71 |
互動敘事中客製化之虛擬拍攝實驗平台 / An Experimental Platform for Customized Virtual Cinematography in Interactive Storytelling賴珮君, Lai, Pei Chun Unknown Date (has links)
近年來由於電腦軟硬體及人機介面介面技術的發展,互動數位敘事(Interactive Digital Storytelling, IDS)的應用也逐漸被重視,特別是在新型態電腦遊戲的設計,而這個趨勢也為即時虛擬攝影機的規劃帶來新的機會與挑戰。本研究旨在透過互動數位敘事腳本內容的分析,建置客製化攝影機運鏡實驗平台,即時自動產生符合情境情節、人物情緒的拍攝方式,並參考電影拍攝手法,結合攝影學的專業知識加入不同拍攝風格,讓同一段影片可以有不同的風格效果。我們希望能夠讓現有的互動敘事系統The Theater [1]中的運鏡技術有跡可循,不再只是以人工的方式憑藉直覺來設定攝影機的位置,而能使得虛擬攝影機的操控變得簡易,修正拍攝效果時將更加簡便,成功快速掌握運鏡的每一個細節。我們在The Theater的實驗平台之上,讓敘事者可以根據故事情境客製化虛擬攝影機的拍攝手法,並由電腦自動產生合宜的攝影機拍攝位置,快速完成攝影機規劃。我們以實例透過實驗的方式驗證此系統的有效性。 / The recent advances in computing technologies and human-computer interactions have attracted much attention in the development of interactive digital storytelling (IDS), especially in the application of novel computer game design. This trend does not only bring new opportunities but also new technological challenges to virtual camera planning. Our research in this work aims at building an experimental platform for customized virtual camera planning through the analysis of screen play in an in-teractive story. By adopting the domain knowledge of camera controls in existing films, we hope to design a computer-assisted system that allows an author to easily experiment with different styles of virtual cameras in a same story. We proposed to design an experimental platform based on “The Theater” IDS, which currently uses a pre-authored way to specify the camera position. In the proposed system, we allow an author to quickly customize virtual camera taking according to the context of a story fragment and let the computer generate appropriate camera configurations automati-cally. We use an example story to verify the effectiveness of the system through ex-periments.
|
72 |
Die rol van omgewingsopvoedingsaktiwiteite in die uitklaring van omgewingswaardes by graad 6 leerders / Hendrina Maria BeytellBeytell, Hendrina Maria January 2013 (has links)
The research in this study focuses on the role of environmental education activities in the clarification of environmental values in Grade 6 learners. The much discussed environmental crisis arose as a result of man's negative environmental behaviour. Human behaviour is a matter of choices based on environmental values. Environmental value clarification aims to raise learners' awareness of their own values and to increase their effect on the environment. It helps learners to explore their own values, to consider advantages and disadvantages, to accept that others' beliefs may vary from their own, and to align their own actions and behaviours with their personal beliefs. Using environmental education activities the researcher aims to help learners clarify their environmental values as environmental education activities can not only be interesting and fun, but can also have a powerful impact on students' interest in and awareness of environmental problems.
As the clarification of environmental values contains a highly subjective component, use is made of a combined method research strategy. The quantitative research component takes place through a pre- and post-test test with an experimental and a control group. During the pre- and post-test a standardised questionnaire is used whilst the interventions take the form of an environmental education activity. A qualitative, collective case study design forms the qualitative part of the combined method, through observation during the activity and focus group interviews thereafter. Three schools that are part of the project "Education for sustainable living", where schools pay attention to the environment through the implementation of environmental management principles, were selected for participation.
The findings indicate that learners that were exposed to the activity are confronted with their own environmental values and attitudes whilst being forced to seriously, honestly andcritically reflect on his / her own values regarding specific environmental issues in the activity. / Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Development))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
73 |
Fokalisasie en vertelinstansie in die representasie van gestremdheid in geselekteerde Afrikaanse romans / Babette Viljoen.Viljoen, Babette January 2012 (has links)
In this dissertation the boundaries between normality and disability are investigated, as well as how these boundaries can be represented and changed through literary works. The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of disabled characters according to the theoretical insights of cognitive narratology. In order to analyse the boundary between normality and disability, this study focuses on focalisation and the narration as narrative techniques. The representation of disabled characters is a well-known phenomenon in literature in general but this dissertation analyses and discusses four novels which have been identified as texts in which the representation of disabled characters plays a significant role. These novels are: Is Sagie (1987) by Jan van Tonder, Raaiselkind (2001) by Annelie Botes, Siegfried (2007) by Willem Anker en Een vir Azazel (1964) by Etienne Leroux.
Disablility, as a deviation from normality, is represented in different ways in literature, and has different functions. The theoretical argument is that the investigation and interpretation of the representation of disablilty in literature will provide insight in disability as a social phenomenon, as a literary act and as an act of understanding.
Cognitive narratology uses the theoretical concepts of frames and scripts to describe the way in which human perceptions are structured and may even become fossilised in the human mind. Subsequent expreriences and information are therefore determined by existing codes and rules. The understanding or negotiation of new information is based on preferences that evolve from prior knowledge and programming. Cognitive choices are made on the basis of existing frames and scripts and determine whether a concept is new, standard, stereotypical, unusual, indefinite or ambiguous. This study shows how frames and scripts on disability are undermined within the novels and how disability is used as a functional novel element. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
74 |
Die aard van kommunikasie in ontwikkelingsprojekte van die Studente-JOOL-Gemeenskapsdiens (NWU-PUKKE) / Carla Martina Visser.Visser, Carla Martina January 2012 (has links)
The Student RAG Community Service (SRCS), a unique non-governmental organisation (NGO) of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, aims to support and to enable other NGOs to function independently. For this reason, the communication between the SRCS and these NGOs is viewed from the sub discipline of development communication, with the participative approach currently being perceived as the normative approach to communication for development.
Communication between the SRCS and representatives of the NGOs should therefore conform to the principles of the participative approach to development communication to contribute to empowerment and development. The principles of the participative approach that was identified as relevant to this study are participation, dialogue, cultural sensitivity, to enable the community to be self-reliant and community development.
This study is qualitative in nature and the research methods used to gather information about the nature of communication between the SRCS and the representatives of the projects are qualitative content analysis, partially structured interviews and observer–participant reporting.
Although this study has focused only on early child development projects, the nature of these projects and their communication varied to a large extent. The overall conclusion of this study is that there are gaps in the participative communication between the SRCS and the representatives of all the researched projects. The type of communication between the SRCS and early childhood development projects did not conform to the principles of cultural sensitivity, community development and the enablement of the community to be self-reliant. These gaps are attributed in part to the present documentation of the SRCS (2010 annual report, portfolio descriptions, transfer reports and minutes of 2010’s and 2011’s meetings) as well as the fact that this NGO’s training guidelines do not emphasise the importance of participatory principles, and do not offer sufficient training in the implementation of these principles to its various members.
Although the results indicate that the communication between the SRCS and the representatives of the projects presently does not conform to the principles of participative communication, the organisation is committed to addressing these gaps in future. / Thesis (MA (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
75 |
Die rol van rekreasievoorsiening en waargenome welstand van die lede betrokke by die Potchefstroom Dienssentrum vir Bejaardes / Sumari TesnearTesnear, Sumari January 2012 (has links)
Stumbo and Peterson (2004:9) argue that the participation in meaningful leisure activities
may lead to the improvement of elderly people’s health, well-being and quality of life.
Changes which are associated with old age, such as the increase in adverse health
conditions; however has a significant impact on leisure participation of the elderly (Austin
et al., 2006:49). For the purpose of this study, the following questions need to be
answered: a) Are physical, social, spiritual and cognitive leisure activities part of the
leisure profile of persons sixty years and older? b) Do structural, interpersonal and
intrapersonal constraints play a role in limiting the leisure participation of persons sixty
years and older? c) Does a relationship exist between participation in physical, social,
spiritual and cognitive leisure activities and perceived well-being of people sixty years and
older? d) Can a leisure activity paradigm be compiled to indicate the leisure participation
of persons sixty years and older? To answer these questions, this study focused on using
a phenomenological research design to enquire about the meaning of the leisure
phenomenon in elderly people’s lives (Fouché, 2005:270). This study was developed in
accordance with the mixed methodological approach referred to by De Vos (2005b:361)
as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research used in a single study. For the
purpose of this study, one hundred and ten elderly people (men and women), sixty years
and older and members of the Potchefstroom Service Centre for the Aged, participated.
An availability sample was used to identify the participants who completed the
questionnaire and participated in the focus group interview. Seventy two participants (60
females and 12 males) completed the questionnaire, whereby eight participants (5
females and 3 males) participated in the focus group interview.
According to the results, respondents 60-64 years old indicated that they participate more
in social, creative and cultural, and general leisure activities. Although 60% of these
respondents (60-64 years) experience low levels of health, 80% still participate in physical
leisure activities. The results suggested that these respondents (60-64 years) also
participate less in travelling and outdoor leisure activities than respondents 65-74 years
old and 75 years and older. Regarding respondents 65-74 years old, the results indicated
higher levels of participation in social leisure activities, followed by general leisure
activities. These respondents (65-74 years) participate more in travelling and outdoor
leisure activities than the other age groups (60-64; 75 and older). Compared to the
respondents 60-64 years, the leisure participation in creative and cultural and physical
activities of respondents 65-74 years is significantly lower, even if the results showed they
have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years. The results showed that
respondents 75 years and older participate more in general leisure activities, followed by
social leisure activities and creative and cultural leisure activities. In comparison with
respondents 60-64 years, respondents 75 years and older participate more in travelling
and outdoor leisure activities. Although respondents 75 years and older, according to the
results, have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years and 65-74 years,
participation in physical leisure activities was still very low. Regarding the relation
between the leisure profile and the different types of living arrangements, it showed that
respondents living in retirement villages participate more in social, general and physical
leisure activities whereas respondents living in their own homes, participate more in
general, social and creative and cultural leisure activities. However, respondents living
with their children or family, or in a communal home, participate more in social leisure
activities. In terms of the importance of leisure participation in elderly people’s life, the
results indicated that 60% respondents 60-64 years, acknowledge leisure participation as
very important in their lives, whereas 6% respondents 65-74 years and 75 years and older
(21%), indicated leisure participation as not important. According to the respondents’
health profile, in relation to living arrangements and gender, women respondents living in
retirement villages experience lower health levels than those living with their children or
family, or in communal homes as well as male respondents. The results indicated that
most of the respondents who experience average to low health levels, participate in social
leisure activities whereas those who participate in outdoor leisure activities experience
average health levels. In terms of happiness, well-being and quality of life, the male
respondents living in retirement villages experience higher levels of happiness, well-being
and quality of life compared to those living with children or family, or in communal homes.
Women respondents living in their own homes or with their children or family, or in
communal homes experience the highest levels of happiness, well-being and quality of
life. This study also suggests that elderly people’s leisure participation can be
programmed and planned by using a leisure activity pyramid. This leisure activity pyramid
place social activities at the foundation of the leisure program, from where general,
creative and cultural, physical, outdoor and travelling leisure activities can develop.
The results showed, elderly people have a need to experience leisure benefits; hence the
leisure benefits respondents 65-74 years old experience, includes interaction with others,
whereas respondents 75 years and older indicated that they experience personal growth
as a leisure benefit. Respondents (male and female) 65-74 years old indicated that
meeting other people was the biggest leisure benefit, whereas respondents 60-64 years
indicated that they participate in leisure activities to experience physical challenges while
respondents 75 years and older participate in leisure activities to experience relaxation. In
terms of the constraints which can limit participants’ leisure participation or exclude them
from it, the respondents experience financial shortages as the most important constraint.
The results showed that constraints are experienced differently between gender and age
groups. Hence, the male respondents 65-74 years old and female respondents 75 years
and older, indicated a shortage of time as the most important constraint, while male
respondents 75 years and older, as well as female respondents between 60 and 74 years,
indicated financial shortages as the most important constraint. According to the results, it
seemed that respondents 85 years and older experience time and security, economic and
structural, personal and programming as constraints. Respondents living in a flat on the
same premises as children or family, experience time and security as constraints in
contrast to those living with children or family, who experience economic and personal
constraints.
According to this study it is clear that old age and the provision of leisure services to older
people, is a very complex issue. In the light of this information it is necessary for tertiary
institutions to provide specialized training for recreation students, in the field of providing
leisure services to older people, to meet the complex leisure needs of the elderly. / Thesis (PhD (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
|
76 |
Subjekvorming deur literatuuronderrig aan universiteite in Suid-Afrika sedert 1994 / Gerda DullaartDullaart, Anna Gertruida January 2002 (has links)
Hierdie studie ondersoek die beroepsgeleenthede vir literatuurgraduandi in postapartheid Suid-Afrika.
Die subjekvorming van literatuurstudente en -dosente word ondersoek deur
ideologie-kritiese analises van akademiese en politieke diskoers.
Uit die analises blyk 'n kloof tussen die wêreld van werk en die akademiese ivoortoring, tussen
brood en boeke. Dit blyk dat diskoers uit die beroepswêreld nie die ivoortoring deurdring en die
literêr-akademiese diskoers insemineer nie. Die kloof word toegeskryf aan akademiese
magsverhoudings wat subjekvorming reguleer, en aan die ideologiese prosesse waarmee
literatore gemarginaliseer word in die "regte wêreld".
As 'n eerste stap ondersoek die studie die akademie as 'n kerngesin en pas Luce lrigaray se
feministiese psigoanalise toe op die verhouding tussen dosente en studente. Die gevolgtrekking
is dat literatuurdosente die ekonomiese potensiaal van literatuurgraduandi uitsluit, om so hulle eie
subjek nisse as houers van simboliese kapitaal vol te staan.
Subjekvorming is 'n beweging vanaf die (akademiese) kerngesin in die wyer wêreld in. Daarom
ondersoek die studie in 'n tweede stap hoe literatuurgraduandi se subjekvorming plaasvind in die
drie ideologiese staatsapparate (ISA's) van Althusser (ekonomie, onderwys en politiek). Hieruit
spruit insigte oor identiteitsvorming in die spanningsvelde tussen kapitalisme, postkolonialisme,
neokolonialisasie en globalisasie.
Dit blyk dat literatuurgraduandi goed kan vaar in ruwe nuwe ekonomiese terreine soos
ontwikkelingswerk, omgewingsonderwys, kennisbestuur en elektroniese joernalistiek. Hulle is
egter nie bewus van hierdie beroepsgeleenthede nie, as gevolg van die kloof tussen brood en
boeke. Om die kloof te oorbrug, beveel die studie in 'n derde stap aan dat
literatuuronderrigdoelstellings eksplisiet vertaal moet word tot beroepsvaardighede.
Om literatuurdosente te help om doelstellings te formuleer wat begeerlik is op die arbeidsmark, is
'n interaktiewe rekenaarprogram ontwikkel as deel van die studie. Dit is beskikbaar op die internet
by http://www.smartt.co.za/wizz/wizz.htm
Literatuurdosente kan die kloof ook oorbrug deur studente te bemagtig deur middel van die
dialogiese onderrigmetode, soos ontwikkel deur bevrydinspedagoog Paulo Freire. Verder kan
dosente die magsverhoudings van die akademie dekonstrueer en as radikale dosent onderrig
bied in dissent en diskursiewe vaardighede.
Dissent en diskursiewe vaardighede is ook kosbaar op die arbeidsmark, en aktiveer
literatuurdosente en -studente se vryheid en verantwoordelikheid om hulle eie subjek nisse te
bepaal en etiese plekke in te neem as kritiese en revolusionêre intellektueles. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002
|
77 |
Die rol van omgewingsopvoedingsaktiwiteite in die uitklaring van omgewingswaardes by graad 6 leerders / Hendrina Maria BeytellBeytell, Hendrina Maria January 2013 (has links)
The research in this study focuses on the role of environmental education activities in the clarification of environmental values in Grade 6 learners. The much discussed environmental crisis arose as a result of man's negative environmental behaviour. Human behaviour is a matter of choices based on environmental values. Environmental value clarification aims to raise learners' awareness of their own values and to increase their effect on the environment. It helps learners to explore their own values, to consider advantages and disadvantages, to accept that others' beliefs may vary from their own, and to align their own actions and behaviours with their personal beliefs. Using environmental education activities the researcher aims to help learners clarify their environmental values as environmental education activities can not only be interesting and fun, but can also have a powerful impact on students' interest in and awareness of environmental problems.
As the clarification of environmental values contains a highly subjective component, use is made of a combined method research strategy. The quantitative research component takes place through a pre- and post-test test with an experimental and a control group. During the pre- and post-test a standardised questionnaire is used whilst the interventions take the form of an environmental education activity. A qualitative, collective case study design forms the qualitative part of the combined method, through observation during the activity and focus group interviews thereafter. Three schools that are part of the project "Education for sustainable living", where schools pay attention to the environment through the implementation of environmental management principles, were selected for participation.
The findings indicate that learners that were exposed to the activity are confronted with their own environmental values and attitudes whilst being forced to seriously, honestly andcritically reflect on his / her own values regarding specific environmental issues in the activity. / Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Development))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
78 |
Fokalisasie en vertelinstansie in die representasie van gestremdheid in geselekteerde Afrikaanse romans / Babette Viljoen.Viljoen, Babette January 2012 (has links)
In this dissertation the boundaries between normality and disability are investigated, as well as how these boundaries can be represented and changed through literary works. The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of disabled characters according to the theoretical insights of cognitive narratology. In order to analyse the boundary between normality and disability, this study focuses on focalisation and the narration as narrative techniques. The representation of disabled characters is a well-known phenomenon in literature in general but this dissertation analyses and discusses four novels which have been identified as texts in which the representation of disabled characters plays a significant role. These novels are: Is Sagie (1987) by Jan van Tonder, Raaiselkind (2001) by Annelie Botes, Siegfried (2007) by Willem Anker en Een vir Azazel (1964) by Etienne Leroux.
Disablility, as a deviation from normality, is represented in different ways in literature, and has different functions. The theoretical argument is that the investigation and interpretation of the representation of disablilty in literature will provide insight in disability as a social phenomenon, as a literary act and as an act of understanding.
Cognitive narratology uses the theoretical concepts of frames and scripts to describe the way in which human perceptions are structured and may even become fossilised in the human mind. Subsequent expreriences and information are therefore determined by existing codes and rules. The understanding or negotiation of new information is based on preferences that evolve from prior knowledge and programming. Cognitive choices are made on the basis of existing frames and scripts and determine whether a concept is new, standard, stereotypical, unusual, indefinite or ambiguous. This study shows how frames and scripts on disability are undermined within the novels and how disability is used as a functional novel element. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
79 |
Die aard van kommunikasie in ontwikkelingsprojekte van die Studente-JOOL-Gemeenskapsdiens (NWU-PUKKE) / Carla Martina Visser.Visser, Carla Martina January 2012 (has links)
The Student RAG Community Service (SRCS), a unique non-governmental organisation (NGO) of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, aims to support and to enable other NGOs to function independently. For this reason, the communication between the SRCS and these NGOs is viewed from the sub discipline of development communication, with the participative approach currently being perceived as the normative approach to communication for development.
Communication between the SRCS and representatives of the NGOs should therefore conform to the principles of the participative approach to development communication to contribute to empowerment and development. The principles of the participative approach that was identified as relevant to this study are participation, dialogue, cultural sensitivity, to enable the community to be self-reliant and community development.
This study is qualitative in nature and the research methods used to gather information about the nature of communication between the SRCS and the representatives of the projects are qualitative content analysis, partially structured interviews and observer–participant reporting.
Although this study has focused only on early child development projects, the nature of these projects and their communication varied to a large extent. The overall conclusion of this study is that there are gaps in the participative communication between the SRCS and the representatives of all the researched projects. The type of communication between the SRCS and early childhood development projects did not conform to the principles of cultural sensitivity, community development and the enablement of the community to be self-reliant. These gaps are attributed in part to the present documentation of the SRCS (2010 annual report, portfolio descriptions, transfer reports and minutes of 2010’s and 2011’s meetings) as well as the fact that this NGO’s training guidelines do not emphasise the importance of participatory principles, and do not offer sufficient training in the implementation of these principles to its various members.
Although the results indicate that the communication between the SRCS and the representatives of the projects presently does not conform to the principles of participative communication, the organisation is committed to addressing these gaps in future. / Thesis (MA (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
|
80 |
Die rol van rekreasievoorsiening en waargenome welstand van die lede betrokke by die Potchefstroom Dienssentrum vir Bejaardes / Sumari TesnearTesnear, Sumari January 2012 (has links)
Stumbo and Peterson (2004:9) argue that the participation in meaningful leisure activities
may lead to the improvement of elderly people’s health, well-being and quality of life.
Changes which are associated with old age, such as the increase in adverse health
conditions; however has a significant impact on leisure participation of the elderly (Austin
et al., 2006:49). For the purpose of this study, the following questions need to be
answered: a) Are physical, social, spiritual and cognitive leisure activities part of the
leisure profile of persons sixty years and older? b) Do structural, interpersonal and
intrapersonal constraints play a role in limiting the leisure participation of persons sixty
years and older? c) Does a relationship exist between participation in physical, social,
spiritual and cognitive leisure activities and perceived well-being of people sixty years and
older? d) Can a leisure activity paradigm be compiled to indicate the leisure participation
of persons sixty years and older? To answer these questions, this study focused on using
a phenomenological research design to enquire about the meaning of the leisure
phenomenon in elderly people’s lives (Fouché, 2005:270). This study was developed in
accordance with the mixed methodological approach referred to by De Vos (2005b:361)
as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research used in a single study. For the
purpose of this study, one hundred and ten elderly people (men and women), sixty years
and older and members of the Potchefstroom Service Centre for the Aged, participated.
An availability sample was used to identify the participants who completed the
questionnaire and participated in the focus group interview. Seventy two participants (60
females and 12 males) completed the questionnaire, whereby eight participants (5
females and 3 males) participated in the focus group interview.
According to the results, respondents 60-64 years old indicated that they participate more
in social, creative and cultural, and general leisure activities. Although 60% of these
respondents (60-64 years) experience low levels of health, 80% still participate in physical
leisure activities. The results suggested that these respondents (60-64 years) also
participate less in travelling and outdoor leisure activities than respondents 65-74 years
old and 75 years and older. Regarding respondents 65-74 years old, the results indicated
higher levels of participation in social leisure activities, followed by general leisure
activities. These respondents (65-74 years) participate more in travelling and outdoor
leisure activities than the other age groups (60-64; 75 and older). Compared to the
respondents 60-64 years, the leisure participation in creative and cultural and physical
activities of respondents 65-74 years is significantly lower, even if the results showed they
have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years. The results showed that
respondents 75 years and older participate more in general leisure activities, followed by
social leisure activities and creative and cultural leisure activities. In comparison with
respondents 60-64 years, respondents 75 years and older participate more in travelling
and outdoor leisure activities. Although respondents 75 years and older, according to the
results, have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years and 65-74 years,
participation in physical leisure activities was still very low. Regarding the relation
between the leisure profile and the different types of living arrangements, it showed that
respondents living in retirement villages participate more in social, general and physical
leisure activities whereas respondents living in their own homes, participate more in
general, social and creative and cultural leisure activities. However, respondents living
with their children or family, or in a communal home, participate more in social leisure
activities. In terms of the importance of leisure participation in elderly people’s life, the
results indicated that 60% respondents 60-64 years, acknowledge leisure participation as
very important in their lives, whereas 6% respondents 65-74 years and 75 years and older
(21%), indicated leisure participation as not important. According to the respondents’
health profile, in relation to living arrangements and gender, women respondents living in
retirement villages experience lower health levels than those living with their children or
family, or in communal homes as well as male respondents. The results indicated that
most of the respondents who experience average to low health levels, participate in social
leisure activities whereas those who participate in outdoor leisure activities experience
average health levels. In terms of happiness, well-being and quality of life, the male
respondents living in retirement villages experience higher levels of happiness, well-being
and quality of life compared to those living with children or family, or in communal homes.
Women respondents living in their own homes or with their children or family, or in
communal homes experience the highest levels of happiness, well-being and quality of
life. This study also suggests that elderly people’s leisure participation can be
programmed and planned by using a leisure activity pyramid. This leisure activity pyramid
place social activities at the foundation of the leisure program, from where general,
creative and cultural, physical, outdoor and travelling leisure activities can develop.
The results showed, elderly people have a need to experience leisure benefits; hence the
leisure benefits respondents 65-74 years old experience, includes interaction with others,
whereas respondents 75 years and older indicated that they experience personal growth
as a leisure benefit. Respondents (male and female) 65-74 years old indicated that
meeting other people was the biggest leisure benefit, whereas respondents 60-64 years
indicated that they participate in leisure activities to experience physical challenges while
respondents 75 years and older participate in leisure activities to experience relaxation. In
terms of the constraints which can limit participants’ leisure participation or exclude them
from it, the respondents experience financial shortages as the most important constraint.
The results showed that constraints are experienced differently between gender and age
groups. Hence, the male respondents 65-74 years old and female respondents 75 years
and older, indicated a shortage of time as the most important constraint, while male
respondents 75 years and older, as well as female respondents between 60 and 74 years,
indicated financial shortages as the most important constraint. According to the results, it
seemed that respondents 85 years and older experience time and security, economic and
structural, personal and programming as constraints. Respondents living in a flat on the
same premises as children or family, experience time and security as constraints in
contrast to those living with children or family, who experience economic and personal
constraints.
According to this study it is clear that old age and the provision of leisure services to older
people, is a very complex issue. In the light of this information it is necessary for tertiary
institutions to provide specialized training for recreation students, in the field of providing
leisure services to older people, to meet the complex leisure needs of the elderly. / Thesis (PhD (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
|
Page generated in 0.0532 seconds