au tournant du siècle. / In the present work, we argue that the artist Egon Schiele (1890-1918) was able to express the ambivalence and anxiety surrounding the topic of sexuality around 1900 through his erotic drawings of female nudes, especially those produced in 1910-1911. In the early twentieth century, in Vienna, essentialist and polarized concepts about women and female sexuality are developed, especially in the fields of psychoanalysis and continental philosophy. Young women are denied access to any kind of sexual knowledge or experimentation. Meanwhile, men are torn between austere discourses preaching abstention and their sexual urges and curiosity; many must secretly resort to prostitutes in order to satisfy their impulses. For most, an active sex life implies venereal diseases and social decay. While referring to psychoanalytical and feminist theories about the gaze and its encounter with the carnal body, we have studied the spectatorial relationships established between the models, the spectator and the artist across this corpus, in order to better understand the repudiation of the phallocentric traditions as proposed by Schiele. We believe that by representing the female body in disturbing and inconstant esthetic manners, as well as by reaching out to his contemporaries in ambiguous ways through hybrid visual devices, the young artist was able to undermine the traditional authority of the male viewer over the feminine object of desire. In so doing, Schiele managed to criticize the prevailing hypocrisy and discomfort regarding sexual identities and practices at the turn of the century.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of interpretation of legal texts au- thentic in more than one language and attempts to analyze the approaches applicable as a possible solution of contradictions between various langu- age versions. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is an intro- duction to the issue. There is just roughly outlined the reason for the exis- tence of multilingual legal texts and there is also defined the scope of the following chapters. The second chapter is dedicated to various methods of interpretation, distinct by legal doctrine. With regard to the topic of the thesis, the inter- pretive methods are divided into two groups with respect to the approach of finding the meaning of legal norms and the content of the regulation. The first section deals with methods based on the text of the legal norm. These are linguistic, logical and systematic method. The second section describes the methods based on the purpose and significance of the treatment. These are the teleological, the historical and the comparative method, as well as the modifications of the teleological method, used primarily in internati- onal law and law of European union. The way of choosing the primary interpretation method is described in the third section. The third chapter deals with the...

This work deals with legal aspects of changes in Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939. Firstly, it outlines the historical background and relationships that were being formed during the First Republic. It further deals, in particular, with the constitutional development in course of so-called Munich crisis, i.e. describes plans for rebuilding of Czechoslovakia, as well as adopted measures and the Munich agreement itself that led to reduction of the territory of the state and liquidation of its political and economic independence. It also deals with development of the Second, post-Munich Republic from both internal and international perspective. Regarding internal changes, it points out to creation of autonomous lands, election of president Hácha, adoption of Enabling Act and elections to autonomous assemblies. To make the picture complete, several issues regulated on level of ordinary acts are chosen that demonstrate a shift from principles of humanism and democracy. A part devoted to the international development depicts territorial losses in favor of neighboring countries, effort to obtain guarantees of borders, as well as it mentions forms of forced cooperation with Germany. The end of the work deals with disintegration of the state, i.e. declaration of Slovak independence and invasion in the Czech lands...

The theoretical part of this thesis addresses key concepts related to the individual tendency to take risks - it introduces how this trait is embedded in the concept of personality, establishes essential theoretical issues related to risk and risk-tendency, as well as related important terms, research and authors in the field in question. The key issues, too, are methods of risk behaviour detection with emphasis on current trends in psychodiagnostics, thus in the following part the fields of computerized psychodiagnostics and of objective personality tests are discussed. The paper's empirical section is focused on the utilization of Vienna Test System (VTS) in this area. Objective personality tests used for detection of risk-tendency were analysed and validised using the SPARO method and data gained during interviews. Empirically produced results suggest that the validity of the methods used is equivocal. One of the main conclusions of this thesis, therefore, is that VTS methods' potential to determine risk behaviour seems to be rather limited and its further research should be conducted in the future. Keywords: risk, risk-tendency, personality, objective personality tests, computerized testing, Vienna Test System

Title: Development ot the Status of Prague - Tourist Destination in the Central European Space Author: Veronika Dumbrovská Department: Social Geography and Regional Development Supervisor: RNDr. Dana Fialová, Ph.D. Abstract The objective of this thesis is to analyse the development of the status of Prague as a destination of city tourism in Central European since 1989. Prague, the Czech capital, is compared to other capitals in the region - Berlin, Vienna, Bratislava, Warsaw, and Budapest. The research is focused especially on a comparison between Prague on the one hand and Vienna and Budapest on the other in the period 2003-2011. For the research presented in the submitted thesis, secondary data from national statistical offices of the selected countries and specialized statistical databases were used. This quantitative research has been combined with qualitative studies. Since 1989, Prague has transformed from a destination of "former Eastern bloc" into a destination comparable with major cities of Western Europe. The development of tourism in Prague has been rapid and misbalanced. Tourism impact on Prague is higher than in other capitals of Central Europe, especially in its historical centre. This thesis presents major theoretical characteristics of city tourism and applies them on the case of Prague -...

La théorie des risques est un contenant dont le contenu est constitué des maximes d'origine romaine, imaginées pour caractériser les conséquences juridiques de l'inexécution de l'obligation contractuelle due à la survenance de l'événement de force majeure. Suivant ces maximes dénommées en latin res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino, les conséquences préjudiciables de l'inexécution de l'obligation sont supportées, soit par le débiteur de cette obligation, soit par son créancier, ou par la personne à laquelle appartient la chose, objet de cette obligation, fortuitement détruite.Un regard comparatif sur les droits positif français, de l'OHADA et la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises, révèle la dominance de la règle res perit domino dans la conception de la résolution de la question des risques. Cette conception donne lieu à deux typologies de solutions de la charge des risques : l'application d'une règle considérée comme un principe consiste à libérer les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques en raison de l'inexécution fortuite d'une obligation ; un autre type de règles est consacré à des hypothèses dans lesquelles une seule partie contractante est déclarée libérée. L'examen de ces deux typologies de solutions révèle une redondance dans leur coexistence, et particulièrement flagrante dans les systèmes de l'OHADA et de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980. Les règles considérées comme dérogatoires constituent une simple reprise a contrario du principe. Cette redondance s'avère la conséquence de la même conception de la résolution de la question des risques dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Les solutions de la charge des risques sont réputées, dans l'opinion répandue, différentes suivant ces trois systèmes juridiques ; mais cette différence ne tient qu'à leur apparence. À les examiner de près, leur similitude est surprenante ; ces solutions découlent de la même conception et sont susceptibles des mêmes critiques. Parmi les trois maximes latines, on observe une nette dominance de la réception de la règle res perit domino : les risques pèsent sur la personne à laquelle la chose appartient au moment de sa perte. La règle consistant dans l'association des risques au transfert de la propriété s'observe de façon générale dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Cette conception du traitement de la question des risques a tendance à générer des règles inappropriées. Elle se répand à partir du droit positif français résultant de l'analyse dominante de certaines dispositions du Code civil de 1804, dont l'exactitude doit être éprouvée. Cette thèse présente le modèle incompris de ce Code, après une présentation des différentes solutions issues des trois systèmes juridiques ; elle invite par conséquent à restaurer la vision des codificateurs, porteuse des solutions naturelles, appropriées à la question des risques. La thèse met en évidence la relation entre la charge des risques et l'obligation de délivrance dans le système du Code civil de 1804. Elle démontre la finalité du mécanisme de transfert solo consensu de la propriété, laquelle ne consiste nullement à attribuer les risques l'acquéreur. La règle res perit domino n'existe pas en réalité dans le Code civil de 1804. Ce Code fait référence à la règle res perit debitori pour caractériser l'hypothèse dans laquelle la perte fortuite de la chose libère les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques. On y rencontre également la règle res perit creditori, mais qui diffère, du point de vue de son fondement, de celle issue du droit romain. Il convient de promouvoir les solutions naturelles incomprises du Code civil de 1804, dont l'analyse est renouvelée dans cette thèse. Le système de ce Code ignore la règle res perit domino ; celle-ci n'y est entrée en réalité que par l'Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations. / The risk theory is inspired by Roman legal maxims which purpose is to determine the legal consequences of non-compliance with the contractual obligation in case of force majeure. Pursuant to the res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino maxims consequences of the non-compliance of the contractual obligations are born either by the debtor of the obligation, by the creditor or by the good owner. A comparative overview of French law, the OHADA Convention and the Vienna Convention of 11 April 1980 on contracts for the international sales of goods demonstrates the superiority of the res perit domino principle in the conceptions for the resolution of the risk matter. According to this approach, existing law is based on two sets of solutions for the determination of the party who has to bear the risk: the application of a principle releasing the parties from their mutual obligations by virtue of the accidental non-compliance with the contractual obligations; the application of rules where only one party is released from his/her obligations. The examination of both sets of solutions shows inconsistencies which are particularly visible in the OHADA and Vienna Convention systems. Rules a priori considered as being derogatory are in fact a mere a contrario application of the principle. This inconsistency is the result of the way the risk matter is being addressed by the three legal system subject to the study. According to a widespread belief, the solutions differ. However, the difference is only apparent. A close look indicates indeed that their similarities are not unexpected. All the solutions stem from the same system of reasoning and, therefore, are subject to the same criticisms. Among the three Latin maxims, the res perit domino definitely prevails. Risks are borne by the owner of the good at the time of its loss. The rule associating the risks with the transfer of property is applicable in the three systems. This approach of the burden of risk is the cause of ill-adapted rules. It emerged in French law on the basis of the interpretation of 1804 Civil code provisions. This interpretation will be discussed by the thesis. After a general presentation of the solutions implemented by the three systems, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to explore the misunderstandings on the ratio legis of French civil code. The thesis restores the original view of the French codifiers, who were promoting solutions fitted to the risk theory. The thesis underlines the connection between the burden of risk and the obligation to deliver as provided by the French Civil code of 1804. The thesis demonstrates the ultimate goal of the property transfer mechanism solo consensus which is not to have the risk borne by the buyer. The res perit domino rule is in fact not to be found in the French civil code of 1804. It only refers to the res perit debitori in order to characterize the case where the accidental loss of the good releases the parties from their mutual obligations. The res perit creditori lays on different foundations. Therefore, it is necessary to promote a renewed understanding of the unknown original solutions of 1804. The French civil code system ignores the res perit domino rule. It became applicable only through Ordinance 2016-131 of 10 February 2016 reforms contract law and rules on proof.

Orientador: José Oscar de Almeida Marques / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JoseFernando_D.pdf: 1289473 bytes, checksum: 40c25964727e202759d2a1c49063e49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho buscamos traçar as relações entre o Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, de Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) e as crises culturais da Viena fin-de-siècle. Apesar de o autor não mais viver em Viena durante o período de elaboração do livro, assumimos que o contexto cultural vienense é uma fecunda chave para sua elucidação. O ponto de partida é a caracterização de três crises que marcaram Viena em torno de 1900: i) uma crise dos valores, configurada pelo crescente descrédito de todos os pilares da vida social vienense; ii) uma crise do sujeito, delineada no momento em que a unidade do eu foi colocada em dúvida, ou seja, um instante em que se acreditou que tal noção não remetia a nada que ultrapassasse um feixe de sensações e experiências transitórias; iii) uma crise da linguagem, marcada pelo questionamento dos meios intelectual e artístico vienenses sobre a capacidade de a linguagem expressar a realidade e os sentimentos inerentes ao sujeito. Procuramos mostrar que o Tractatus, de acordo com sua ordem de exposição, pode oferecer uma resposta para cada uma dessas crises, a saber: a demarcação dos limites da linguagem; a afirmação da existência de um sujeito solipsista ou metafísico, cuja existência se manifesta como um ponto sem extensão fora do mundo e cuja vontade instaura a linguagem; a defesa de uma unidade que perpassa a ética e a estética, definidas como atitudes transcendentais que, respectivamente, permitem ao sujeito expandir ou minguar os limites do mundo como um todo e expressar o mundo visto sub specie aeternitatis. / Abstract: This work aims to trace the relations between Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the cultural crises of fin-de-siècle Vienna. Although the author no longer lived in Vienna at the time of elaboration of his book, we assume that the Viennese cultural context is a fruitful key for its understanding. Our starting point is the characterization of three crises that marked Vienna in 1900: i) a crisis of values, represented by the increasing discredit regarding all Viennese social life pillars; ii) a crisis of the subject, delineated when the unit of the "I" was put in doubt, that is, at the moment such notion was believed not to exceed a beam of sensations and transitory experiences; iii) a crisis of language, marked by the questioning by intellectual and artistic Viennese milieu of language's capacity in express the inherent reality and feelings of the subject. We aim to show that the Tractatus, in accordance with its order of exposition, can offer an answer for each of these crises, that is to say, the demarcation of the limits of language; the affirmation of the solipsist or metaphysical subject's existence, which shows itself as a point without extension out of the world and whose will establishes the language; the defense of a unit across the ethics and the aesthetic domains, defined as transcendental attitudes that allow the subject, respectively, to expand or to decrease the limits of the world as a whole and to express the world seen sub specie aeternitatis. / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

Le tiers secteur du logement, segment hybride entre le logement social et le logement privé, héritier des coopératives d'habitat de la fin du XIXème siècle, est redécouvert en sa qualité d'alternative potentielle : il renverrait à une offre de logement abordable, qui viserait à loger décemment l'ensemble de la population, dans des contextes spatiaux très divers, mais majoritairement dans des métropoles toujours plus sous pression démographique, foncière et socio-spatiale . Le périmètre métropolitain est novateur pour analyser les effets spatiaux de ce segment qui paraît indissociable du cadre national. La région métropolitaine Vienne-Bratislava est souvent étudiée sous l'angle de la coopération transfrontalière, « par le haut », où le poids des divergences nationales, en termes socio-économiques et de politiques publiques, demeure important, questionnant alors l'intégration de la reg1on métropolitaine. Cependant, la partie autrichienne, tout comme la partie slovaque de cette région transfrontalière font face à des défis similaires, qu'il s'agisse de périurbanisation (y compris un phénomène de périurbanisation transfrontalière), d'attractivité métropolitaine ou encore de maintien de la cohésion socio-spatiale. Une entrée par le tiers secteur du logement, segment du logement présent dans les deux contextes nationaux sous des formes et avec une part dans le stock et la construction très variées, permet de questionner l'intégration silencieuse de la région métropolitaine, par l'évolution du tissu métropolitain (à travers la production au concret du tiers secteur), les stratégies des acteurs et l'évolution des politiques publiques, à l'interface entre viabilité économique et mission d'intérêt général. / The third housing sector, as a hybrid segment linking social housing and private-driven housing, is being rediscovered as an alternative form of housing, due to the legacy of housing cooperatives from the end of the 19th century: it could lead to an affordable housing supply so as to offer decent accommodation to a broader part of the population, in various spatial contexts but mainly in metropolitan areas which face ever-increasing demographie, land and socio-spatial pressure. The choice of a metropolitan perimeter provides an added dimension to this housing segment which seems to inextricably echo the national scale. The metropolitan region Vienna-Bratislava is often analyzed with a focus on cross-border cooperation, with a top-down approach . However national divergences in terms of socio-economic development and public policy orientations remain significant, and thus question the true extent of the integration of this metropolitan cross-border region. Nevertheless both Austrian and Slovak part of this region face similar issues such as suburbanization (including a rising cross-border suburbanization process), attractiveness of metropolises, and socio-spatial cohesion. Through the scope of the third housing sector which exists in both contexts under various forms (in terms of both housing stock and construction) I will question the silent integration of this metropolitan region by monitoring the evolution of the metropolitan fabric (through the concrete housing production in the third housing sector), strategies of stakeholders and the evolution of housing policies, caught between economie viability and general interest tasks.

Cette thèse trouve son origine dans l’étude d’une partie méconnue de la biographie d’un prince lorrain au XVIIIème siècle, dont le destin l’amène à la tête de l’une des puissances décisives de l’Europe, le Saint Empire romain germanique. François-Étienne de Lorraine, né en 1708 dans le duché de Lorraine, y passe les premières années de sa vie, principalement au château de Lunéville, avant, en 1723, d’être envoyé par son père à Vienne, en Autriche, pour poursuivre son éducation à la cour de l’empereur Charles VI. Plus qu’une poursuite de son éducation, il s’agit davantage d’une réorientation de cette éducation, animée par des desseins politiques qui dirigent les modalités et les contenus de la formation reçue par François-Étienne. Les travaux biographiques sur ce dernier se sont surtout focalisés sur le prince devenu adulte : son gouvernement de la Toscane, son rôle aux côtés de sa femme, Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, ou encore, dans une moindre mesure, sa vie en tant qu’empereur du Saint Empire romain germanique, après son élection à la tête de celui-ci en 1745. Mais son enfance et le parcours qui l’ont amené jusqu’à ce point sont particulièrement méconnus.Ainsi, la première partie de la thèse est l’objet d’un retour sur les environnements dans lesquels François-Étienne évolue depuis sa naissance et pendant ses années de formation. L’éducation est en effet le résultat de plusieurs paramètres ; elle emprunte aux théories et aux idées des siècles passés, mais se renouvèle sans cesse par les réflexions philosophiques qui en changent les méthodes et les contenus, notamment au XVIIIème siècle, avec la nouvelle vision de l’éducation des philosophes des Lumières. Les environnements matériels participent aussi à définir l’éducation, tout comme les personnes cotôyées : celles-ci vont soit impulser ou limiter une forme de soif de savoirs, ou peuvent diriger les modalités de l’éducation.L’éducation est multiforme et ne se résume pas seulement à un enrichissement intellectuel. Avant même de s’intéresser à son esprit, c’est sur son corps que se focalisent toutes les attentions familiales. L’aspect physique du prince, sa maitrise de son comportement et de ses gestes sont des préalables à l’introduction dans la société des princes. L’esprit du prince n’est pas pour autant longtemps délaissé ; très tôt, il lui est inculqué des préceptes religieux d’abord, puis des savoirs et des connaissances dont il doit savoir faire usage afin de devenir un bon prince. Mais c’est aussi ses interactions avec le monde extérieur qui doivent être encadrées et guidées selon plusieurs niveaux d’intimité et de relations avec autrui.Afin de dépeindre ces trois niveaux de formation, dans deux mondes différents, les axes d’étude choisis ont principalement été les modalités, les moyens, les buts et les personnes qui encadrent cette éducation. Principalement à partir de deux fonds regroupant les sources issues des archives de Vienne et les sources présentes aux archives départementales de Meurthe-et Moselle, à Nancy, il a ainsi été possible de revenir sur l’enfance et les années de formation de François-Étienne. La bivalence volontaire de son parcours est peu fréquente pour un prince, et pose également la question du devenir de cette éducation à l’âge adulte ; à travers cette étude, il apparaît qu’aucune des deux formes d’éducation reçues ne prend réellement l’avantage sur l’autre, elles se confondent au contraire ou se distinguent selon les domaines.Enfin, c’est aussi la question de la transmission d’un modèle éducatif qui est à l’étude, ou plutôt de la volonté ou non de transmettre les mêmes axes, contenus et modalités à ses propres enfants, ainsi que des conséquences à plus long terme des premières années de l’empereur François-Étienne. / The aim of this thesis is to study the little-known part of a Lorrain prince’s life during the 18th century; destiny brought him to the head of one of the most powerful state in Europe, the Holy Roman Germanic Empire. Francis Stephen of Lorraine was born in 1708 in the duchy of Lorraine where he stayed for the first years of his life, mainly at Luneville castle; then, in 1723, his father sent him to Austria, in Vienna, at the court of the Emperor Charles VI, where his education was to proceed. But more than the next step to his education, a complete shift and reorganisation in methods and contents were operated, shift intended by his father who wanted a political ascension for his son. The biographies about Francis are more focused on his adult’s life, when he reigned in Toscana, when he became Holy Emperor after the 1745 election or his duties as Maria-Theresia’s husband. However, his childhood and education are particularly little-known.Thus, the first part of this thesis deals with his surroundings when he was a child. Education is the result of several factors, among which are the old theories and ideas, although these ideas are constantly renewed; this renewing is due to the philosophical reflection on education which changed the methods and contents, particularly in the 18th century, with the new philosophy of Enlightenment. The material conditions are very important too, as well as the persons involved in his tuition: these persons could act like a new impulse to the development of his eagerness to learn or a break to his progress, or could direct teaching methods.Education can be multiform and cannot be considered a mere intellectual enrichment. Before dealing with his mind, his family’s attention was drawn to his body. The prince’s physical aspect, the mastery of his behaviour and manners are paramount assets at court. Still, the education of his mind wasn’t left apart. Very early, he was taught religious precepts, then the learning he needed to become a good ruler. Moreover, his relationships with other people were controlled and supervised, according to different levels of intimacy and the relation to others.To depict these three levels of education in two different worlds, I have chosen to study the methods, the resources, the goals and the persons that took part in his education. I have exploited sources mostly from two different archives, one in Vienna and the other one at the departmental archives of Meurthe-et-Moselle, in Nancy. With these records, I have studied Francis-Stephen‘s childhood and education. The conscious bivalence of his life is quite unusual for a prince; this raises the issue of the evolution of this education when Francis Stephen became an adult: a priori, he assimilated both ways of training, with no predominance of one over the other.Finally, one can also wonder if Francis Stephen ‘s bicultural education became a model for his children or if he didn’t want to educate his sons and daughters with both influences, and as well what were its consequences on the first years of his reign as an emperor in the long run.

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