Jane Dulaney Hilbert: Appalachian Aviator Jessica Newell The Archives of Appalachia preserves the papers of Jane Dulaney Hilbert (1911-2004) who was a prominent aviator in the Tri-Cities area during the formative years of commercial air travel. Born in Bristol, Hilbert took up flying in 1930 when a local businessman offered her lessons to increase publicity for his airfield. Hilbert was one of the first women in Virginia to earn a pilot’s license and soon after joined Eastern Air Transport as a flight attendant. She later became American Airlines’ first female airport manager and trained servicemen, including students from East Tennessee State University, to fly during the Second World War. She and her husband Joseph Louis Hilbert ran the Appalachian Flying Service at Tri-Cities Airport from 1937 to 1968. This paper seeks to shed light on Hilbert’s contributions to the development of commercial air transport in East Tennessee. Furthermore, pilots like Hilbert often faced obstacles when attempting to join the male-dominated aviation industry. Her story reflects the international conversation about the capabilities of female aviators during the early twentieth century. This project draws on the correspondence, diaries, flight logs, official records, photographs, and news media held in the Joseph Louis and Jane Dulaney Hilbert Collection. The research involved studying these resources to understand Jane Dulaney Hilbert’s professional career and how it relates to the struggles of other female pilots. For example, the collection includes a 1937 issue of The New York Woman magazine in which Hilbert is interviewed about career prospects for women in aviation alongside Amelia Earhart. In addition, secondary sources about the history of commercial aviation, organizational theory about how the airlines tailored gender roles for pilots and support staff, and the development of flight in Eastern Tennessee place the discussion of Hilbert’s career within a wider historical and cultural context. Hilbert’s archival materials demonstrate that she played a significant role in the success of commercial aviation in Appalachia. This paper serves as a companion piece to a future exhibit at the Archives of Appalachia detailing her life and career using documents and artifacts from the collection. Overall, this project gives Jane Dulaney Hilbert deserved recognition as an inspirational Appalachian figure.

This is a study of a single case of an individual, Karolina Eriksson, who was an immigrant from Sweden to the USA in 1882. By studying her life and experiences, the study aims at increasing the knowledge of the mass emigration of the late 1800’s by looking at it from an emancipatory perspective. The goal of the study is realized by studying Eriksson’s contact with her family in Sweden for the first ten years of her stay in America. The main question asked is how we can look at her emigration from Sweden to Moline, Illinois from an emancipatory perspective. Studying in what ways her life changed following her departure from Sweden and in what ways she reached a higher level of independence and freedom help answer the main research question. The result shows that, despite pressure from her parents in Sweden, she had ambitions of remaining an independent woman, avoiding marriage. She found her everyday life in Sweden boring and appears to have been happier in America. She was enriched by learning several languages while attending parties despite her parents expressing their discontent with her dancing. By learning about the American way of living she integrated into the mold of an American woman to the point where her peers were baffled to find out about her not being born in the USA, which can be attributed to her openness to learning about the American way of living. She also reached a higher level of freedom by having more spare time due to less strict working conditions and thus having more time to enjoy herself on her own.

World War II was the most devastating war in human history in terms of loss of life. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, plunged the United States into war. Less than seven thousand military nurses were on active duty at the time of the attack. By the end of the war, there were over fifty-thousand active-duty nurses. The army nurses performed under fire in field and evacuation hospitals, on hospital trains and ships, and as flight nurses on medical evacuation transport aircraft. The skill and dedication of the Army Nurses Corps insured a 95% survival rate for the wounded soldiers who received medical care in a field or evacuation hospital. Two hundred and one nurses lost their lives during World War II and sixty-seven nurses were captured and held as prisoners of war. Sixteen hundred medals, citations and commendations attest to the nurses’ courage and dedication.

Five Reform Acts passed over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries gradually increased the size of the British electorate. Negotiations over lowering property, rent, and lodging restrictions led to new Acts that slowly increased the number of Britons deemed worthy to vote. This dissertation examines the extent class and gender were relevant to those negotiations of British citizenship over the course of those five Acts. The project scrutinizes the language used in Parliamentary debates, political pamphlets, and political correspondence to reconstruct the constantly-changing conceptualization of the ideal citizen’s gendered identity in Britain and Europe. This project illuminates the rhetorical battles between the political elite and those who desired admittance to the franchise. The language surrounding those battles highlights the contradictory reasons why certain male and female populations were denied admittance. By examining all these Acts together, this project provides new insight into Parliamentary reform as a political event where the unfixed ideas of Victorian femininity and masculinity can be viewed and assessed in the context of political power.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the polluted Great Lakes became a central focus of the North American environmental movement. A majority of this pollution stemmed from phosphate-based laundry detergent use, which had become the primary product households used to wash fabrics after World War II. The large volume of phosphorus in these detergents discharged into the lakes caused excess growths of algae to form in waterways, which turned green and smelly. As the algae died off, it reduced the oxygen in the water, making it less habitable for fish and other aquatic life, a process known as eutrophication. As primary consumers of laundry detergents during the time period, women, particularly white, middle-class housewives in the United States and Canada, became involved in state/provincial, national, and international discussions involving ecology, water pollution, and sewage treatment alongside scientists, politicians, and government officials. Their work as volunteers, activists, and lobbyists influencing the debate and ensuing policies on how best to abate this type of pollution, known as eutrophication, has often been ignored. This thesis recognizes the work women completed encouraging the enactment of key water quality regulations and popularizing the basic tenets of environmentally-conscious consumption practices during the environmental movement in the early 1970s.

The migration of the Basques to the Pacific Northwest at the turn of the century was due to a number of factors including economic, cultural and political. The Basques constitute a distinct ethnic group from northern Spain and southern France, whose origins have not yet been determined by historical, linguistic, or archaeological studies. From ancient times, the Basques have fought to maintain their cultural identity and political freedom against invaders, developing in this struggle a strong sense of racial group solidarity. The lack of opportunity for advancement and the obligation to serve in the military were added reasons for the journey to America, as an alternative to political and cultural oppression.

During the 1930s, Sweden went through several societal crisises. There was a labor market crisis and a population crisis that were also covered by a gender conflict. To address these crises, reforms were introduced around women in society. There was a great deal of political discussion about whether women should be able to live their lives as housewives, which led to the idea of ​​housewives' holidays and holiday homes for working women. What was the political significance of the holiday home? Why did it come to an end in 1977? What remains of the legacy from Vadtorp? For whom and why was Vadtorp preserved? How can one interpret the association in relation to the gender system?  Archive material has been used to be able to answer the survey. By closely reading the material and drawing connections to secondary sources, one has been able to answer these questions. The survey shows how the holiday home in Vadtorp should have had a political impact as the holiday home should have been one of the first holiday homes for working women. The woman became more equal to the man and Vadtorp was discontinued. It is possible to interpret how there was an underlying ideological idea in the dissolution of the holiday home.

The purpose of this study was to get a deeper appreciation of young women's experiences based on choice of education and career after completing high school. Furthermore the study is based on mothers born in the 60's and daughters born in the 90's in the same family to be able to make a comparison and try to identify why womens stress level is so high today. The methodological approach used in this study is a qualitative method based on ten individual life stories. Moreover the material in this essay has been developed through an analytical induction. Theoretically, this study has used Pierre Bourdieu's cultural sociological perspective and the concepts of habitus, capital and social field in order to be able to identify what shapes women's life choices. An additional theoretical basis used in this study is Beverly Skeggs respectability and the concept of subject positions which is used to descirbe the different visions constructed based on how women should act in contexts linked to gender and class. This essay has concluded that norms and expectations from the society have changed between the generations. The majority of women today feel that there are expectations of studiyng a post-secondary education at the same time as they have to invest in the family. Additionally, this study summarizes that people born in the 90's have experienced more or less stress related to education and career, than people born in the 60's. Furthermore this essay has concluded that starting a family and family background in one way or another affect women's attitudes towards education and career.

This paper looks at the roles of patrician and plebeian Roman women in their religion. It investigates the topic during the period of the Republic (509-30 BCE) and pulls the information together in a concise manner. The primary sources used were narrative histories and literature from the late Republic, as well as from the Imperial period up through the second century, that reflect the opinions of the Imperial period. The secondary sources precipitated further research into primary sources and comparisons of these studies. It was found that women played private and secondary roles in their religion. Due to changes in the laws and in the society, women in the late Republic had more control over their own interests than did the women in the early Republic, although this control did not widely spread to their religious rituals. Public roles and power were basically limited to the Vestal Virgins.

Nineteenth-century America witnessed a period of tremendous growth and change as cities flourished, immigration swelled, and industrialization spread. This setting allowed prostitution to thrive and professionalize, and the visibility of such “immoral” activity required Americans to seek a new understanding of morality. Current literature commonly considers prostitution as immediately declared a “social evil” or briefly mentions why Americans assigned it such a role. While correct that it eventually did become a “social evil,” the evolution of discourse relating to prostitution is a bit more complex. This thesis provides a survey of this evolution set against the changing American understanding of science and morality in the nineteenth century. By tracing the course of American thought on prostitution from necessary to social evil, this thesis contributes to a growing understanding of a marginalized group of people and America’s view of national morality.