published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Sociological Research of TV Audience Behaviour Factors Determining The Time Spent Watching TV ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the phenomenon of TV viewing and with TV audience behaviour research. The theoretical part demarcates watching TV within leisure activities and deals with the question of motivation for watching TV as well. It also mentions the approach of people who intentionally try to exclude TV from their life. The text does not omit even the important contemporary determinants of watching TV - Internet and digitization of TV broadcasting. Subsequently, the main methods of TV audience behaviour research in the Czech Republic are introduced. In the empirical part, the main factors that most affect the time spent watching TV are being identified - first through separate elementary analyses and afterwards through searching for a regression model that would best predict the time spent watching TV for individuals and groups based on their socio-demographic and other characteristics. Keywords: television, time spent watching TV, watching TV, ATS, Peoplemeter, TVmeter, TV viewer, TV audience behaviour research

Wong Kai Yan Cyrus. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2008-2009, design report." / Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study is to examine if the experience of whale watching can lead to increased knowledge of environmental problems. We also want to find out whether increased knowledge in turn could lead to changing environmental attitudes and behaviors. The theoretical framework consists of theories about sustainable tourism, ecotourism and responsible environmental behavior. The paper also has a section where previous research on ecotourism impacts on behavior and attitudes is discussed and subsequently addressed in the analysis section. Data has been collected through a case study where seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who participated in whale watching. The results show that all respondents had greater knowledge of whales by their experiences, the degree of knowledge was due to respondents' prior knowledge. The respondents did not consider their attitude towards environmental issues has changed considerably by the experience or that it affected their environmental behavior. A number of conclusions were drawn from analysis of empirical data using the selected theories. It seems that it is easier to give people knowledge than to influence them to change their attitudes and it is particularly difficult to say whether the experience of a single ecotourism experience may impact deeply ingrained attitudes and behaviors. Overall, the results suggest that ecotourism experiences to some extent leads to the strengthening of participants' environmental awareness and thus increase their interest in participating in further ecotourism experiences. Through these circular effects, an increased environmental knowledge provided by ecotourism experiences in the longer term can help to develop more responsible environmental attitudes and behavior of individuals. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om upplevelsen av valskådning kan leda till ökad kunskap om miljöproblem. Vi vill också ta reda på om ökad kunskap i sin tur kan leda till förändrade miljömässiga attityder och beteenden. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av teorier kring hållbar turism, ekoturism och ansvarsfullt miljömässigt beteende. Uppsatsen har även ett avsnitt där tidigare forskning kring ekoturismens inverkan på beteende och attityder diskuteras för att därefter behandlas i analysdelen. Uppsatsens empiri har samlats in genom en kvalitativ studie där sju semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med individer som deltagit i valskådning. Resultaten visar att samtliga respondenter fick ökad kunskap om valar av sina upplevelser, hur hög grad av kunskap berodde dock på respondenternas förkunskap. Respondenterna ansåg inte att deras attityder gentemot miljöfrågor förändrats avsevärt av upplevelsen eller att det påverkat deras miljömässiga beteende. Ett antal slutsatser har dragits utifrån analys av empiri med hjälp av valda teorier. Det verkar som att det är lättare att ge människor kunskap än att påverka dem att ändra sina attityder och det är särskilt svårt att säga om erfarenhet av en enda ekoturistisk upplevelse kan ha effekt på djupt inrotade attityder och beteenden. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att ekoturistiska erfarenheter till viss del leder till att förstärka deltagarnas miljömedvetenhet och därmed också öka deras intresse för att delta i ytterligare ekoturistiska upplevelser. Genom dessa cirkulära effekter kan ökad miljökunskap som tillhandahålls genom ekoturistiska upplevelser i ett längre perspektiv bidra till att utveckla mer ansvarsfulla miljömässiga attityder och beteenden hos individer.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-17T18:44:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_JEFERSON_CRISTIANO_CORTES_ZAMBOM_CARDOSO_COMPLETO.pdf: 2414682 bytes, checksum: a28fa961a9801c5698c6ff6e48429406 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T18:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_JEFERSON_CRISTIANO_CORTES_ZAMBOM_CARDOSO_COMPLETO.pdf: 2414682 bytes, checksum: a28fa961a9801c5698c6ff6e48429406 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This dissertation analyzes the phenomenon called binge-watching and how this new way of watching television is changing the behavior of viewers who come to play roles of users, hiperviewers and multipliers. For this was done an anlytical in two stages. In the first was done an monitoring, measurement and analysis of the comments of this public on Twitter before, during and after the launch of sitcom Orange Is The New Black (OITNB), production of Netflix, in addition to posts in Brazilian official accounts (@OITNBrazil) and American (@OITNB) to check public behavior in these spaces. In the second stage was done an monitoring, measurement and analysis of the comments of this public on Twitter before, during and after an marathon simulation, in the pay television, of sitcom The Walking Dead (TWD), production of AMC, displayed by Fox, in addition to posts in Brazilian official accounts (@TWDBrasil) and American (@WalkingDead_AMC), to see what changes when the binge-watching is spontaneous, occurring in a file environment, in which one can determine when will be marathon or not, or when the binge-watching is induced, occurring in a flow environment in which the viewer can not determine when it will do the marathon, can only choose whether to follow what it is being broadcast on television or not. It was contacted that the official accounts are restricted to participation of moderators and in Brazil the public does not use the term binge-watching, but marathon, watching the series mainly on launch day, when in file, and not having a strong attachment to the simulations. To support this research were used authors as Jenkins (2009), Kinder, (1991), Cannito (2010), Bauman (2008/2009/2013), Anderson (2006), Jenkins, Green and Ford (2014), Lipovetsky and Serroy (2012), Johnson (2012), Shirky (2011), Scolari (2014), Mattos (2013), Negroponte (1995), Eco (1986), Foucault (2002), Wolton (1996) and McLuhan (1979).. The methodology used was the Depth Hermeneutics as Thompson's vision (1995), using as technique of structuring data collection Bardin's Content Analysis (2011) and the analysis of data Computer Discourse Mediated Analysis (CDMA ) Herring (2004). / Esta disserta??o analisa o fen?meno chamado binge-watching e como esse novo modo de assistir televis?o vem modificando o comportamento dos telespectadores, que passam a desempenhar pap?is de usu?rios, hipertelespectadores e multiplicadores. Para isso foi realizada uma an?lise em duas etapas. Na primeira foi feito um acompanhamento, mensura??o e an?lise dos coment?rios desse p?blico no Twitter antes, durante e ap?s o lan?amento do seriado Orange Is The New Black (OITNB), produ??o do Netflix, al?m das postagens nas contas oficiais brasileira (@OITNBrazil) e americana (@OITNB), a fim de verificar o comportamento do p?blico nesses espa?os. Numa segunda etapa foi feito um acompanhamento, mensura??o e an?lise dos coment?rios desse p?blico no Twitter antes, durante e ap?s uma simula??o de maratona, na televis?o paga, da s?rie The Walking Dead (TWD), produ??o da AMC, exibida pela Fox, al?m das postagens nas contas oficiais brasileira (@TWDBrasil) e americana (@WalkingDead_AMC), a fim de verificar o que modifica quando o binge-watching ? espont?neo, ocorrendo em um ambiente de arquivo, no qual a pessoa pode determinar quando vai maratonar ou n?o, ou quando o binge-watching ? induzido, ocorrendo em um ambiente de fluxo, no qual o telespectador n?o pode determinar quando ir? fazer a maratona, podendo apenas escolher se ir? acompanhar o que est? sendo transmitido pela televis?o ou n?o. Contatou-se que as contas oficiais ficam restritas a participa??o dos moderadores e que no Brasil o p?blico n?o utiliza o termo binge-watching, mas sim maratona, assistindo aos seriados principalmente no dia do lan?amento, quando em arquivo, e n?o tendo uma forte ades?o as simula??es. Para embasar essa pesquisa foram usados autores como Jenkins (2009), Kinder (1991), Cannito (2010), Bauman (2008/2009/2013), Anderson (2006), Jenkins, Green e Ford (2014), Lipovetsky e Serroy (2012), Johnson (2012), Shirky (2011), Scolari (2014), Mattos (2013), Negroponte (1995), Eco (1986), Foucault (2002), Wolton (1996) e McLuhan (1979). A metodologia utilizada foi a Hermen?utica de Profundidade conforme a vis?o de Thompson (1995), usando como t?cnica de estrutura??o da coleta de dados a An?lise de Conte?do de Bardin (2011) e para a an?lise dos dados a An?lise de Discurso Mediada por Computador (CDMA) de Herring (2004).

Binge eating and drinking have been studied with respect to stress, anxiety, and depression, but little is known about the emerging phenomenon of binge watching television programming. Guided by escape theory and the uses and gratification theory, this cross-sectional, correlational study addressed multivariate relations of binge drinking, binge eating, and binge watching with depression, anxiety, and stress among 102 college students ages 18 to 24. Multivariate canonical correlation results revealed that participants with low anxiety scores tended to have low scores on binge eating and drinking but high scores on binge watching. Participants with low stress scores and high anxiety scores tended to have low scores on binge watching and eating. In a regression model, anxiety, stress, and gender were important predictors of binge eating. Binge drinking was influenced by where a student lived, fraternity/sorority status, athletic participation, depression, and stress. Binge watching was best predicted by a model including stress, anxiety, athletic participation, and whether binge episodes were planned or unplanned. More binge watching occurred among participants not involved in athletics to pass time but not for information. Results may provide college mental health student services centers with empirical data to create programs to identify maladaptive binge behaviors among students and help them more effectively cope with stress, anxiety, and depression.

Sufficient physical activity, a key prerequisite for health, is lacking in many teenagers. Limited knowledge, however, exists about who, when, why, and if New Zealand teenagers are getting their daily dose of health-related physical activity. At conception of this thesis, available information was predominantly survey-derived with no New Zealand data and few international studies that had assessed adolescent physical activity levels objectively. Data were collected from three projects. Convenience sampling was used across all projects to recruit students from low-decile high schools located in the Auckland region. For Project 1, 236 Year 9 to Year 13 students each wore a pedometer for five days (three weekdays and two weekend days) and reported their mode of transportation to and from school. To explore ethnic and sex-specific perceptions of physical activity among youth (i.e., barriers, benefits, potential physical activity enhancing strategies), Project 2 involved nine focus group discussions with 44 Year 9 and Year 10 students who identified as Māori or European. Project 3 was a large cross-sectional study of 3,451 high school students (Years 9 - 13) from seven low-decile schools. Through this project the following self-reported data were collected: demographics, physical activity levels during four school-day physical activity opportunities (i.e., active travel, lunchtime physical activity, recess physical activity, after-school physical activity), sedentary behaviour (i.e., school-day television (TV) watching), level of perceived encouragement to be active, and the presence of home policies regarding TV use. Analyses revealed low physical activity participation and high TV use behaviours. Pedometer data showed that only 14.5% of participants achieved a conservative criterion of 10,000 steps daily. Also, daily steps varied by age group (junior students: 11,079 ± 330; senior students: 9,422 ± 334), sex (males: 10,849 ± 381; females: 9,652 ± 289), time of week (weekday: 12,259 ± 287; weekend day: 8,241 ± 329), and transportation mode to/from school (walkers: 13,308 ± 483; car transit users: 10,986 ± 435). Low school-day physical activity levels emerged, especially during school hours (i.e., during recess and lunchtime). Based on dichotomised grouping (less active versus more active), the proportion of students in the ‘more active’ group during morning recess and lunchtime, after school, and as part of active travel to/from school were 26%, 32.4%, 56.3%, 58.1% respectively. Only 11.1% of participants were in the ‘more active’ group across all four physical activity opportunities. The focus group data revealed primarily social benefits of physical activity (e.g., meeting new people, fun). Barriers were mainly environment-related and included lack of peer support, low accessibility to and availability of physical activity opportunities, alternative sedentary activities, structure of physical education classes (females only), and distance between home and school (in terms of active transportation). Potential strategies to increase physical activity reflected the articulated barriers and benefits (e.g., increase peer support, parents to turn off the TV, organised activities at school, restructure physical education classes to allow student involvement in the decision-making process of class content). No ethnic and few sex differences in perceptions were found. Focusing on the verbalised importance of social support from the focus groups, Project 3 data showed that the strength of association between perceived encouragement from different support sources (i.e., parents, older siblings/cousins, peers, school) and physical activity participation varied by the physical activity opportunity examined. In particular, multivariate logistical regression showed reduced odds of being in the ‘more active’ group was associated with low parental encouragement (Juniors, OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.38-0.58; Seniors, OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29-0.60) and low peer encouragement (Juniors, OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.51-0.74; Seniors, OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.35-0.69) for after-school physical activity, low peer encouragement (Juniors, OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.32-0.48; Seniors, OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29-0.57) for lunchtime activity, and low peer encouragement (Juniors, OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.92) for active transportation (junior students only). No significant difference in physical activity was found between students who received high encouragement from two parents than students who reported high encouragement from their sole parent in a single parent family. Concentrating on the after-school period, Project 3 data were analysed to examined the relevance of the displacement hypothesis during this school-day period. The association between parental strategies (i.e., encouragement to be active and having TV limits) and youth after-school activity behaviours (i.e., hours spent viewing TV, physical activity participation) was also examined. Support for the displacement hypothesis emerged. In particular, compared to students who watched less than one hour of TV, those who watched greater than four hours of TV were half as likely to be in the more active group for after-school physical activity participation (adjusted OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.40-0.65). Comparing activity profile groups (i.e., based on combined TV use and after-school activity levels), compared to the participants in the ‘low TV/active’ group, participants in the other three activity groups (e.g., ‘high TV/low active’) were at least 1.28 times more likely to have parents that executed only one parental strategy and up to 4.77 times more likely to have parents that did not carry out either strategy. Substantive opportunities exist for youth to be active every day, and in different contexts and environments, yet a large proportion of young people are not maximising these opportunities to be active. If the health issue of inactivity is to be tackled in a comprehensive and efficient manner, a multi-strategy, multi-environment, coordinated approach among local authorities, government agencies, schools, families, and neighbourhoods is required to address the noted policy, physical, and social-related associates of an active lifestyle for youth. Future effort, whether in the form of strategy development, intervention work, or research, needs to be founded upon ecological theory, where both individual and a range of familial, social, and physical environmental factors (and there potential interactions) are considered. Lastly, equal research attention should be directed at improved physical activity levels, and just as importantly, reducing time youth spend in a sedentary state.

In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood indirectly exposes frightening and undemocratic traits in societies of our time when she applies them to a fictive future in which these factors have caused horrible consequences. A group of men has formed a new state, “Gilead”, in which they ruthlessly control the population. This essay studies how this dictating power gains and, essentially, maintains power in the fictive society. The essay argues, and comes to the conclusion, that by surveilling the population and by restricting its means of communication the dictatorship is able to control the people and keep them docile.

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationships among brand image, loyalty of fans, and purchase intention. It also discussed the influence of different ways of watching the baseball games on the relationship. This study was based on internet and on-site questionnaire investigation. The sample of this study consists of the CPBL (Chinese Professional Baseball League) fans. The valid sample was 631. The results were as follows: Team¡¦s brand image affected the loyalty of fans positively. Team¡¦s brand image had positive effects on purchase intention of fans. Fans¡¦ identification with a team had the strongest influence on purchase intention for accessory products. Besides, stadium environment also had the strongest influence on purchase intention for parent company¡¦s products. Loyalty of fans affected fans¡¦ purchase intention positively. Different ways of watching baseball games had effects on fans¡¦ purchase intentions. The purchase intention of the fans who watch the games on-the-scene more often was higher than of those who watch the games on TV or internet. According to the conclusion, this study gave some suggestions to the operators of the professional baseball teams.

Aerial surveys were conducted throughout Hervey Bay Marine Park between August and October 1992 and 2004 to determine changes in abundance and distribution of the Eastern Australia humpback whale population in this area. Due to concerns about possible effects of boat traffic on whale distributions associated with a growing whale watching industry, the number and location of vessels were also recorded during these surveys. Throughout the 1992 season, 17 flights were conducted and a total of 41.93 surveys hours were completed, recording 186 pods, and a total of 320 animals. In addition, 392 boats were spotted in the area. During 2004, 10 flights took place with a total of 23.56 survey hours, 203 pods were sighted and a total 388 animals were recorded. In addition 216 boats were spotted in the study area.Results suggested an overall increase in the density of whale sightings from 1992 to 2004. By comparing total numbers for both years normalized to the number of survey hours, it can be seen that the total number of pods and the total number of individuals both increased. In 1992, with 7 more flights and an extra 10 hours on survey, the total number of pods and the total number of whales observed were less than in 2004. The composition of the pods showed a variation throughout both seasons consistent with a known distinctive temporal segregation of humpback whales on their annual migration. The percentage of calves was higher in 2004 than in 1992 consistent with the overall recovery of the eastern Australia population.Boat traffic did not show an effect on whale distributions in either year of the study. However this work provides a baseline for continuing to monitor boat traffic and whale distributions to help ensure that the east Australia whale population will continue to recover together with a sustainable growing whale watching industry.