Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

European immigrants once regarded wolves as the "devil in disguise" (Lopez, 1978, p.40). With our growing awareness of other cultural perspectives and flourishing body of scientific knowledge with regard to wolves' behavior, our perceptions of wolves have become more complicated and nuanced. Our collective awareness of the environment in which we live also gathers complexity. I examine these issues in this study. Wolves are returning to Oregon. The arrival of wolf B-45 in 1999 heralded the beginning of the return of wild wolves to Oregon. More wolves are expected to cross the border as young sub-adults disperse from the growing population in Idaho. This study explores our perceptions of wolves using empirical, qualitative methodology. Running in parallel with this main goal, I also seek to understand how these perceptions relate on a larger scale to the ways we understand nature. In exploring these questions qualitatively, I seek to answer the following questions: (a) What ways can story play a role in defining people’s perceptions, in particular, of wolves? (b) What lessons can be learned to inform future ecological educators' work to communicate on this or other similarly complex topics? (c) What is the collective story that we can tell each other on the eve of wolves' presence in the Oregon landscape becoming an acknowledged reality once again? (d) Finally, how can what is learned inform future ecological educational programs regarding wolves in the state? This study explores the above questions. In considering people's perceptions, I attempt to examine whether the desires to exterminate wolves are really gone. Perhaps, as we learn more about the complex ways that wolves interact in the landscape and the various ways that humans react to the idea of wolves, we may recognize the greater complexities in the ways we inter-relate with them.

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<p>The thesis explores the attitudes towards large carnivores as a resource for tourism in northern Värmland. The purpose is to study the carnivore issue and the problems of carnivore tourism from a geographical perspective in order to illustrate the differences and connections between different approaches to a controversial and a potential rural resource.</p><p>The empirical material is made up mainly of surveys and newspaper articles. Three actor groups were studied: the local community, tourism entrepreneurs, and visitors to carnivore information centers. The studies were underpinned by a two-pronged theoretical frame of reference, the first based on the concepts of place and landscape, the second on tourism as a concept and social phenomenon.</p><p>Carnivore tourism constituted only a small part of that published in the media about carnivores, which showed that the tourism-oriented perspective on carnivores has been accorded only minor status in the media.</p><p>The attitudes of the three actor groups towards carnivores and carnivore tourism differ. Attitudes among the local community were generally less favorable than among tourism entrepreneurs and visitors. The community perspective on carnivores and carnivore tourism may be regarded as a insider perspective strongly dominated by the “life place” perspective, one in which forest-oriented culture and practices enjoy strong status, particularly in the more peripheral parts of the geographical study area. Tourism entrepreneurs, who are an important link between the locals and visitors, generally had more positive attitudes, but the group as such was divided depending on the strength of local connections. Entrepreneurs with strong roots in the community had considerably more negative attitudes and usually saw no potential in carnivores as a resource for tourism. These entrepreneurs can be presumed to represent the life place perspective, while other entrepreneurs may be regarded as representing the “destination place” perspective. Visitors were the group with the most positive attitudes, even as they stood for a distinct outsider perspective. They had a keen interest in nature in general and carnivores in particular. Several factors had significant impact on the attitude towards carnivores and carnivore tourism, in particular the view on the naturalness of the wolf, that is, whether it had been reintroduced or had returned on its own, age, education, whether or not the person was a hunter, experience, and knowledge about large carnivores.</p>

The thesis explores the attitudes towards large carnivores as a resource for tourism in northern Värmland. The purpose is to study the carnivore issue and the problems of carnivore tourism from a geographical perspective in order to illustrate the differences and connections between different approaches to a controversial and a potential rural resource. The empirical material is made up mainly of surveys and newspaper articles. Three actor groups were studied: the local community, tourism entrepreneurs, and visitors to carnivore information centers. The studies were underpinned by a two-pronged theoretical frame of reference, the first based on the concepts of place and landscape, the second on tourism as a concept and social phenomenon. Carnivore tourism constituted only a small part of that published in the media about carnivores, which showed that the tourism-oriented perspective on carnivores has been accorded only minor status in the media. The attitudes of the three actor groups towards carnivores and carnivore tourism differ. Attitudes among the local community were generally less favorable than among tourism entrepreneurs and visitors. The community perspective on carnivores and carnivore tourism may be regarded as a insider perspective strongly dominated by the “life place” perspective, one in which forest-oriented culture and practices enjoy strong status, particularly in the more peripheral parts of the geographical study area. Tourism entrepreneurs, who are an important link between the locals and visitors, generally had more positive attitudes, but the group as such was divided depending on the strength of local connections. Entrepreneurs with strong roots in the community had considerably more negative attitudes and usually saw no potential in carnivores as a resource for tourism. These entrepreneurs can be presumed to represent the life place perspective, while other entrepreneurs may be regarded as representing the “destination place” perspective. Visitors were the group with the most positive attitudes, even as they stood for a distinct outsider perspective. They had a keen interest in nature in general and carnivores in particular. Several factors had significant impact on the attitude towards carnivores and carnivore tourism, in particular the view on the naturalness of the wolf, that is, whether it had been reintroduced or had returned on its own, age, education, whether or not the person was a hunter, experience, and knowledge about large carnivores.

Non-compliance with visitor regulations in national parks can have an impact on park conservation and the experience of other park visitors. Park management in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve located on the west coast of British Columbia, Canada is challenged by visitors’ non-compliant behaviour concerning regulations to keep dogs on the leash in the park. Dogs that run free (off-leash) on the beaches of the park disturb migratory shorebirds, and have the potential to habituate wolves to regard dogs as objects of prey. This study investigates why many visitors opt for non-compliance with regulations aimed at conservation. The goal of the study is to contribute new insights that may help park management find workable solutions to deliver the ‘dual mandate’ of managing protected areas both, for conservation and for nature-based tourism. The study is grounded within the context of Lefebvre’s (1991) notions of the production of space, and recent work in animal geography that addresses the changing role of our canine companions in modern society. The methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research applying Fishbein & Ajzen’s (2010) theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The research is presented using a journal format, which unavoidably implies some repetition of information but allows for the different sections to be read as stand-alone documents. The thesis starts with an introductory chapter. This is followed by a book chapter published in Domesticated Animals & Leisure (Carr, 2015 in press) that reports highlights from qualitative research exploring why park visitors appear reluctant to comply with on-leash rules. Results reveal the beach as a contested space, driven by a strong off-leash social norm. Chapter Three is a journal article format paper that reports on a quantitative survey based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to identify beliefs that underlie visitor behaviour. Results indicate that habit, with respect to dog leashing when at home and on previous visits to the park, appear to impact the ability of the model to predict future behaviour. Chapter Four is a second journal article format paper where it is suggested that ambivalence, the presence of conflicting behavioural beliefs, influences the relation between behavioural beliefs and attitudes in the TPB, resulting in non-compliance behaviour. A concluding chapter summarizes how results presented in the three main chapters contribute to the body of knowledge on animal geography, compliance and research using the TPB, as well as suggesting techniques that park staff should consider for managing visitor behaviour under situations of apparent non-compliance. / Graduate

This study analyses the wolf (canis lupus) and human relations in Swedish landscapes. By addressing the change of ideas influencing land use and nature management during the time when the wolf was considered functionally extinct, two parallel realities appear that is shown to be something that the participants in this study relates and recognizes as their reality. These realities in turn can be understood against the background of environmental philosophy and the anthropocentric and eco-centric view of nature and the instrumental and intrinsic value that the nature may carry. Life story interview is used as a method to grasp these details in an individual’s perception of the wolf and nature. Since the wolf is considered to be as a division between rural and urban people, the study also analyses how people sharing the space with the wolf is referring to these dichotomies and how they identify with their surroundings. With contradictory, data a new way of conceptualize this is suggested: that urbanity and rurality is something that could be seen as performativity, something that you do rather than something that you are (Butler 2007). One might express identification with rural space but have an urban performativity i.e. working, living part-time, influenced by ideas represented in urban lifestyles. While the rural performativity is mirrored by living, working and sharing the ideas of how that landscape is used.

Während psychologische Studien Effekte von Emotionen für verschiedenste gesellschaftliche Diskurse belegen, wurden sie in der fachdidaktischen Forschung bisher nur wenig beachtet. Dies gilt insbesondere für Emotionen von Lehrenden. Diese sind von herausgehobener Wichtigkeit für unterrichtliche Lernprozesse, da beispielsweise die von Lehrenden empfundene Freude am Unterrichten mit der Lernfreude von Schülerinnen und Schülern zusammenhängt. Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt an diesem Punkt an und untersucht in intrapsychologischer Perspektive zum einen die Auswirkungen von Emotionen auf Motivationsprozesse (Forschungsfokus I) und zum anderen wie diese emotionalen Reaktionen entstehen (Forschungsfokus II). Aufbauend auf dem Model of Goal-directed Behavior nach Perugini & Bagozzi (2001) wurde dabei in der ersten Teilstudie (Kapitel 4.1) der Zusammenhang von Unterrichtsemotionen und der Lehrmotivation im Kontext der Rückkehr der Wölfe nach Deutschland untersucht. Hierbei konnte die Freude gegenüber dem Unterrichten des Themas als signifikanter Prädiktor der Lehrmotivation herausgearbeitet werden. Dieser Faktor zeigte dabei größere Zusammenhänge mit dem Unterrichtswunsch als die wahrgenommene Handlungskontrolle, die in vorhergehenden Studien als wichtige Voraussetzung für die Lehrmotivation dargestellt wurde. Dieser verstärkte Zusammenhang von Emotion und Motivation konnte auch in der zweiten Teilstudie (Kapitel 4.2) aufgefunden werden, in der das Modell auf generelle Naturschutzmotivationen abstrahiert wurde. Dabei wurde die Motivation für einen Like in einem sozialen Netzwerk als innovatives Naturschutzverhalten mit den klassischen Motivationen für Geldspenden und Freiwilligendienste zum Schutz des Andenbären in Ecuador miteinander verglichen. Während sich die Prädiktoren zwischen den Verhalten unterschieden, war die Freude der einzige Prädiktor der bei allen drei Verhalten einen ähnlichen Anteil an Varianz innerhalb der abhängigen Variablen vorhersagen konnte. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen übereinstimmend mit vorherigen Studien die Bedeutung von Emotionen für generelle Naturschutzmotivationen. Um die Entstehung von Emotionen besser zu verstehen untersucht die dritte Teilstudie (Kapitel 4.3) die motivationale Relevanz tieferliegender Persönlichkeitsmerkmale im Kontext der Rückkehr des Wolfes. Hierbei stellte sich die Schutzmotivation als wichtigste Voraussetzung für die motivationalen Faktoren Einstellung, Freude gegenüber dem Unterrichten und der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle heraus. Diese Schutzmotivation wurde durch tieferliegende Faktoren wie Einstellungen und Werte begründet. Ein weiterer direkter Prädiktor war die psychologische Distanz zur Rückkehr des Wolfes. Das Kapitel schließt mit einer Diskussion über die Möglichkeit der Integration der vorgestellten Variablen in die universitäre Ausbildung von Lehrkräften. Diese stellt sich speziell bei Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen wie Einstellungen und Werten schwierig dar, könnte aber laut der empirischen Ergebnisse eine gewünschte und nachhaltige Steigerung der Lehrmotivation nach sich ziehen. Dieser Zusammenhang von tieferen Werten und Unterrichtsemotionen wurde in der letzten Teilstudie (Kapitel 4.4) auf verschiedene weitere Unterrichtskontexte übertragen. Hierbei stellten sich die allgemeine Werte Universalismus und Benevolenz kontextspezifisch als Prädiktoren der Freude gegenüber dem Unterrichten heraus. Für das Thema des Klimawandels war nur die psychologische Distanz entscheidender Prädiktor, die ebenfalls mit der Freude gegenüber dem Unterrichten der anderen beiden Themen zusammenhing. Insgesamt zeigt der erste Teil Ergebnisse die motivationale Relevanz von Emotionen auf, deren Entstehung im zweiten Teil genauer untersucht wird. Für die Lehrerbildung sind Emotionen zum einen aufgrund ihrer Spezifität als Herausforderung zu bezeichnen, bieten aber wegen ihrer motivationalen Relevanz auch Möglichkeiten für die Ausbildung erwünschter Lehrmotivationen.

Since before recorded history, werewolves have captivated human imagination. Simultaneously, they represent our deepest fears as well as our desire to connect with our primal ancestry. Today, werewolves are portrayed negatively, associated with violence, cruelty, cannibalism, and general malevolence. However, in ages past, legends depicted them not as monsters, but as a range of neutral to benevolent individuals, such as traveling companions, guardians, and knights. The robust legacy of the werewolf spans from prehistory, through ancient Greece and Rome, to the Middle Ages, into the Early Modern period, and finally into present-day popular culture. Over the ages, the view of the werewolf has become distorted. Media treatment of werewolves is associated with inferior writing, lacking in thought, depth, and meaning. Werewolves as characters or creatures are now generally seen as single-minded and one-dimensional, and they want nothing more than to kill, devour, and possibly violate humans. Hollywood depictions have resulted in the destruction of the true meanings behind werewolf legends that fascinated and terrified humans for so many ages. If these negative trends were reversed, perhaps entertainment might not only discover again some of the true meanings behind the werewolf myth, but also take the first steps toward reversing negative portrayals of wolves themselves, which humans have, for eons, wrongfully stigmatized and portrayed as evil, resulting in wolves receiving crueler treatment than virtually any other animal. To revive the many questions posed by lycanthropy, entertainment must show respect to the rich history of the legend — and rediscover the benevolent werewolf. / Master of Arts

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