Le thème central de cette étude est l'enseignement de la sociologie dans l'enseignement secondaire destiné aux jeunes du champ. Ainsi, il surgit le problème de recherche suivant: la mesure dans laquelle la praxis pédagogique de l'enseignement de la sociologie considère le mode de vie des jeunes en milieu rural, et en particulier les jeunes en campements ruraux, et contribue au développement humain? Pour répondre à cette question trois écoles de la ville de Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, une école dans une zone urbaine et deux écoles dans le campement du MST ont été interrogés. Un questionnaire a été administré auprès de 36 jeunes élèves ruraux et 36 jeunes élèves de campements ruraux. L'étude est composée par une approche quantitative et qualitative, avec la méthode des représentations sociales. Les techniques de recherche utilisées ont été: enquête par questionnaire, entretien, observation, littérature. Les instruments suivants ont été utilisés pour recueillir des données: questionnaires, parcours de questions, carnet de terrain, magnétophone, caméra, bibliographies. On a conclu que les jeunes sont encore incapables de franchir la frontière entre la connaissance du sens commun et des connaissances scientifiques, même au niveau de l'école secondaire. On considère que, pour que l'enseignement de la sociologie contribue au développement rural, outre les points sur la formation des enseignants, les programmes, la participation, l'accès et des ressources consacrées à l'éducation et d'autres services, la praxis pédagogique en sociologie doit être résultant de l'utilisation de la théorie à la analyser leur propre pratique pédagogique, c’-est-à-dire rechercher l'enseignement même de la sociologie et les caractéristiques des sujets qui font partie de la médiation pédagogique sans considérer les stéréotypes de leur mode de vie et en améliorant l'engagement, la liberté d'être et de faire. / O tema central deste estudo é o ensino de sociologia no ensino médio direcionado aos jovens do campo. Deste modo, tem-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: em que medida a práxis pedagógica do ensino de sociologia considera o modo de vida dos jovens rurais e, especialmente, dos jovens rurais assentados, e contribui para o desenvolvimento humano? Para responder a esta questão, foram pesquisadas três escolas no município de Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, uma escola em área urbana e duas escolas no assentamento do MST. Foi aplicado um questionário para 36 jovens rurais e 36 jovens rurais assentados. O estudo teve abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, juntamente com o método das representações sociais. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram: inquérito por questionário, entrevista, observação, pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram usados os seguintes instrumentos de coleta de dados: questionário, roteiro de questões, diário de campo, gravador, máquina fotográfica, bibliografias. Conclui-se que os jovens ainda não conseguem transpor a fronteira entre conhecimento de senso comum e conhecimento científico, mesmo que em nível de ensino médio. Compreende-se que, para que o ensino de sociologia contribua ao desenvolvimento rural, além dos pontos sobre formação docente, currículo, participação, acessos e recursos voltados à educação e demais serviços, a práxis pedagógica em sociologia necessita ser resultante da utilização da teoria para analisar a própria prática docente, ou seja, pesquisar o próprio ensino de sociologia e as características dos sujeitos que fazem parte da mediação pedagógica, sem estereotipar seu modo de vida e potencializando o engajamento, a liberdade de ser e de fazer. / The central theme of this study is the teaching of sociology in secondary education targeted at rural young students. Thus, we have the following research problem: to what extent the pedagogical praxis of sociology teaching considers the way of life of rural youth, and especially young rural settlers, and contributes to human development? In order to answer this question, three schools in the city of Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, a school in an urban area and two schools in the MST settlement were surveyed. A questionnaire was administered to 36 young men and 36 settled rural youths. The study was quantitative and qualitative approach, together with the method of social representations. The research techniques used were: questionnaire survey, interview, observation, literature. The following instruments were used to collect data: questionnaires, question script, field journal, tape recorder, camera, bibliographies. It is concluded that young people are still unable to cross the border between common-sense knowledge and scientific knowledge, even at high school. It is understood that, in order to make the teaching of sociology contribute to rural development, besides the points on teacher training, curriculum, participation, access and resources devoted to education and other services, the pedagogical praxis in sociology needs to be resulting from the use of theory to analyze the own teaching practice, i.e. it needs to research the teaching of sociology and the characteristics of the subjects that are part of the pedagogical mediation without stereotyping their way of life and enhancing their engagement, the freedom to be and do.

Le thème central de cette étude est l'enseignement de la sociologie dans l'enseignement secondaire destiné aux jeunes du champ. Ainsi, il surgit le problème de recherche suivant: la mesure dans laquelle la praxis pédagogique de l'enseignement de la sociologie considère le mode de vie des jeunes en milieu rural, et en particulier les jeunes en campements ruraux, et contribue au développement humain? Pour répondre à cette question trois écoles de la ville de Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, une école dans une zone urbaine et deux écoles dans le campement du MST ont été interrogés. Un questionnaire a été administré auprès de 36 jeunes élèves ruraux et 36 jeunes élèves de campements ruraux. L'étude est composée par une approche quantitative et qualitative, avec la méthode des représentations sociales. Les techniques de recherche utilisées ont été: enquête par questionnaire, entretien, observation, littérature. Les instruments suivants ont été utilisés pour recueillir des données: questionnaires, parcours de questions, carnet de terrain, magnétophone, caméra, bibliographies. On a conclu que les jeunes sont encore incapables de franchir la frontière entre la connaissance du sens commun et des connaissances scientifiques, même au niveau de l'école secondaire. On considère que, pour que l'enseignement de la sociologie contribue au développement rural, outre les points sur la formation des enseignants, les programmes, la participation, l'accès et des ressources consacrées à l'éducation et d'autres services, la praxis pédagogique en sociologie doit être résultant de l'utilisation de la théorie à la analyser leur propre pratique pédagogique, c’-est-à-dire rechercher l'enseignement même de la sociologie et les caractéristiques des sujets qui font partie de la médiation pédagogique sans considérer les stéréotypes de leur mode de vie et en améliorant l'engagement, la liberté d'être et de faire. / O tema central deste estudo é o ensino de sociologia no ensino médio direcionado aos jovens do campo. Deste modo, tem-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: em que medida a práxis pedagógica do ensino de sociologia considera o modo de vida dos jovens rurais e, especialmente, dos jovens rurais assentados, e contribui para o desenvolvimento humano? Para responder a esta questão, foram pesquisadas três escolas no município de Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, uma escola em área urbana e duas escolas no assentamento do MST. Foi aplicado um questionário para 36 jovens rurais e 36 jovens rurais assentados. O estudo teve abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, juntamente com o método das representações sociais. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram: inquérito por questionário, entrevista, observação, pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram usados os seguintes instrumentos de coleta de dados: questionário, roteiro de questões, diário de campo, gravador, máquina fotográfica, bibliografias. Conclui-se que os jovens ainda não conseguem transpor a fronteira entre conhecimento de senso comum e conhecimento científico, mesmo que em nível de ensino médio. Compreende-se que, para que o ensino de sociologia contribua ao desenvolvimento rural, além dos pontos sobre formação docente, currículo, participação, acessos e recursos voltados à educação e demais serviços, a práxis pedagógica em sociologia necessita ser resultante da utilização da teoria para analisar a própria prática docente, ou seja, pesquisar o próprio ensino de sociologia e as características dos sujeitos que fazem parte da mediação pedagógica, sem estereotipar seu modo de vida e potencializando o engajamento, a liberdade de ser e de fazer. / The central theme of this study is the teaching of sociology in secondary education targeted at rural young students. Thus, we have the following research problem: to what extent the pedagogical praxis of sociology teaching considers the way of life of rural youth, and especially young rural settlers, and contributes to human development? In order to answer this question, three schools in the city of Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, a school in an urban area and two schools in the MST settlement were surveyed. A questionnaire was administered to 36 young men and 36 settled rural youths. The study was quantitative and qualitative approach, together with the method of social representations. The research techniques used were: questionnaire survey, interview, observation, literature. The following instruments were used to collect data: questionnaires, question script, field journal, tape recorder, camera, bibliographies. It is concluded that young people are still unable to cross the border between common-sense knowledge and scientific knowledge, even at high school. It is understood that, in order to make the teaching of sociology contribute to rural development, besides the points on teacher training, curriculum, participation, access and resources devoted to education and other services, the pedagogical praxis in sociology needs to be resulting from the use of theory to analyze the own teaching practice, i.e. it needs to research the teaching of sociology and the characteristics of the subjects that are part of the pedagogical mediation without stereotyping their way of life and enhancing their engagement, the freedom to be and do.

A presente dissertação discute o modo de vida camponês, o processo e as características que propiciam a reprodução dessa classe e, em particular, os camponeses de Ribeirão Branco-SP. O trabalho aborda o conceito de campesinato e, por meio da análise de caso, destaca os aspectos que entremeiam a unidade de produção camponesa e a maneira como ela se insere, através de relações não capitalistas, na sociedade contemporânea. / This dissertation discusses the peasant way of life - the process and the characteristics that allow the reproduction of this class and, in particular, the peasants of Ribeirão Branco-SP. The work deals with the concept of peasantry and makes case analysis in order to highlight the aspects that intertwine peasant production unit and how it fits into, through non-capitalist relations in contemporary society.

Neste trabalho, debruçamo-nos sobre uma porção da cidade de São Paulo, situada em seu oeste próximo, tida aqui, de forma ampla, sob a designação de Água Branca. Partindo da realidade presente em sua complexidade, questionamos a existência da "Água Branca" enquanto bairro. Ao nos debruçarmos sobre o bairro, seu conceito e as teorizações envolvendo este nível de organização da vida urbana, descobrimos que a Água Branca tem um movimento histórico de suas espacialidades, que não se restringe ao bairro. O bairro e a sua sociabilidade definidora, a vida de bairro, pode ter existido no local, mas, nem tal local surge como um bairro, nem persiste como tal no presente momento. Este movimento nos mostrou três momentos. A Água Branca foi inicialmente uma localidade rural dos arredores paulistanos. A partir da industrialização, começa a surgir no local o bairro de Água Branca. A configuração da Metrópole, advinda do avanço do processo de urbanização, dissolve o bairro e o local passa a ser uma porção imersa na metrópole. Neste momimento o local se transforma: o espaço, o modo de vida no interior deste, as suas relações com o restante da cidade, enfim, sua função, estrutura e forma. Tais espacialidades são engendradas e só podem ser entendidas se vistas a partir da relação dos processos históricos mais amplos, como a (des)industrialização e a urbanização, (des)valorização imobiliária, etc., processos estes que ocorrem na escala da cidade como um todo ou mesmo do país, com os processos sociais que ocorrem em escala local. Ou seja, para se compreender o local e suas transformações históricas é necessário compreender, paralelamente, tanto os processos sociais mais amplos quanto aqueles relativos à escala do próprio local. Por isso, percorremos os processos de industrialização e urbanização da cidade de São Paulo de forma ampla, procurando ressaltar os aspectos destes processos que mais nos interessam para a compreensão do local. / In this research, we lean out on a fraction of São Paulo city, located on its near west, took here, in a large way, under the designation of Água Branca. Taking from the present reality in its complexity we question the existence of "Água Branca" as a neighbourhood. When we leaned out on the neighbourhood, its concept and the theorizations of this urban life organization level, we discovered that Água Branca has a historical movement of its spacialities which goes beyond the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood and its specific sociability, called "neighbourhood life", might has existed on the area. But, neither this local arises as a neighbourhood nor persists as one nowadays. This movement showed us three moments. Água Branca was in the beginning a rural location of the São Paulo surroundings. From industrialization, begins to arise on the area the heighbourhood of Água Branca. The configuration of the metropolis, resulted from the urbanization process advance, dissolve the neighbourhood and the area begins to be an immersed portion on the metropolis. On this movement, the area goes through a transformation: the space, the way of life inside of it, its relations with the rest of the city, at last, its function, structure and form. Such spacialities are done and only can be understood if they are analized from the relation of amplier historical processes, such as the (un)industrialization and the urbanization, (un)valorization of the space, etc., in short, processes that occur in the city as a whole or even in the country scale, with the social processes which occur on local scale. In other words, to understnad the area and its historical transformations it is necessary to understand both the amplier social processes and the ones related to the local scale simultaneously. Because of it, we examined the processes of industrialization and urbanization of São Paulo city in an ample way, intending to emphasize the aspects of its processes that are more important for the understanding of the area.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo aprofundar a reflexão e a compreensão sobre a lógica da relação sociedade-natureza nas culturas tradicionais, bem como sobre as contradições existentes nas políticas públicas territoriais de conservação da natureza, no que se refere à valorização do modo de vida tradicional. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir da análise dessas políticas e do estudo de um bairro rural tradicional caipira, o bairro dos Paulo, localizado no município de Ibiúna - São Paulo, na área de abrangência do Parque Estadual do Jurupará. O estudo de caso apresentou os elementos empíricos necessários para aprofundar a compreensão da problemática tratada pela pesquisa, ou seja, a maneira pela qual se processaram os conflitos sociais, em um contexto histórico, entre dois tipos de racionalidade e de modo de vida: um rural tradicional e, outro, contemporâneo, urbano-industrial. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa em campo se deu segundo o método da pesquisa participante, adotando-se a entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento de coleta de dados. A análise dos documentos legais e das entrevistas foi realizada com base no método de análise textual discursiva. Foi efetuado ainda o estudo comparativo do uso do solo, das glebas pertencentes à família dos Paulo, em diferentes momentos históricos: 1962, 1978 e 2009, a partir de dados secundários e de fotografias aéreas. Trata-se de um estudo geográfico de abordagem cultural crítica, em que foram definidas três categorias centrais de análise foram definidas: o território, o modo de vida tradicional e as políticas públicas territoriais de conservação da natureza. Categorias estas que, articuladas, possibilitaram identificar as formas de adaptação e a alta capacidade de resistência da cultura caipira frente aos impactos a que foi submetida, particularmente, com as transformações advindas do progresso brasileiro e, posteriormente, com a investida do Estado em criar uma Reserva Florestal, posteriormente transformada em um Parque Estadual em território caipira. A pesquisa demonstrou que os territórios tradicionais se configuram a partir de uma conduta ética diferenciada na relação sociedade-natureza. O modo de vida tradicional reflete saberes e valores que configuram um tipo específico de território, onde sua permanência no tempo, ao longo de sucessivas gerações, bem como a conservação da natureza são condições para a reprodução material e social das chamadas populações tradicionais. Na sua construção histórica, enquanto patrimônio territorial, delineia-se um tipo de gestão e de planejamento específicos, onde princípios, normas, critérios, formas de comando e hierarquias existem calcados em uma forte condição de autonomia, características estas incompatíveis com as diretrizes legais estabelecidas nos territórios de conservação da natureza. Território e modo de vida foram categorias a partir das quais se pôde, ainda, neste estudo, delinear dez premissas para a atuação do Estado junto aos territórios tradicionais caipiras, segundo seus próprios padrões de desenvolvimento, sem o que se entende que não há como falar em reconhecimento e respeito ao modo de vida tradicional. A coerência destas premissas foi discutida tendo-se por referência modelos teóricos de desenvolvimento econômico, considerados compatíveis com as características do território tradicional. / The present paper has the objective of deepening the reflection and comprehension on the logic of the relationship nature-society in traditional cultures, together with the understanding the contradictions of the territorial public policies related to environmental conservation, and to its esteem of the traditional way of life. The research was performed analysing policies and the traditional rural neighbourhood inhabitants, Paulos neighbourhood, located in the city of Ibiúna- São Paulo, in the area within the State Park of Jurupará. The case study managed to present the empirical elements required to expand the debate comprehension proposed by the research, meaning, the way social conflicts are treated in historical context, amid two types of rationality: the rural traditional and the contemporary, urban industrial. The field research was developed in the basis of participant observation method, adopting semi-structured interviews as instrument for data collection. The analysis of legal documents and interviews was performed in the textual and discourse analysis method. Following up a comparative study of soil usage was made in the land owned by Paulos family, in different historical periods: 1962, 1978, 2009 through secondary data and photographed areas. Overall, it is a geographic study with critical cultural approach, where three central categories of analyses are defined: the territory, the traditional way of life and the territorial public policies related to environmental conservation. This categories hinged upon each other, make possible the identification of adaptation formats and high persistence cultural capacity of the inhabitants, even when faced with the impacts they were submitted, specially by the transformations set up by the brazilian progress and, afterwards by the State intention to create a Reserve, later converted into State Park. The research demonstrated that traditional territories are based on a different code of ethical conduct on the relationship between society-nature. The traditional way of life reflects knowledge and value which translate to a specific type of territory. A territory where its time persistence, through successive generations, as well as through environmental conservation are conditions for the material and social reproduction of the, so called, traditional populations. In its historical construction, as territorial heritage, there is a specific type of outline for planning and management, where principles, norms, criteria, forms of command and hierarch are built upon a strong sense of autonomy, features incompatible with the legal regulations established for the environmental conservation territories. Territory and way of life are categories from which, in this study, ten premises for State action were proposed together with the territory inhabitants and according to their own pattern of development. Premises understood as essential elements for recognition and respect of the traditional way of life. The coherence of this premises were debated as reference to economic development theoretical models compatible with the traditional territory characteristics.

Information about what it is that prevents young men from vulnerable areas from getting into a criminal way of life shines with their absence. This becomes a problem as these individuals’ risk being stigmatized and stamped. The main purpose of this essay is to find out why young adult men from the Järva area do not end up in a criminal way of life. By highlighting causes that exist, we have also chosen a sub-purpose, as we want to find out what the place Järva has meant to the young and adult men's lifes and upbringing. To achieve the study's purpose and answer to the questions, we have used a qualitative study where we interviewed five young adult men aged 22-26 and a youth leader with 10 years of experience working with youth in Järva. In the result, the young-adult men highlight how factors such as family, area, friends and long-term sustainability have had an impact on not committing criminal acts. This study aims to prove the opposite, when it comes to the negative stigma that occurs with coming from Järva. The study reveals a clear answer as to why young adults from Järva were prevented from getting into a criminal lifestyle and how the place Järva influenced their choices in life. / Information kring vad det är som gör att unga män från utsatta områden inte hamnar in i en kriminell livsstil lyser med sin frånvaro. Detta blir ett problem då dessa individer riskerar att stigmatiseras och stämplas. Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är ta reda på vad som gör att ungavuxna män från Järvaområdet inte hamnar i en kriminell livsstil. Genom att lyfta fram orsaker som existerar har vi även valt ett delsyfte, då vi vill ta reda på vad platsen Järva har haft för betydelse för de unga-vuxna männens liv och uppväxt. För att uppnå studiens syfte och svar på frågeställningarna har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade fem unga-vuxna män i åldrarna mellan 22–26 år och en ungdomsledare med 10 års erfarenhet av arbete med ungdomar i Järva. I resultatet belyser de unga-vuxna männen hur faktorer som familj, område, vänner och långsiktig hållbarhet har haft en påverkan till att inte utföra kriminella handlingar. Den negativa stigmatiseringen som uppstår med att komma från Järva, hoppas vi med denna studie bevisa motsatsen. I studien framkommer det tydliga svar om vad som gör att unga-vuxna män från Järva hindrats hamna i en kriminell livsstil samt hur platsen Järva påverkat deras val i livet.

The thesis deals with the problem of global ecological crisis caused by excessive consumption of material goods, particularly in countries of "The Rich North" (western countries). In the theoretical part I set up individualized man as a consumer in the system of modern society, which indicates the conditions of its existence mainly through the market. I discuss the possible way out of the ecological crisis through ideological changes in the company initiated from the "bottom", based on the internalization of values leading to responsible and moderate consumption. I demonstrate alternative ways of life, environmentally friendly in terms of consumption, and discuss the obstacles and ways of its spread. The research was conducted through interviews with eco-advisers who are dealing with consumption, as potential "opinion leaders" in this case. I tried to look their conception of responsible consumption and their potential impact on society in favor of spreading the idea of an environmentally responsible way of life Key words Ecological crisis, consumption, consumerism, modernity, individualization, values, responsible consumption, modesty, environmentally friendly way of life

La présente étude a pour but d’examiner la place qu’occupe l’art de l’interprétation dans la trajectoire du philosophe français Pierre Hadot. Celui-ci est connu avant tout pour avoir redéfini la philosophie comme un mode de vie fondé sur la pratique d’exercices spirituels. Or il a indiqué dans des entretiens où il est revenu sur son propre parcours que c’étaient les difficultés posées par la lecture des textes anciens qui l’avaient poussé à formuler cette thèse. L’hypothèse que nous défendons est que l’on peut retracer à partir de cette indication l’itinéraire herméneutique de Pierre Hadot et ainsi offrir un éclairage nouveau sur la philosophie comme manière de vivre. Cet itinéraire prend sa source dans un moment de conversion, qu’il faut associer à sa formation à l’histoire et à la lecture, concomitante, des Recherches philosophiques de Wittgenstein. Il se présente ensuite selon deux voies qui sont à la fois concurrentes et complémentaires. Pierre Hadot ouvre d’abord une enquête au sujet des métaphores et des images, qui l’amène à forger le concept de contresens créateur, lequel trouve notamment son inspiration dans la métaphorologie de Hans Blumenberg. Il développe dans la foulée une réflexion sur la notion d’auteur qui le conduit à s’intéresser aux notions de sens et de signification telles que mises en avant par Eric Donald Hirsch et à formuler lui-même l’idée d’une « coincidentia oppositorum » entre l’interprétation objective du texte et son appropriation subjective. La redéfinition de la philosophie que développe Pierre Hadot dans sa pensée plus tardive peut être considérée comme étant le fruit de la convergence entre cet itinéraire herméneutique et l’itinéraire spirituel qui remonte à ses années de jeunesse et à l’expérience du sentiment océanique. Elle est révélatrice de l’influence qu’a pu exercer sur lui sa formation théologique, notamment à travers les œuvres du cardinal John Henry Newman et du théologien luthérien Rudolf Bultmann. Notre recherche a par ailleurs pour résultat de montrer le rôle de fil conducteur que joue dans l’itinéraire herméneutique de Pierre Hadot la notion de topos, notamment sous l’influence de la topique historique d’Ernst Robert Curtius. L’exercice spirituel, notion centrale de la philosophie comme manière de vivre, se présente au bout du compte comme un topos pratique, offrant une forme stable qui est néanmoins susceptible d’être réinventée dans le temps et qui peut servir de support à la conversion philosophique pour des générations successives. / Our goal in the present thesis is to examine what role is devoted to the art of interpretation in the trajectory of the French philosopher Pierre Hadot. Pierre Hadot is known, first and foremost, for his redefinition of philosophy as a way of life grounded in the practice of spiritual exercises. He stipulated in conversations where he looked back on his own personal and intellectual journey that the difficulties he found in old texts were what led him to defend this thesis. We argue that it is possible, based on that observation, to sketch Pierre Hadot’s hermeneutical itinerary and thus to shed a new light on philosophy as a way of life. The origin of this itinerary is to be found in a time of conversion related to his training as a historian and the coincident reading of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. It unfolds in two paths that compete with one another at the same time as they complement one another. Pierre Hadot first opens an investigation regarding metaphors and images, which leads him to draw up the concept of creative mistake (contresens créateur) and that finds part of its inspiration in the metaphorology of Hans Blumenberg. He then develops a defense of the author that is related to the notions of meaning and significance as they present themselves in the thought of Eric Donald Hirsch and formulates the idea of a “coincidentia oppositorum” between the objective interpretation of a text and its subjective appropriation. The redefinition of philosophy that we find in Pierre Hadot’s later thinking can be seen as the product of a convergence between that hermeneutical itinerary and the spiritual itinerary that goes back to his youth and the experience of the oceanic feeling (sentiment océanique). It is revelatory of the influence his theological training had upon him and particularly the works of Cardinal John Henry Newman and Lutheran theologian Rudolf Bultmann. Another result of our investigation is to show how the concept of topos acts as a unifying thread in Pierre Hadot’s hermeneutical itinerary, in part due to the influence of Ernst Robert Curtius’ historical topics. The spiritual exercises that are so central to philosophy as a way of life in the end present themselves as practical topoi, whose form is stable and that nevertheless can be reinvented through time and thus can be the support of philosophical conversion from one generation to the next.

Thèse de doctorat réalisée en cotutelle avec la Faculté de droit de l'Université Aix-Marseille 3. / La présente recherche a pour objectif d’expliquer et d’évaluer le processus d’émergence du droit au respect des modes de vie minoritaires et autochtones, qui se manifeste devant deux juridictions et une quasi-juridiction : les cours européenne et interaméricaine des droits de l’homme et le Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, dont les jurisprudences feront l’objet d’une comparaison. Un tel sujet soulève plusieurs questions, dont celles de savoir à quel stade de ce processus nous en sommes, quel est le niveau de juridicité de la norme, mais aussi, quelle est la signification de ce droit, quels en sont les apports et comment se produit sa mise en œuvre. En proposer une interprétation éclairée suppose d’évaluer la référence au concept de mode de vie faite par les requérants, les juges et les experts. Cette démarche implique d’avoir recours à l’interdisciplinarité, plus précisément à certaines études anthropologiques. Cela requiert également un examen du discours des juges, des experts et des requérants pour en observer les convergences et les décalages. Quant aux résultats de recherche, le rôle de plusieurs acteurs au processus d’émergence de la norme nouvelle – les requérants, les juges ou les experts et les États – est souligné. Cela confirme la théorie de la polycentricité en matière de construction de certaines règles de droit international. La juridicité du droit au respect des modes de vie minoritaires et autochtones et sa force varient en fonction des systèmes, mais il possède toujours les caractéristiques propres à la norme juridique internationale. Cette dernière consacre un droit spécifique appartenant aux peuples autochtones et tribaux ou aux membres de peuples autochtones et minoritaires. Elle protège un rapport au territoire, soit un mode d’appréhension et d’exploitation, mais aussi de circulation et d’établissement sur celui-ci, ainsi que des activités. Les requérants roms, tribaux ou autochtones participent, bien qu’officieusement, à la définition juridique de leurs modes de vie, puisque les requêtes qu’ils déposent devant les juridictions supranationales constituent le fondement des interprétations judiciaires. Malgré ce processus de codétermination, certains décalages persistent entre les positions des divers acteurs impliqués dans la détermination du sens de la norme. Ils sont liés à l’impossibilité pour les juges d’appliquer au cas d’espèce une protection de leurs modes de vie, à l’éloignement entre la position des requérants et celle de l’État défendeur ou encore à la protection des droits des tiers. Une double surdétermination de la norme est donc constatée, par les conceptions des juges ou des experts, mais aussi par celles des requérants. Elle comporte certains risques d’essentialisation et d’idéalisation des modes de vie minoritaires et autochtones, de paternalisme, de victimisation ou de discrimination vis-à-vis des requérants ou de leurs communautés, sachant que ces risques sont tous à même de dénaturer le sens et la portée de la norme. Pour autant, cette dernière est porteuse d’avancées théoriques. Celles-ci ont trait à la coexistence, au sein de territoires identiques, entre groupes aux identités différentes, à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des requérants et au processus de reconnaissance. La place occupée par la volonté des États, l’importance pour les juges de préserver leur légitimité, de même que le caractère idéaliste ou dogmatique de l’interprétation proposée, en limitent les apports théoriques. Il ressort de cette réflexion que la bonne articulation des divers discours en présence et l’émergence d’une norme efficace tiennent d’abord à l’énonciation et à la clarté des revendications des requérants minoritaires et autochtones. Elles tiennent ensuite à la réceptivité des agents qui les reçoivent – juges et experts – ainsi qu’au contexte politique, social et culturel qui les entourent. Cette analyse met ainsi en évidence l’importance d’exploiter la marge de manœuvre dont dispose chaque acteur du processus d’émergence dans la détermination du sens et de la portée des normes. / This research aims to explain and evaluate the emergence of a right of minorities and indigenous peoples to the respect of their ways of life, appearing before the European court of human rights, the Inter-American court of human rights and the United Nations Human rights Committee. The decisions and communications stemming from these tribunals will be analyzed and compared. This topic raises several questions regarding the legality of this norm, its meaning, effectiveness and limits, but also its implementation. In order to offer an interpretation of the content of that right, we need to evaluate the references made to it by the claimants, the judges and experts, which implicates an interdisciplinary approach focused on anthropological studies of law. This leads us to examine the discourses of judges, experts and claimants, to compare them and to observe their confluences and discrepancies. The results of this study show us that the emergence of this new norm is dependent upon the intervention of several agents – the claimants, the judges, the experts of the Committee and the States. This observation therefore confirms the polycentric process of construction of international legal rules. As to the legality and the effectiveness of the right of minorities and indigenous peoples to their ways of life, they vary according to the legal system, even if this right always corresponds to a legal rule. This rule consecrates a specific right belonging to indigenous and tribal people or to the members of indigenous people and minorities. It protects a relationship to the territory, i.e. a way to comprehend and to exploit it, to circulate on it and to inhabitate it. It also protects some activities. The indigenous, tribal and romas applicants unofficially take part in the legal definition of their ways of life, as the requests they submit to the international tribunals are cornerstones of judicial interpretations. In spite of a process of co-determination of the norm, gaps are observed between the positions of the different actors participating to the determination of the norm. They are either related to the impossibility for some judges to apply the right to a way of life to the case, to the distance between the positions of the claimants and the states, or to the protection of third parties. Consequently, a process of double distortion of the content of the norm appears, due to the judges’ or experts’ conceptions, but also to those of the claimants. It leads to the emergence of several problems, such as essentialism and the idealization of minorities and indigenous ways of life, paternalism, victimization or discrimination towards the claimants or their communities. These problems can alter the meaning and the impact of the norm. Nonetheless, the right to the respect of those ways of life has some theoretical effects related first to the coexistence, on a same piece of land, of different groups possessing diverse identities. They are also related to the improvement of the applicants’ quality of life and to the recognition process. However, the State’s willingness still occupies a large space in international law, as does the importance, for judges, to protect their own legitimacy. Moreover, some decisions seem too ideal or dogmatic. Those factors limit the effect of the norm. Thus, the articulation of judicial discourses and the efficiency of the norm are first contingent to the enunciation and to the clarity of the claimants’ requests. They are dependant of the receptivity of the agents whose role it is to receive them (judges and experts) and to the political, social and cultural context within which they take place. This last factor brings to light the importance for each agent participating to the elaboration of the norm to use, as much as he can, the margins he possesses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Carlos Leal Passos.pdf: 3016294 bytes, checksum: 0f02d23e8a437615330cb83ba82e9005 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / The contemporany urban expansion, particularly examined here in southeastern Brazil, has advanced and consolidated in the last decades as a new model of occupation and articulation of metropolitan territories and is band envelope. This new scenario scattered, fragmented, and multinucleated, is structured by large displacement axes expressed and functional conurbations, new communication technologies, transportation information, new ways of individualized production and consumption which emerge deep changes in relationships and daily dynamics af their populations, and in their spheres of public and private life. This paper attempts from the case study of the municipality of Atibaia, to the edge of the metropolitan areas of S?o Paulo and Campinas, contribute to a reflection on hemogenic movements interwoven in this new model of expansion and occupation, and their reflections in a municipality smaller inserted in that system, in what refers in particular to their daily dynamics and way of life. The paper also proposes a reflection on the issues that relativize the feeling of belonging and indentity as potential engines of strengthening the sphere of public life and the rebuilding of a city more democratic in order to expand the knowledge of urbanism in the direction of deepening the understanding the complexities of contemporary urbanization processes. / A expans?o urbana contempor?nea, analisada aqui particularmente na regi?o Sudeste do Brasil, tem avan?ado e si consolidado nas ?ltimas d?cadas como um novo modelo de ocupa??o e articula??o dos territ?rios metropolitanos e sua faixa envolt?ria. Este novo cen?rio disperso, fragmentado, e polinucleado, ? estruturado por grandes eixos expressos de deslocamento e conurba??es funcionais, novas tecnologias e comunica??o, transporte de informa??o, novas pr?ticas de produ??o e consulmo individualizadas de onde emergem profundas altera??es nas rela??es e din?micas cotidianas de suas popula??es, assim como em suas esferas de vida p?blica e privada. Este trabalho procura a partir do estudo de caso do Munic?pio da Est?ncia de Atibaia, ? borda das Regi?es Metropolitanas de S?o Paulo e Campinas, contribuir com uma reflex?o acerca dos movimentos hegem?nicos imbricados nesse novo modelo de expans?o e ocupa??o, e seus relexos em um Munic?pio de menor porte inserido nesse sistema, naquilo que se refere, em especial, ?s suas din?micas cotidianas e vivenciais. O trabalho prop?e ainda uma reflex?o sobre as quest?es que relativizam o sentimento de pertencimento e identidade como poss?veis motores do fortalecimento da esfera da vida p?blica, a fim de ampliar o conhecimento do urbanismo na dire??o do aprofundamento do entendimento das complexidades dos processos de urbaniza??o contempor?neos.