This study focuses on the negative impact that family supportive supervisor behaviors may have on career advancement for women in addition to the positive impact of family supportive supervisor behaviors in reducing work-family conflict. Data was collected using an online questionnaire through a university research management system including student participants and snowball sampling through email and social media platforms for a combined sample of 154 participants. Our results showed that increases in family supportive supervisor behaviors is associated with decreases in work-family conflict in agreement with findings in the literature. More specifically, the study showed that family supportive supervisor behaviors are only related to work-family conflict when supervisor’s hold primarily egalitarian gender beliefs. Contrary to our hypotheses, family supportive supervisor beliefs were positively related to a predictor of career advancement: Career mentoring. While our findings provide clarity for subordinate outcomes when supervisors hold primarily egalitarian beliefs, future research should further examine the potentially negative impacts of family supportive supervisor behaviors in the context of subordinates who have supervisors that hold primarily traditional gender beliefs.

This qualitative study explores the interrelationship between perceived gender discrimination and its antecedents and consequences while examining the concept of the glass ceiling that presents some barriers to the career advancement of Bahraini female workers in the banking sector. The study examines female bankers’ perception of the existence of both gender discrimination and the glass ceiling concept in this sector. It first examines the factors that cause such phenomena at three different levels namely societal, institutional and individual. The study then verifies the effects of some identified antecedents i.e. whether they foster or lower the perceived gender discrimination and how such effects happen. Furthermore, the study examines the same factors to ascertain if they are barriers that hinder women’s career advancement or enablers that support their advancement as there is a lack of empirical studies on the effect of the factors of the three mentioned levels to women’s career advancement especially in non-western context (Tlaiss, 2010; Hejase et al., 2013; Yokkongdi & Benson, 2005). The study also examines the consequences of perceived gender discrimination that occurs at the individual level. Some previous studies related to this research topic adopted the quantitative approach, hence; this is a qualitative based research that examines the perception of the respondents whose experiences and opinions expound the context. This led to understanding subjective areas such as respondents’ emotions and experiences that address the nature of perceived gender discrimination and the concept of glass ceiling in the Bahraini banking sector, focusing on “How” and “Why” type of questions instead of stressing on the quantities. The existing literature of gender discrimination especially about the area of underrepresentation of female workers in higher positions especially in financial services sector including banking is minimal. (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010; Elumti et al., 2009; Durbin & Conley, 2010). This approach unveils the research questions by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 Bahraini females as most of the previous studies examined both male and female perceptions while this research focusing at female only to make it more gender specific. The respondents hold managerial and non-managerial positions in both Islamic and conventional banks in the kingdom of Bahrain. The aim of the interview was to extract their perceptions on the factors and the consequences of gender discrimination as well as the barriers and challenges that hinder their advancement to higher managerial levels. The study captures the factors and the consequences of gender discrimination as well as the most common barriers that impede the Bahraini females’ career advancement within an Islamic and Arabic cultural context. The themes that emerged from the analysis are used to discuss the research issues in the light of previous research findings from different empirical studies. This study identifies different ways of finding factors of perceived gender discrimination and their effects as well as the challenges that may hinder the women’s career advancement in this sector. This study discovers that perceived gender discrimination exists in the Bahraini banking sector especially in areas such as hiring preference and receiving of benefits and compensations. This study also unearths the existence of glass ceiling, which is related to the gender inequality in the advancement opportunities to higher positions especially in the areas such as obtaining a promotion and holding managerial positions in the banks. The study finds out various factors that cause the perceived gender discrimination and the glass ceiling in the Bahraini banking sector which are classified at three levels as explained above.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förklara vilka faktorer som spelar in i kvinnliga revisorers karriärval samt hur glastak och jämställdhet upplevs av kvinnliga revisorer inom medelstora revisionsbyråer. Syftet kommer att besvaras med hjälp av två frågeställningar; Vilka faktorer spelar in i kvinnliga revisorers karriärval inom medelstora revisionsbyråer? Upplever kvinnliga revisorer inom medelstora revisionsbyråer att de har samma möjligheter att utveckla ett bra samspel mellan hem och arbete som manliga revisorer? Teoretiskt ramverk: Studiens teoretiska ramverk presenterar inledningsvis kvinnors förutsättningar i tidigare mansdominerade branscher och hur könsmärkning av yrkesroller leder till att traditionella könsordningar upprätthålls. Teorikapitlet mynnar sedan ut i en teoridel om ojämn könsfördelning på ledande positioner samt hur kvinnor fastnar på underordnade positioner. Avslutningsvis en teoridel om hur mannen setts som normen för lönearbete och värderas högre av organisationer än kvinnor som kopplats till oavlönat hemarbete, samt vilka faktorer som påverkar ett bra samspel mellan karriär och familjeliv. Metod: Studiens metod bygger på en kvalitativ ansats med empiriska data i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med selektivt urval av kvinnliga revisorer från medelstora revisionsbyråer. Empiri: Studiens empiriska data från tio respondenter från olika medelstora revisionsbyråer i Sverige presenteras i detta kapitel. Resultaten från intervjuerna sammanvävs i teman om karriär, samspel mellan hem och arbete, normer och könsfördelning, rollen som delägare samt jämställdhet inom revisionsbranschen.  Slutsats: De främsta faktorerna som ligger till grund för kvinnliga revisorers karriärval inom medelstora revisionsbyråer är osäkerhet, utanförskap, manliga normer, prioriteringar och föräldraledighet. En av slutsatserna som presenteras är att faktorerna är glastak som återfinns i organisationskulturen och organisationsstrukturen inom tidigare mansdominerade organisationer. Kvinnliga revisorer indikeras följa andra möjlighetsstrukturer än män på grund av detta, vilket innebär att det inte alltid finns utrymme för kvinnor att utvecklas och klättra karriärmässigt. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that play a role in female auditors career choices and how glass ceilings and gender equality are experienced by female auditors in medium-sized auditing firms. The purpose will be answered with the help of two research questions; What factors play into the career choices of female accountants in medium-sized auditing firms? Do female accountants in medium-sized auditing firms feel that they have the same opportunities to develop a good interaction between home and work as male accountants? Theory: The theory chapter initially presents theory on women's working conditions in previously male-dominated industries and how gender labeling of professions leads to the maintenance of traditional gender orders. This results in theory about uneven gender distribution in superior positions and how women get stuck in subordinate positions. Finally, theory is presented about how men are seen as the norm for paid work and are valued higher by organizations than women who are linked to unpaid homework, as well as the factors that affect a good interplay between career and family life. Method: The study method is based on a qualitative approach with empirical data in the form of semi-structured interviews with a selective selection of female auditors from medium-sized auditing firms. Empirical foundation: The empirical data of the study from ten respondents from different medium-sized auditing firms in Sweden are presented in this chapter. The results from the interviews are interwoven in themes about careers, the interaction between home and work, norms and gender distribution, the role as a partner and gender equality in the auditing industry. Conclusion: The main factors underlying the career choices of female auditors in medium-sized audit firms are uncertainty, exclusion, male norms, priorities and parental leave. One of the conclusions presented is that the factors are glass ceilings that are found in the organizational culture and structure within previously male-dominated organizations. Female auditors are indicated to follow different opportunity structures than men because of this, which means that there is not always room for women to develop and climb career-wise.

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Jämställdhet definieras som lika tillgång till rättigheter och möjligheter oavsett en individs kön. Även om många organisationer och institutioner över hela världen eftersträvar jämställdhet finns fortfarande tydliga tecken på att kvinnor har svårare att nå chefspositioner och ledande befattningar (Diskrimineringslagen, 2008; Vänje, 2005). Inom industribranschen går jämställdhetsutvecklingen märkbart långsammare (Svenskt näringsliv, 2019; Torstensson, 2021). Trots att arbete med jämställdhet förekommer i flera avseenden när det gäller kvinnors avancemang i organisationen, är en kvinnas tillgång till karriärutveckling inte samma som för en man. Därför är det viktigt att jämställdhetsinitiativ leder till att kvinnor får samma möjligheter till karriärutveckling som män. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur kvinnor, som är ingenjörer, i en mansdominerad organisation upplever att jämställdhetsinitiativ har påverkat deras förutsättningar för karriärutveckling. Studien har genomförts på en internationell industriorganisation. Datainsamlingen var semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju respondenter utifrån studiens socialkonstruktivistiska ansats. Analysen av datamaterialet har skett genom en tematisk analys på empirisk grund som är inspirerad av fenomenologin. Resultatet visar att det finns könsstrukturer i organisationen, vilket ses som det främsta hindret för respondenternas karriärutveckling. För att förändra könsstrukturerna bör män involveras i jämställdhetsfrågor i större utsträckning. Det framkom också att jämställdhetsinitiativ har skapat möjligheter som leder till befordran, dock inte till de högsta ledningsgrupperna som fortfarande uteslutande består av män. En slutsats av studien är att män i högsta ledningen behöver vara mer delaktiga i jämställdhetsinitiativ för att öka sin egen och andra mäns medvetenhet om mannens privilegium och agera mot vad könsstrukturer innebär för att bli en mer jämställd organisation. / Gender equality is defined by equal access to rights and opportunities regardless of an individual's gender. Although gender equality is statute within many organizations and institutions across the globe, there are still clear indications that women have more difficulty in reaching managerial and leading positions (Diskrimineringslagen, 2008; Vänje, 2005). In the manufacturing industry, the development of gender equality is noticeably slower. Despite the fact that gender equality initiatives and activities occur in several aspects within organizations, a woman’s access to career advancements is not equal to a man’s. Therefore, it is important that gender equality initiatives result in women accessing the same opportunities for career development as men. The purpose of this study is to therefore investigate how female engineers in a maledominated organization experience how gender equality initiatives have affected their conditions for career development. The study was conducted in an international manufacturing industry where the data was collected via semi-structured interviews with seven participants based on the study's social constructivist approach. The analysis of the data material has taken place through a thematic analysis on an empirical basis that is inspired by phenomenology. The results show that gender structures exist in the organization, which is seen as the main obstacle for the study participants’ career development. In order to change gender structures, men should increase their involvement in gender equality initiatives to a greater extent. It also revealed that gender equality initiatives have created opportunities leading to promotion, however not to the higher management groups which still consists with men. One conclusion of the study is that men in top management groups need to be more involved in gender equality initiatives to raise their own and their peers’ awareness of a man's privilege, and act against what gender structures entail to result in a gender equal organization.

méno a příjmení autora: Alena Příhodová Název diplomové práce: Kariérní poradenství Název práce v angličtině: Career counselling Katedra: Andragogiky a personálního řízení Vedoucí diplomové práce: PhDr. Michaela Tureckiová, Csc. Rok obhajoby: 2012 Anotace: V diplomové práci se autorka shrnuje dostupné poznatky o moderním kariérním poradenství, na nějž autorka nahlíží jako na dynamicky se vyvíjející poradenskou disciplínu. Kariérní poradenství hledá nejen optimální spojení jedinec-práce, ale také pomáhá jedinci prozkoumat a sledovat jeho profesní a osobní zájmy, stejně jako ho učí být manažerem vlastní profesní kariéry. Praxe kariérního poradenství nabízí pomocnou ruku jedinci v jeho potřebě hledání optimálního pracovního uplatnění v průběhu celého jeho života. Neméně významná je funkce kariérního poradenství v rukou státu, jakožto nástroje snižování dopadů nejistot trhu práce na nejohroženější skupiny jedinců. Dalšího významu kariérní poradenství nabývá v práci personalistů, pracovníků outplacementu a poradců pracujících se specifickými skupinami. Práce nastínila problematiku žen, jakožto specifické skupiny klientů kariérního poradenství. Klíčová slova: práce, poradenství, kariérní poradenství, kariérové poradenství, občanské poradenství, poradenství pro volbu povolání, kariéra, trh práce, ženská kariéra...

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