The main aim of this thesis is to introduce issue of averaging of biological signals. The first part of the thesis deals with the principles of individual averaging methods (constant, floating and exponential window) and describes their basic features. Moreover, the principle of filtered residue, detection of QRS complex, and stretching/shrinking the length of RR-interval to the standardized length are explicated. In the second part of the thesis the outcomes of practically realized (Matlab and GUI) methods of averaging (by final signal-to-noise ratio) are evaluated. Signals from MIT-BIH database are used.

Due to the geographical location, the amount of daylight in Sweden varies greatly during the year - the lack of light is part of our everyday life. Regardless of the season, the sun’s position gives a light that seems to fall from the side, it kind of drags itself in through the windows. As a result, it is easily influenced by the surroundings. All the edges, corners and profiles that stand in the way create an endless variety of shades. Given these conditions, it is a good reason to devote time to the detailing of all the parts of a window. In this master’s project, I am directing my gaze towards the window frame and more specifically towards the framework’s profiling. By observing the shape and the color language of different profiles, the perceived contrast between light and shades is noticed and interpreted into new. Based on the qualities of the Nordic light, this project hopes to clarify and show with concrete examples why decision-making around the window frame is crucial for how we perceive the incident light. Relatively small differences in profiling create a large effect in contrasts, I find, and consequently, a more complex window profile enhances the character of the window and the incident light. This project is about looking at something specific, to observe and to explain what already is there.

Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the energy performance of windows and prevent indoor overheating by solar radiation. These films can be applied to different types of glazing units without the need for changing the whole window. This characteristic offers the possibility to improve the energy performance of the window of old and historic buildings for which preservation regulations say windows should remain more or less unchanged. This research aims to figure out to what extent a low-E window film can improve thermal comfort and energy performance of an old three-storey historic stone building in the cold climate of Mid-Sweden. In this research, first, with help of the simulation software “IDA ICE”, the entire building was modelled without window films in a one-year simulation. Second step was to add the low-E window films (3M Thinsulate Climate Control 75 (CC75)) to all the windows and repeat the simulation. Comparison between the results of the two cases revealed an improvement in energy use reduction as well as the thermal comfort when applying the films. For the application of the window films, a cost analysis using payback method was carried out which showed a long- time payback period. Although an investment with a long-time payback period is considered as a disadvantage, for historic buildings with very strict retrofit regulations specially when it comes to the building’s facades, application of the low-emissivity window films for better energy performance and thermal comfort is among the recommendable measures, but not necessarily the best.

L'utilisation massive des énergies fossiles est en grande partie responsable des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De plus, la croissance de la demande énergétique et la raréfaction des ressources fossiles conduisent à l'accroissement du coût de l'énergie. La réponse à cette problématique passe par deux moyens d'action indissociables : la réduction des consommations énergétiques et le recours aux énergies renouvelables. La fenêtre pariétodynamique permet d’agir sur les deux postes principaux de déperdition thermique d’un bâtiment que sont les baies et la ventilation. Le principe de la fenêtre pariétodynamique étudiée est de faire circuler de l’air en convection forcée entre trois verres avant d’être restitué à l’ambiance intérieure du bâtiment. Cela permet à l’air de récupérer à la fois une partie des déperditions thermiques à travers la fenêtre et une partie de l’énergie solaire absorbée par les verres. Afin d’étudier le comportement thermo-aéraulique et les performances de la fenêtre, nous avons développé un modèle numérique de cette dernière. Un dispositif expérimental a été mis en place et utilisé afin de valider le modèle numérique et de comparer en conditions réelles les performances de la fenêtre étudiée à celles d’une fenêtre à double vitrage classique. Ces résultats expérimentaux ont été complétés par une étude paramétrique numérique réalisée pour différentes conditions climatiques et de fonctionnement. Les principaux enseignements issus de ces études expérimentales et numériques sont que le préchauffage de l’air se fait essentiellement dans la lame d’air intérieure, la température de la première lame d’air restant proche de celle de l’air extérieur. De plus, et contrairement aux températures de la face intérieure et de l’air soufflé, celle de la face externe de la fenêtre est peu impactée par les paramètres étudiés. Concernant le cadre de la fenêtre, nous avons observé que celui-ci bénéficie aussi des échanges thermiques avec l’air circulant, mais dans une moindre mesure. Cela contribue à rendre la fenêtre peu déperditive. Enfin, en couplant le modèle développé à un logiciel de simulation thermique dynamique, nous avons évalué le potentiel d’intégration de fenêtres pariétodynamiques dans une maison individuelle. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence que le besoin de chauffage est réduit d'environ 20 à 30 % par l’utilisation de fenêtres pariétodynamiques à la place de fenêtres à double vitrage classique. En été, si l’ambiance intérieure du bâtiment est plus fraîche que l’environnement extérieur, la fenêtre pré-rafraîchit l’air neuf entrant. / The massive use of fossil energies is largely responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the growth in energy demand and the depletion of fossil resources lead to an increase in energy costs. The response to this challenge requires two means of action which are linked : the reduction of energy consumption and the use of renewable energy. The airflow window acts on the two main ways of building heat losses that are windows and the ventilation. The principle of the studied airflow window is based on the circulation of fresh air, by forced convection, between the three glasses of the window before entering the building. This allows air to recover both a part of heat losses through the window and part of the solar energy absorbed by the glasses. To study the thermo-aeraulic behavior and thermal performances of the window, we have developed a numerical model of the studied airflow window. An experimental set up was used to validate the numerical model and compare, in real conditions, the studied window performances to the ones of a conventional double-glazed window. These experimental results were complemented by a numerical parametric study for different climatic and operating conditions.The main information from these experimental and numerical studies are that the preheating of the air takes place essentially in the inner air gap, temperature in the first air layer remaining close to the outdoor one. In addition, unlike the temperatures of the inside face and of the blown air, the outer face temperature of the window is not greatly affected by the studied parameters. On the window frame, we found that it also benefits of heat exchanges with the circulating air, but to a lesser extent. This makes the window energy efficient. Finally, by coupling the developed model to a thermal building simulation software, we evaluated the airflow windows integration potential in a house. We thus demonstrated that the heat load is reduced by about 20 to 30% by the use of airflow windows instead of conventional double-glazed windows. Moreover, in summer, when indoor is cooler than outdoor, we pointed out that the airflow window cools the incoming fresh air.

A wide range of dynamic systems can be approximated as linear and time invariant, for which a wealth of tools are available to characterize or modify their dynamic characteristics. Experimental modal analysis (EMA) is a procedure whereby the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes which parameterize vibratory, linear, time invariant systems are derived from experimentally measured response data. EMA is commonly applied in a multitude of applications, for example, to generate experimental models of dynamic systems, validate finite element models and to characterize dissipation in vibratory systems. Recent EMA has also been used to characterize damage or defects in a variety of systems. The Algorithm of Mode Isolation (AMI), presented by Drexel and Ginsberg in 2001, employs a unique strategy for modal parameter estimation in which modes are sequentially identified and subtracted from a set of FRFs. Their natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode vectors are then refined through an iterative procedure. This contrasts conventional multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) identification algorithms, most of which attempt to identify all of the modes of a system simultaneously. This dissertation presents a hybrid multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) implementation of the algorithm of mode isolation that improves the performance of AMI for systems with very close or weakly excited modes. The algorithmic steps are amenable to semi-automatic identification, and many FRFs can be processed efficiently and without concern for ill-conditioning, even when many modes are identified. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on noise contaminated analytical response data from two systems having close modes, one of which has localized modes while the other has globally responsive modes. The results are compared with other popular algorithms. MIMO-AMI is also applied to experimentally obtained data from shaker excited tests of the Z24 highway bridge, demonstrating the algorithm's performance on a data set typical of many EMA applications. Considerations for determining the number of modes active in the frequency band of interest are addressed, and the results obtained are compared to those found by other groups of researchers.

The traditional Computed Tomography (CT) is based on the Radon Transform and its inversion. The Radon transform uses parallel beam geometry and its inversion is based on the Fourier slice theorem. In practice, it is very efficient to employ a back-projection algorithm in connection with the Fast Fourier Transform, and which can be interpreted as a 1-D filtering across the radial dimension of the 2-D Fourier plane of the transformed image. This approach can easily be adapted to windowing techniques in the frequency domain, giving the capability to reduce image noise. In this work we are investigating the capabilities of the so called Kaiser window (giving an optimal trade-off between the main lobe energy and the sidelobe suppression) to achieve a near optimal trade-off between the noise reduction and the image sharpness in the context of Radon inversion. Finally, we simulate our image reconstruction using MATLAB software and compare and estimate our results based on the normalized Least Square Error (LSE). We conclude that the Kaiser window can be used to achieve an optimal trade-off between noise reduction and sharpness in the image, and hence outperforms all the other classical window function in this regard.

This term project is about analyses and design of information system for  administration and managing business firm.System is designed as module system with unlimithed count of modules that coact or  are connected with another modules. Each module has its own data tables in database, own  Classes which make the middle layer of aplication  and graphical interface, but modules are not independent (one module can not work as a system).Iner communication among modules is based on database servers.Part of the application is its own database. To accomplish this project I had to familiarize myself with a problemathic of programming in  programming language C# and with database language PostgreSQL

Evidence of networks in the resting-brain reflecting the spontaneous brain activity is perhaps the most significant discovery to understand intrinsic brain functionality. Moreover, subsequent detection of dynamics in these networks can be milestone in differentiating the normal and disordered brain functions. However, capturing the correct dynamics is a challenging task since no ground truths' are present for comparison of the results. The change points of these networks can be different for different subjects even during normal brain functions. Even for the same subject and session, dynamics can be different at the start and end of the session based on the fatigue level of the subject scanned. Despite the absence of ground truths, studies have analyzed these dynamics using the existing methods and some of them have developed new algorithms too. One of the most commonly used method for this purpose is sliding window correlation. However, the result of the sliding window correlation is dependent on many parameters and without the ground truth there is no way of validating the results. In addition, most of the new algorithms are complicated, computationally expensive, and/or focus on just one aspect on these dynamics. This study applies the algorithms and concepts from signal processing, image processing, video processing, information theory, and machine learning to analyze the results of the sliding window correlation and develops a novel algorithm to detect change points of these networks adaptively. The findings in this study are divided into three parts: 1) Analyzing the extent of variability in well-defined networks of rodents and humans with sliding window correlation applying concepts from information theory and machine learning domains. 2) Analyzing the performance of sliding window correlation using simulated networks as ground truths for best parameters’ selection, and exploring its dependence on multiple frequency components of the correlating signals by processing the signals in time and Fourier domains. 3) Development of a novel algorithm based on image similarity measures from image and video processing that maybe employed to identify change points of these networks adaptively.

The commonest reproductive disorders of young men (namely low sperm counts, testicular germ cell cancer) may originate in fetal life similar to established disorders (cryptorchidism, hypospadias) that manifest at birth. These disorders are interlinked and may comprise a testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a concept supported by animal model studies. The latter have identified the likely time-frame within which TDS disorders may be induced, namely within the so-called masculinisation programming window (MPW). During this critical period, sufficient testosterone (androgen) must be produced by the fetal testis to program the male reproductive tract so that it will differentiate and grow normally after the MPW. Impaired androgen production or action within the MPW can result in smaller reproductive organs and their abnormal formation and function (e.g. cryptorchidism, hypospadias). The MPW is thus of fundamental importance in determining normal, or abnormal, male reproductive development and function for later life. There are two big unanswered questions about the MPW. First, what determines its timing? Second, what mechanisms are controlled by androgens specifically within this time-window and not at later time points? Three approaches were undertaken to address the first question experimentally in rats. First, investigation of whether the availability of androgens and or androgen receptors (AR) plays a role in determining the onset or ‘opening’ of the MPW. Second, investigation of whether the expression of AR co-regulators was a factor in determining androgen sensitivity during the MPW. Third, investigation of whether prostaglandins played a role in mediating androgen action in the MPW, as studies in the 1980s had suggested this possibility. To address what mechanisms are controlled by androgens specifically within the MPW, the expression of selected genes in the genital tubercle was investigated before, during and after the MPW in fetuses that had been exposed to treatments that modulated androgen action. Selection of genes was based on microarray studies and data reported in the literature (ie candidate genes). The studies reported in this thesis show that neither availability of androgens nor the AR are important in determining onset of the MPW, and providing exogenous androgens either prior to or during the MPW does not advance or enhance masculinisation. These studies also showed that females may have a slightly different window of susceptibility to androgen action than do males. Key AR co-regulators have been characterized in the male reproductive tract for the first time, two of which (BRG1, CBP) show changes in expression through development of the testis consistent with a role in Sertoli cells. Another AR co-regulator, RWDD1, was found to switch off in the absence of androgen action in the genital tubercle, pointing to a potential role during and/or after the MPW. Studies involving gestational exposure to indomethacin (a compound which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis) during the MPW showed no detectable effect on masculinisation. Finally, evaluation of candidate genes for mediating androgen action in the genital tubercle during the MPW, failed to identify their key involvement, thus they are unlikely to be involved in penis development and disorders such as hypospadias.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The MARS-II digital recorder is one of the new technologies that will eventually replace the labor intensive and hardware dependent methods associated with traditional analog-based telemetry ground systems. The Standardized MARS-II Analysis and Reduction Tool (SMART) is one of the first software systems developed to take advantage of this new digital recording capability. It processes pulse code modulated (PCM) encoded data and MIL-STD-1553B message traffic, outputting time-tagged PCM frames or 1553 messages to file. The goal of this software is to provide a portable application that utilizes state-ofhe-art, general purpose hardware for rapid telemetry data processing to meet the needs of operational users, telemetry engineers, and data analysts. To satisfy these goals, the software was developed using the C language with VMS and OSF operating systems as the initially targeted platforms. In addition, an X Window System/Motif graphical user interface supporting three tiers of user interaction (operator, telemetry engineer, and telemetry analyst) was layered onto the decommutator functions.