The foreign policy of Sweden is based on peace, security, human rights and democracy. In the documents of the foreign policy, the government writes: The purpose of the foreign policy of Sweden is to create security in our country, and in the world. There is no security without democracy, and there is no democracy without human rights and Sweden has to protect and defend these values. Along with these values, Sweden is the 15th biggest arms trader in the world (2015-2020) and has the highest exportation of arms per capita in the world. Many of these exportations also go to non-democratic states.  The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about why Sweden acts different when it comes to arms trade towards non-democratic states. The research being conducted is a case study of Sweden’s arms trade to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates and why Sweden acts different in the two cases. Sweden stopped the arms trade to Turkey in 2019 due to the lack of democracy and the violations of human rights, but continues to export arms to the United Arab Emirates. Furthermore the study will be using Kjell Goldmann’s theories regarding real idea politics to explain why Sweden acts different in the two situations. The methods that are used in this study are text analysis and case study. The material has been analyzed on the basis of real and idea politics. The main sources are IPSs’ reports, the laws, government documents and parliament document.  The conclusion of the study is that Sweden still exports arms to United Arab Emirates because they still export on old treaty and no new treaty has been issued since 2017. Furthermore, the cases are a combination of the theory’s, but one of them is more prominent in the different cases. Sweden’s actions to stop arms trade to Turkey is an example of when idea politics is more prominent and Sweden’s actions to continue arms trade to United Arab Emirates is an example of when real politics is more prominent.

The text covers the automated recognition and comparison of features on used cartridge cases, in order to increase e ectivity of similar manual ballistic systems. The work is addresing the issue of programming the application for automated recognition and comparison of features on used cartridge cases.

This Master thesis compares the reactions of the neighbouring countries to first nuclear tests carried out by their neighbour. It deals with first nuclear tests of eight countries (USA, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan and North Korea) and with the reactions of states that are or were at the time of the first nuclear test neighbours of concerned country. In the end, forty-seven reactions of neighbouring countries were examined in this thesis. The author relies to a large extent on qualitative research when she compares individual reactions of the countries and creates eight case studies, each focused on one nuclear state. The main output of this thesis is a clear and well-arranged typology of countries' reactions to the first nuclear test carried out in the state right across their borders. The types of reactions that have been identified in this thesis vary all the way from active support and passive coming to terms with the situations, through neutral reaction all the way to passive disapproval and active rejection. This typology can then in the future contribute to a better predictability of the neighbours' reactions and therefore also to a better assessment of how such event might affect the stability of the region.

Presented diploma thesis is pursued to the topic of conceptual evolution of civil protection in the last century's 50's to 70's period. This period of time, population safety was secured by so called Civil Defence. Noticeable atribute of all the Civil Defence measures impacting population was mainly protection against mass destruction weapons. That is why protection against mass destruction weapons is given the most attention in this diploma thesis. Target of the thesis is historical analyse concerning Civil Defence and its evolution in Czechoslovakia in noted period. Out of it the thesis sketches also general formation and evolution of civil protection in previous period. Diploma thesis is done based on study of available literature and mainly based on accessible sources from military archive in Prague. Thesis is divided to six chapters, chronologically describing the most important milestones in Civil Defence conceptual evolution. Emphasis is laid on description of its organisational structure and way of population protection against mass destruction weapons. During studies of these sources, the emphasis was laid also on military evaluation of country territory according to level of expected threat by aerial attack that time, or later by nuclear weapon of mass destruction in case of war conflict....

The purpose of this thesis is to perform a gender study focusing on Viking Age weapon graves. A female weapon burial, a male weapon burial and a female burial are studied in this thesis. It is necessary first to discuss the meaning of a weapon burial. Thereafter the thesis will discuss if it is possible to find any differences in the gender interpretation of weapon burials belonging to men and females. The weapon graves will also be interpreted in relation to a female burial. The research history is primarily based on Conkey & Spector’s (1984) article regarding archaeological androcentrism. The result of the thesis states that a weapon burial must consist of at least one of following weapons: sword, shield, spear, axe, horse equipment or arrowheads. The results also state that the interpretation of a weapon burial depends on the sexual identity of the buried individual. It is easier to state that the buried individual is a warrior if the individual is assumed to be a male. It is also possible to see differences regarding male and female burials in general where the interpretation of rich female graves is questioned due to the absence of a man in the grave. The graves are still interpreted in traditional gender roles, where the gender roles are based on the grave goods.

This thesis discusses what associations Viking Age women and weapons had according to extant sources and how they can present in the grave material. In order to achieve this, literary sources, iconographic representations, and grave material are studied and compared in order to reach a deeper understanding of these associations and what they look like in the archaeology. The literary and iconographic source materials in this thesis are limited those from within, or shortly after, the Viking Age. The grave material in this thesis is also dated to the Viking Age and consists of weapon graves with osteologically determined inhumed females located in Gerdrup, Kaupang, Aunvoll, Nordre Kjølen, and Birka.

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y la portación de armas en adolescentes peruanos. Materiales y métodos: Análisis secundario del estudio Young Lives, en el cual se utilizó la cohorte menor de la quinta ronda para Perú, donde se incluyeron un total de 1782 participantes. La variable resultado fue evaluada con la pregunta “Durante los últimos 30 días, ¿Cuántos días llevaste un arma, como por ejemplo un cuchillo, para tu propia protección?”, la cual se dicotomizó en sí (por lo menos un día) y no (nunca). Las variables independientes se evaluaron con preguntas estandarizadas. Se empleó regresión de Poisson considerando conglomerados para calcular razones de prevalencia (RP) con IC95%. Resultados: La prevalencia en portación de armas en esta población fue de 5,21%. El consumo de tabaco tuvo una prevalencia de 18,51%, mientras que el consumo de alcohol registró una prevalencia de 33,52%. Se determinó que el consumo de inhalantes (4,79%), marihuana (4,07%) y cocaína (1,34%) fueron las drogas ilegales con mayores prevalencias. Se encontró asociación significativa entre el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y la portación de armas en adolescentes peruanos con un p<0,001. Conclusiones: La portación de armas se encuentra asociada al uso de diferentes drogas legales e ilegales. Sugerimos estudios longitudinales que puedan responder a nuestra pregunta de investigación, asimismo estos deberían considerar otras variables como el acceso al mercado ilegal de armas, antecedentes de enfermedades psiquiátricas, incluyendo depresión y ansiedad, entre otros. / Objective: To determine the association between legal and illegal drugs consumption and weapon carrying in Peruvian adolescents. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the Young Lives study, in which round five from the younger cohort for Peru was used, 1782 participants were included. The outcome was measured with the question “During the last 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a knife, to be able to protect yourself?”. The independent variables were assessed with standardized questions. Poisson regression using clusters was used to calculate Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% CI. Results: The prevalence of weapon carrying was 5.21%. Tobacco consumption had a prevalence of 18.51%, while alcohol consumption prevalence was 33.52%. Inhalant (4.79%), marijuana (4.07%) and cocaine use (1.34%) were determined to be the illegal drugs with the highest prevalence. A significant association was found between legal and illegal drugs consumption and weapon carrying in Peruvian adolescents with a p<0.001. Conclusions: Weapon carrying is associated with the use of different legal and illegal drugs. We suggest longitudinal designs that can answer our research question. Also, they should consider other variables such as access to the illegal arms market, a history of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety, among others. / Tesis

Understanding how a system behaves when exposed to different scenarios is key when improvingand developing complex structures. The amount of different approaches is immense and variesfrom case to case. One of the simpler approaches is black-box modelling as it only targetsan input and output to a system, and not necessarily the mathematical interpretations. Fora nonlinear system such as a remote controlled weapon station, this approach is appropriate,as it allows to only focus on a certain scenario and the results obtained for that case. In thisstudy, a remote controlled weapon station is further investigated when exposed to disturbancesfrom a combat vehicle. The data obtained is simulated on a platform and the results are usedin Matlab to analyze and find the best model from these tests. A Hammerstein-Wiener modelwith nonlinear wavelet networks is deemed the best as it gives the most accurate representationof the station’s behavior. The results obtained are considered to be moderately accurate dueto its precision and should only be used as reference point, rather than being interpreted as atrue representation of the system. / Att förstå hur ett system beter sig när det utsätts för olika scenarier är viktigt när man skaförbättra och utveckla komplexa strukturer. Mängden olika tillvägagångssätt är näst intillobegränsad och varierar från fall till fall. Ett av de enklare tillvägagångssätten är "blackbox" modellering eftersom det bara riktar sig till in- och utsignal till ett system, och intenödvändigtvis de matematiska tolkningarna. För ett icke-linjärt system så som en fjärrstyrdvapenstation, är detta tillvägagångssätt lämpligt, eftersom det tillåter att bara fokusera på ettvisst scenario och de resultat som erhålls för det fallet. I denna studie undersöks en fjärrstyrdvapenstation när den utsätts för störningar från ett stridsfordon. Den erhållna datan simuleraspå en plattform och resultaten används i Matlab för att analysera och hitta den bästa modellenfrån dessa tester. En Hammerstein-Wiener-modell med icke-linjära wavelet-nätverk anses varaden bästa eftersom den ger den mest exakta representationen av stationens beteende. Deerhållna resultaten anses vara mediokra på grund av dess precision och bör endast användassom en referenspunkt, snarare än att tolkas som en sann representation av systemet.

The lifetime prevalence of alcohol in the United States is 8% and lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use is about 2-3%. Substance use is common among adolescents and polysubstance use is becoming a public health threat. The prevalence of adolescent physical dating violence was 8.2%, the prevalence of adolescent sexual violence was also 8.2% while the prevalence of dual adolescent physical and sexual violence was 2.6%. Compared to those who used only single substances, adolescents who did not use any substance were 60% less likely (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24 – 0.74) to experience physical dating violence, 50% less likely (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.31 – 0.66) to experience sexual dating violence and 70% less likely (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16– 0.69) to have experienced both physical and sexual dating violence. The prevalence of adolescent criminal arrests was 17.2%. Adolescents who combined select illicit drugs with alcohol were 1.7 times more likely to be arrested (OR = 1.66 ,95% CI = 1.49 – 1.85). Adolescents who used both select illicit drugs and marijuana were 1.5 times (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.46 – 1.65) more likely to be arrested than those who used only select illicit drugs. Also, adolescents who used all three substances (select illicit drugs, alcohol and marijuana) were 1.6 times (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.50 – 1.75) more likely to be arrested than those who used only select illicit drugs. The prevalence of weapon-related injuries was 7.4%. Adolescents who did not use substances were 50% less likely (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.29 – 0.75, p The odds of dating violence, criminal arrests and weapon-related were higher with polysubstance use than with either mono-substance or no substance use. Therefore, prevention of substance use may be beneficial in reducing these public health concerns.

2002年元月，美國小布希總統宣稱北韓與伊拉克、伊朗，同屬「邪惡軸心」（Axis of Evil）國家，這些國家均係美國列入防止核武擴散之對象，於是北韓與美國關係旋墜落谷底，北韓之鬥爭策略是先昇溫，復加壓，然後迫使美國讓步；北韓復於2006年10月9日，正式對外宣布成功進行地下核武試驗，此舉無疑對東亞及國際安全均帶來衝擊。台灣基於同為亞太國家成員之一，應該理解北韓核武危機所牽動東北亞安全環境變化，以及美國、日本、中國及俄羅斯等國家多邊體系關係，倘北韓核武危機未能圓滿解決，擁核後之北韓除易成為東北亞潛伏威脅外，將引起日本加速武裝。北韓除製造核武問題外，北韓經濟困頓、民不聊生，朝鮮勞動黨為維繫獨裁政權統治，大肆販售飛彈等軍火牟取利益，甚至遭控訴涉及國際間多起販毒、製造假煙及偽造美鈔事件，而台灣位居東亞海空交通樞紐，台灣海峽為北韓船隻往來必經之路，因而有必要瞭解北韓政軍經現況，深入剖析北韓對於國際間衍生種種安全問題，訂定因應措施，以確保國家安全。 由於台灣外交情勢嚴峻，往往無法參與區域性國際組織，北韓乃伺機對台洽購精密儀器或刺探高科技產業技術，使得台灣容易成為北韓覬覦獲得國際管制性物品漏洞，本論文試圖探究並思索如何防止北韓向台灣採購可供軍事用途之精密儀器等用品，或可供生產提昇國防武器裝備之科技機器流向北韓，並配合國際反恐措施予以列管，這樣不僅符合國際利益，而且可以提昇台灣國際形象與國家地位；況且台灣亦有必要隨時瞭解國際上及美、歐等先進國家之最新出口管制措施，從而監督台灣廠商禁止將進口之高科技戰略性物品與生產之精密工具機，輾轉出口至管制地區（包括：伊朗、伊拉克、利比亞、北韓、中國、古巴、蘇丹等國），並配合國際防止擴散組織，共同防止大規模毀滅性武器擴散，形成全球安全之出口管制制度。 / In January 2002, President George W. Bush declared North Korea, Iraq, and Iran as an “axis of evil”. These countries are regarded as subject to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by the U.S. As a result, the relationship between North Korea and the U.S. has deteriorated. North Korea has attempted to gradually increase pressure to force the U.S. to concede; on October 9, 2006, North Korea officially announced the success of its secret nuclear weapon test, which undoubtedly made a tremendous impact on security in East Asia and the world. As a member of the Asia Pacific Region, Taiwan should understand how security in Northeast Asia changes due to the fact that North Korea is now a country with nuclear weapons. Taiwan should also be aware of the multilateral relations between the U.S., Japan, China, and Russia. Without a satisfactory solution to the threat of North Korean nuclear weapons, Japan may accelerate its military build-up in response to this lurking danger in Northeast Asia. Besides the nuclear weapon issue, North Korea has a poor economy and starving people. The Korean Workers’ Party has been accused of being involved in arms sale (such as missiles), international drug smuggling, counterfeit tobacco products, and counterfeit U.S. banknotes in order to maintain its dictatorship. As Taiwan’s geographic position is vital in the air and sea transport in East Asia, it is imperative for Taiwan to understand North Korea’s politics, armed forces, and economy. Taiwan must analyze and understand international security issues related to North Korea and map out corresponding actions so as to ensure national security. Due to its difficult diplomatic situation, Taiwan is unable to join many regional organizations. Therefore, North Korea takes this opportunity to purchase precision devices or pry into high technology from Taiwan. This makes Taiwan prone to become a legal loophole of which North Korea can take advantage to obtain international control items. This study investigates the ways for Taiwan to prevent North Korea from purchasing precision devices for military use or high-tech machinery that can improve defense weapons. In addition, the study also discusses how Taiwan can have better export control against North Korea by conforming to international anti-terror measures. To follow international principles is not only in line with global interests, but can also improve Taiwan’s international image and status. Therefore, Taiwan must keep itself updated of the latest export control measures implemented by the U.S., Europe, and other advanced countries. By doing so, Taiwan government can also prevent corporations in Taiwan from re-exporting strategic high-tech commodities and related production machinery to controlled territories, such as Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, China, Cuba, and Sudan. With cooperation with international non-proliferation organizations, proliferation of WMDs can be stopped and a comprehensive export control network can be formed to maintain global security.