Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise política da política externa brasileira, especificamente durante o governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, enfatizando a questão da adesão do Brasil ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares - o TNP - suas causas e conseqüências. O tema em questão foi escolhido por sua relevância, levando-se em conta o papel desempenhado pela política externa brasileira no desenvolvimento nacional. No entanto, o Brasil tem enfrentado, desde o começo da década de 1990, novos padrões de relações internacionais. Assim, a abordagem clássica da diplomacia, relacionada com a guerra e a paz, tem crescentemente dado lugar à economia. A opção por um projeto alternativo de desenvolvimento para o país, como resultado do fim da Guerra Fria, levou a mudanças profundas na política externa brasileira. Dessa maneira, a assinatura e ratificação do referido Tratado, entre os anos de 1997 e 1998, caracterizou uma histórica ruptura com a política externa do país nas suas dimensãoes políticas e de segurança.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3802.pdf: 4112819 bytes, checksum: e42717f19397f311cb6978ed3341685c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / For centuries, infectious agents have been used as weapons in armed conflicts. In 1972 the Biological Weapons Convention prohibited the creation and stockpiling of biological weapons. However, some countries continued to research and develop these weapons. Proof of this fact was the crash in 1979 in a military factory in the USSR, where Bacillus anthracis were dispersed. Biotechnology in a globalizing world facilitates and contributes not only to the development of weapons programs of regular armies, but also to terrorist groups. Examples of such this are the contamination by the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by a religious fanatic group that in 1984 poisoned 751 people in the U.S., and the bacterium Bacillus anthracis spores mailed in the U.S. to several people during 2001 and 2002, immediately after the attacks of September 11th. A biological weapon is of extreme difficult detection by security equipment. Most infectious agents are present in almost every continent, making it easier to obtain. The production is cheap and it is easy to carry, being a small amount enough to reach very large area and thousands of people. It is an invisible weapon, odorless and causes symptoms unknown to most physicians. So, given this background, in this master thesis we attempt to demonstrate the reality of the threat of a biological weapon based on Anthrax as the biological agent used as a weapon of mass destruction. Based on this study, we show the fragility of the state system for dealing with such incidents, and we propose security protocols in order to regulate what should be done in time of crisis, defining its management and streamline the decision-making. Finally, using the technique of molecular docking, we also studied the lethal factor of anthrax, and proposed the compound 1-Phenylsulfonyl-2-propanone (DARXOJ, C9H10O3S) as a good candidate to inhibit its effects. / Há séculos agentes infecciosos são utilizados como armas em conflitos bélicos. Em 1972 a Convenção sobre Armas Biológicas proibiu a criação e armazenamento de armas biológicas. No entanto alguns países continuaram a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento dessas armas. Prova desse fato foi o acidente em 1979 em uma fábrica militar na URSS, onde foram dispersos esporos de Bacillus anthracis. A Biotecnologia no mundo globalizado facilita e contribui não apenas aos programas de desenvolvimento de armas dos exércitos regulares, mas também aos grupos terroristas. Exemplos disso são a intoxicação pela bactéria Salmonella typhimurium por um grupo fanático religioso que em 1984, nos EUA, intoxicou 751 pessoas, e os esporos da bactéria Bacillus anthracis enviados pelo correio para várias pessoas em 2001 e 2002, imediatamente após os atentados de 11 de setembro nos EUA. Uma arma biológica é muito difícil de ser detectada por equipamento de segurança. A maioria dos agentes infecciosos está presente em quase todos os continentes, o que facilita a sua obtenção. A produção é barata e simples de transportar, podendo atingir com pequena quantidade área muito grande e milhares de pessoas. É uma arma invisível, inodora e que provoca sintomas desconhecidos pela maioria dos médicos. Em face desse panorama, neste trabalho procuramos demonstrar a realidade da ameaça de uma arma biológica e elegemos o Antraz como agente biológico utilizado como arma de destruição em massa. Neste estudo, mostramos a fragilidade do sistema estatal para lidar com este tipo de incidente, e propomos protocolos de segurança com o objetivo de regular os procedimentos no momento de crise, definindo o gerenciamento para melhorar e otimizar as tomadas de decisões. Finalmente, por meio do uso da técnica de docking molecular, também estudamos o fator letal do Antraz, e propusemos o composto 1-Fenilsulfonil-2-propanona (DARXOJ, C9H10O3S) como um bom candidato a inibir os seus efeitos.

Abstract University of Växjö, School of Social Sciences Course: POC 536, Political Science 41-60 Title: The U.S. military intervention in Iraq – A study of how the intervention corresponds with the UN Charter Authors: Andreas Malmgren & Johan Schneider Supervisor: Lennart Bergfeldt Date: 2006-09-26 The aim of this essay is through a qualitative literature study examine the main arguments of the Bush administration to justify a military intervention in Iraq. The theories used to explain the actions of the U.S. are system level analysis, hegemonism and realism while the UN Charter will be applied as a normative theory. The research questions are: ■ What were the main arguments of the Bush administration for a military intervention in Iraq? ■ How do these arguments correspond to the UN Charter? U.S. claimed that Iraq was manufacturing nuclear weapons and this was threatening the security of the U.S. The administration also wanted to liberate the Iraqi people from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. When the U.S. could not get support through the UN they decided to act independently. According to the UN Charter, UN or its member states are not allowed to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state neither is it allowed to act with a pre-emptive purpose. An exceptional clausal exists if the Security Council decides it is a threat to peace or peace crimes. If a state act without the UN mandate this could undermine the UN authority. Keywords: Weapon of mass destruction, intervention, Iraq, UN Charter, Bush administration

Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise política da política externa brasileira, especificamente durante o governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, enfatizando a questão da adesão do Brasil ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares - o TNP - suas causas e conseqüências. O tema em questão foi escolhido por sua relevância, levando-se em conta o papel desempenhado pela política externa brasileira no desenvolvimento nacional. No entanto, o Brasil tem enfrentado, desde o começo da década de 1990, novos padrões de relações internacionais. Assim, a abordagem clássica da diplomacia, relacionada com a guerra e a paz, tem crescentemente dado lugar à economia. A opção por um projeto alternativo de desenvolvimento para o país, como resultado do fim da Guerra Fria, levou a mudanças profundas na política externa brasileira. Dessa maneira, a assinatura e ratificação do referido Tratado, entre os anos de 1997 e 1998, caracterizou uma histórica ruptura com a política externa do país nas suas dimensãoes políticas e de segurança.

The problem area of the study concerns the current debate and claim that much of the Swedish weapon export contradicts the Human Rights criterion and condition for non-armed conflicts set down by the Swedish regulatory framework governing weapon exports. Since these factors are crucial aspects pertaining to recipient countries in granting of ex-ports, this Bachelor Thesis investigate the context and facts relating to the two cases of munitions export to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Russian Federation in 2006. With the primary purpose of investigating if these cases pertain to the regulatory frame-work governing Swedish weapon exports, the study has been based on a deductive method of logical reasoning deriving 4 hypotheses from the regulatory framework. Over all, after testing the hypotheses, the findings show that the decisions are in clear conflict with the Human Rights criterion of the Swedish regulatory framework, but not in conflict with the framework as a whole. Thereby, the study concludes that the decisions to grant export ac-cord the regulatory framework. / Uppsatsens problemområde behandlar den nuvarande debatten och påståendena om hur svensk vapenexport står i strid med kriterierna för mänskliga rättigheter och icke beväpna-de konflikter, vilka är fastställda i riktlinjerna för export. Eftersom dessa är faktorer av av-sevärd vikt gällande mottagarländerna vid beslutsfattandet av export, så har denna uppsats syftat till att undersöka situationerna och empiri i förhållande till de två fallen av vapenex-port till Pakistan och Ryssland under 2006. Det primära syftet har således varit att under-söka om dessa fall är i samspel med svenskt regelverk för vapenexport. Undersökningen bygger på en deduktiv metod av logiskt resonemang som har etablerat 4 hypoteser, vilka är deducerade från svenskt regelverk. Allt som allt, efter att ha testat hypoteserna, så påvisar resultatet av studien att besluten för export står i klar strid med kriterierna för mänskliga rättigheter och icke beväpnade konflikter. Detta förklaras emellertid av andra punkter i re-gelverket, vilket ger slutsatsen att besluten är i linje med svenskt regelverk.

Detta arbete i militärteknik studerar om högeffektpulsad mikrovågsstrålning kan uppnå verkan mot kommersiella UAV. Analysen genomförs på två olika icke-dödliga HPM-vapen. Data hämtas från ett scenario där vapenverkan innebär hög risk för skada på tredje man. En Försvarsmaktsstudie har konstaterat att Luftvärnsbataljon saknar förmåga att verka mot små UAV.Dagsaktuell kunskap har inhämtats om scenariots miljö samt från forskning och industri genom studiebesök. Inhämtad kunskap har möjliggjort en logisk-matematisk parameterstudie på ett scenario med militärtekniskt perspektiv. Analysens slutsatser är att kommersiella UAV innehar låg skyddsnivå, att beslut om insats underlättas i alla miljöer och att en elektronisk sköld i form av HPM-vapen skyddar en stor volym samtidigt. HPM-vapen kan inte som ensamt vapensystem stå för skydd och uppnå säkerställd verkan mot kommersiell UAV. HPM-vapen kan däremot komplettera övriga verkanssystem och göra luftförsvaret starkare genom system av system. HPM-vapen kan bidra till att minska ett befintligt förmågeglapp mot kommersiella UAV. / This paper in military technology discusses whether high power microwaves can affect commercial UAVs. Two non-lethal HPM-weapons are analyzed. The data is collected from a scenario where there is a high risk for collateral damage. A Swedish Armed Forces study stated that the Air Defence Battalion lacks ability to affect small UAVs. The latest knowledge is obtained from the environment in the scenario, from research and from the industry. This knowledge has enabled a logical-mathematical parametric study on the scenario within a military perspective. The result of the study is the assessment that commercial UAVs are assessed to have low protection factor, facilitates decision to act in all environments and provides an electronic shield protection of a large surface at the same time. HPM-weapons can´t stand as a single system for protection against commercial UAVs and achieve guaranteed effect. However, HPM-weapons can complement other weapon systems and thus make the air defense stronger through systems of systems. HPM-weapons can reduce the capability deficiency against commercial UAVs.

The diploma thesis analyses the role of Iran in contemporary relations. It discuss its position by means of its historic background, its religious beliefs, its economic situation, the monetary aspects and its inner politic situation. The main attention is focused on its relations with the United States of America, particularly on economic ties, petrodollar policy and on the Iranian nuclear program threat. It also pays attention to the context of oil importance in the Middle East and to the Israeli foreign policy.

This Thesis in Military Technology deals with experiences drawn from the forced introduction of Weapons Station 01, 2009. The work aims to identify the experiences regarding the forced procurement of military equipment to see how they can develop normal and fast procurement of equipment. The main conclusions of  this work, is to achieve greater capability and increase the military utility, are:   -          Common objectives and priorities of stakeholders -          Response and joint types shall determine requirements for system -          Ensure an integrated project team also at lower levels -          Engage the integrated logistic support early in the materiel process -          Include Armed Forces staff as early as possible in the testing and validation -          Prioritize work to facilitate the rapid development of decision on use (BOA) -          Provide back up for increased redundancy in the mission area

The thesis deals with the design of technology for production of weapon conclusion by die forging. The weapon conclusion will be made of C45 steel in series of 500 000 pieces per year. Before forging, the base semi-finished product will be treated using cross-wedge rolling technology. Thanks to the chosen production process, the forging will be made as four pieces. A simulation of the forging process was made for the created design. Results of a simulation showed that metal did not fill entire hollow. Based on these results was made changes in design and the simulation was performed again. According to the results of the second simulation, the hollow has already been filled with metal. For the forging was chosen the machine LZK 2500P from Šmeral a.s with a nominal force 25MN. In the conclusion there was a technical-economic evaluation of costs for the material required for production of entire series.

The foreign policy of Sweden is based on peace, security, human rights and democracy. In the documents of the foreign policy, the government writes: The purpose of the foreign policy of Sweden is to create security in our country, and in the world. There is no security without democracy, and there is no democracy without human rights and Sweden has to protect and defend these values. Along with these values, Sweden is the 15th biggest arms trader in the world (2015-2020) and has the highest exportation of arms per capita in the world. Many of these exportations also go to non-democratic states.  The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about why Sweden acts different when it comes to arms trade towards non-democratic states. The research being conducted is a case study of Sweden’s arms trade to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates and why Sweden acts different in the two cases. Sweden stopped the arms trade to Turkey in 2019 due to the lack of democracy and the violations of human rights, but continues to export arms to the United Arab Emirates. Furthermore the study will be using Kjell Goldmann’s theories regarding real idea politics to explain why Sweden acts different in the two situations. The methods that are used in this study are text analysis and case study. The material has been analyzed on the basis of real and idea politics. The main sources are IPSs’ reports, the laws, government documents and parliament document.  The conclusion of the study is that Sweden still exports arms to United Arab Emirates because they still export on old treaty and no new treaty has been issued since 2017. Furthermore, the cases are a combination of the theory’s, but one of them is more prominent in the different cases. Sweden’s actions to stop arms trade to Turkey is an example of when idea politics is more prominent and Sweden’s actions to continue arms trade to United Arab Emirates is an example of when real politics is more prominent.